Go Paperless - Save The Earth Notes igi Di Basic Electronics 18ELN14/24 Module-III Operational Amy i The Operational Amplifier is a direct-coupled , high gain , negative feedback amplifier It is nothing more than a differential amplifier which amplifies the difference between two inputs. Poeave sing put 1, Output Negative ating input Figd Gap tcicgeldiageany dba op-amp The teuuinal naked ~ is called Vic investing tenhisal whichcrueans signal applied there will appear phase inverted at the outpui>yshile the-terminal ‘narled + is called the non inverting terminal means that the signal applied tiere wilt appear in phase’and applied at the output . Please understand that the - afdIsdo njt/dehote any type of Voltage it means, that output voltage is proportional to the difference of Nan Inverfing-and inverting, voltages which is Vo = V2 - VI When there is nofegiback , lie voltae or capacitor between autpul and input the op-amp is said to be in open loop condition: Characteristies of an ideal on-amp ‘An Ideal Op-Amp has the following characteristics, * An infinite voltage gain * An infinite bandwidth: * An infinite inpnt resistance: ‘The resistanqes}v'ey-\1 and) V2sterminals is infinite * Zero output resistance:\Vo remains donstant no matter what resistince.1s applied across output * Perfect balance: When Vi ig equalto, V2 the Voris 6 ‘Single-Ended Input Single-ended input opetation Fecults When the input signal is contieeted'to one inputwith the other input connected to ground Department of ECE, CITECH Page 46Go Paperless - Save The Earth igiNotes Di Basic Electronics 18ELN14/24 Double Ended Output ip van also be uperated While the operation discussed so far had a single output, the op~ with opposite outputs, as shown in Fig? An input applied to either input will result in outputs from both output terminals, these outputs always being opposite in polarity. Figure 3 shows a single- ended input with a double-ended output. As shown, the signal applied to the plus input results in two amplified outputs of opposite polarity. Figure 4 shows the same operation with a single output measured. ¥, “1 j ; ~ » > Pi vy ~ oy Ll * 14 Double-ended output with single-ended input FIG. Double-cnded output Common-Mode Operation When the saine input signals ate applied (both inpbis, common-mode operation results, the (vo inputs are equally amplified, and sinoe they: resulf in opposite polarity signals at the output, these signals cancel, resulting in0; V/ output Practically, a small output signal will result + FIG.5 Common-modeoperatios Common-Mode Rejection A significant feature of a differential connection is that the signals which are opposite at the inputs are highly amplified, while those which are common to the two inputs are only slightly amplified—the overall operation being to amplify the difference signal while rejecting the common signal at the two inputs Department of ECE, CITECH Page 47Go Paperless - Save The Earth igiNotes Di Basic Electronics 18ELN14/24 DIFFERENTIAL AND COMMON MODE OPERATI One of the more important features of a differential circuit connection, as provided in an op- amp, is the circuit’s ability to greatly amplify signals that are opposite at the two inputs, while only slightly amplifving signals that are common to both inputs. An op-amp provides an output component that is due to the amplification of the difference of the signals applied to the plus and minus inputs and a component due to the signals common to both inputs. Since amplification of the opposite input signals is much greater{Oailthatoof, the common input signals, the circuit provides a common mode rejection‘ae described By/a bumetical value called the common-mode rejection ratio (CMRR). Differential Inputs When separate inputs are applied toh op-amp, the resulting difference signal is the difference ‘between the two inputy. Va= Vn — Vn Common Inputs When both input sighals/4re Yhe same, a commod signal element ue\to the two inputs can be defined as the average of the sum of the two signals W.-H, + Vi) Output Voltage Since any signals applied! s6Sanl Bpaitip Gri dehérall Mase GUEHYin-phase and out-of phase components, the resulting output can be expressed as Vo AaVa + AVo Where Vd ~ difference voltage given by Eq. Ve= common voltage given by Eq Ad =differential gain of the amplifier Ac = common-mode gain of the amplitier ‘ommon-Mode Rejection R: Having obtained Ad and Ac (as in the measurement procedure discussed above), we can now calculate a value for the common-mode rejection ratio (CMRR), which is defined by the following equation: eure Department of ECE, CITECH Page 48