National Textile University: Assignment #02

National Textile University
Assignment #02
Title: Give ten examples of dyes to which Witt’s

theory is not applicable. Also explain
fluorescent agents. Explain phthalocyanine
and azine colorants in detail? Support
your description with at least 50 examples.
Submitted by: Haroon Mubarak
Registration #: 16-NTU-0057
Semester: 6th
Section: C
Department: Textile Processing
Date of Submission: 10-06-2019
Submitted to: Dr. Tahir Hussain

Contents
1. What is Witt’s theory? ................................................................................................... 1
2. Dyes to which Witt’s theory is not applicable: ............................................................... 2
2.1 Methyl Violet Dyes: ................................................................................................ 2
2.2 Fuchsine Dyes:........................................................................................................ 3
2.3 Phenol Dyes: ........................................................................................................... 4
2.4 Triarylmethane Dyes ............................................................................................... 6
2.5 Malachite green dyes: ............................................................................................. 7
2.6 Victoria Blue Dyes: ................................................................................................. 8
2.7 Acridines: ............................................................................................................... 9
2.8 Xanthenes: .............................................................................................................. 9
2.9 Thioxanthene: ........................................................................................................ 10
2.10 Triphenylmethane Dyes: ........................................................................................ 11
3. Fluorescent Agents: ......................................................................................................... 11
4. Phthalocyanine & Azine Colorants: ................................................................................. 13
4.1 Examples of Phthalocyanine & Azine Colorants: ....................................................... 14
2 Research Article related to this assignment: ................................................................. 30
Monday, June 10, 2019
1. What is Witt’s theory?
In 1876, Witt proposed that dye molecules contain two

groups; the chromophore and the auxochrome. The chromophore is a group of
atoms which control the color of the dye. At that time, Witt suggested that the
auxochrome was a salt-forming group, which helped to improve the color of the
dye. His theory was later modified when it was discovered that the
chromophore is usually electron-withdrawing, and auxochromes are normally
electron-donating.
Since the auxochromes are capable of forming salts either with a basic or acidic
teams their presence additionally convert a colored compound (devoid of salt
forming groups) into a dye that should fix for good to the fiber, i.e., it should be
quick to water, light, soap and lavation, once mounted to the fiber. The
permanent fixing of dye to the fiber is usually attributable to the formation of
attractive force between the fiber and also the auxochrome.
1
2. Dyes to which Witt’s theory is not applicable:
2.1 Methyl Violet Dyes:

Methyl violet dyes have dimethylamino groups at the p-positions of two aryl groups
Methyl Violet 2B
Methyl Violet 6B
Methyl Violet 10B
2
2.2 Fuchsine Dyes:

Fuchsine dyes have primary or secondary amines (NH 2 or NHMe) functional groups at the p-
positions of each aryl group.
Fuchsine
Pararosaniline
New Fuchsine
3
2.3 Phenol Dyes:

Phenol dyes have hydroxyl groups at the p positions of at least two aryl groups.
Phenolphthalein
Phenol Red
Chlorophenol Red
4
Cresol Red
Bromocresol Purple
Bromocresol Green
5
2.4 Triarylmethane Dyes

Triarylmethane dyes are synthetic organic compounds containing triphenylmethane backbones.
As dyes, these compounds are intensely colored. They are produced industrially as dyes.
6
2.5 Malachite green dyes:

Malachite green dyes are related to the methyl violet dyes, except that they contain one
phenyl (C6H5) group.
Malachite Green
Brilliant Blue FCF, a

common Food
Colorant
Brilliant Green(dye)
7
2.6 Victoria Blue Dyes:

Victoria blue dyes are related to the methyl violet dyes, except they contain one
naphthylamino group. Variation is found is dimethylamine vs diethylamino substituents on
the phenyl rings and variations of the secondary amine on the naphthyl group.
Victoria Blue B
Victoria Blue FBR
Victoria Blue BO
Victoria Blue FGA
8
Victoria Blue 4 R
Victoria Blue R
2.7 Acridines:
2,3-Benzoquinoline
2.8 Xanthenes:
Xanthene
9
Rhodamine
Fluorescein
Eosin (uses as a red

dye in inks)
2.9 Thioxanthene:
Thioxanthene is a chemical compound in which the oxygen atom in xanthene is replaced
with a sulfur atom. It is also related to phenothiazine.
Thioxanthene
10
2.10 Triphenylmethane Dyes:
3. Fluorescent Agents:
Fluorescent agents, fluorescent brightening agents (FBAs), or fluorescent whitening
agents(FWAs), are chemical compounds that absorb light in the ultraviolet and violet region
(usually 340-370 nm) of the electromagnetic spectrum, and re-emit light in the blue region
(typically 420-470 nm) by fluorescence.
Fluorescent brightener is commonly known as "white dye", also known as optical

brighteners, briefly called brighteners. It is a colorless organic compound that can stimulate
fluorescence under ultraviolet light. Its brightening effect is through the principle of the
optically complementary color, making yellowing substances, after subjecting to fluorescent
brightener treatment, not only can reflect visible light, but also absorb UV light outside the
visible light into visible light of blue/yellow or cyan to be reflected. These additives are often
used to enhance the appearance of color of fabric and paper.
The most common classes of compounds with this property are the stilbenes, e.g., 4,4′-
diamino-2,2′-stilbenedisulfonic acid. Brightener is mainly used in textile industry to improve
the whiteness of a variety of natural and synthetic fabrics and enhance shine. In recent years,
its application in the fields of paper, plastics, leather, soap, synthetic detergent and other daily
necessities in is also growing rapidly. Stilbene is mainly used for the brightening of cotton
fibers and being taken as the brightening component in advanced synthetic detergent.
Naphthalimide type can be applied to the brightening of the polyamide, polyester and PVC.
11
Some Various Fluorescent Agents for Textile Fabrics are;
• Cellulosics (Stilbene Derivatives)
Stilbene Derivative
• Polyamide (Distyryl biphenyl and triazolyl stilbene derivatives)
Distrylbiphenyl
• Polyester (Benzoxazol and Styryl derivatives)
4,4-Dibenzoxazolyl-
stilbenes
• Acrylic (Benzimidazole derivatives)
1,2-Diimidazolyl-
ethylenes
12
4. Phthalocyanine & Azine Colorants:

Phthalocyanine is an intensely blue-green-colored aromatic macrocyclic compound that
is widely used in dyeing and the first phthalocyanine (Pc) was synthesized accidentally
in 1907 as an unidentified blue compound when o-cyanobenzamide was heated at high
temperature and that substance is currently known to be the metal-free phthalocyanine.
Phthalocyanine is of course closely related to the highly coloured porphyrins which are
classed as polyene chromogens, and contain no donor or acceptor groups. The very
important blue pigment copper phthalocyanine is a tetraazatetrabenzoporphin and the
basic polyene chromogen of the molecule is as in (119), which has an aza-annulene type
ring. The colour of the molecule is relatively little affected by substitution in the benzene
rings. Copper phthalocyanine has a four-fold axis of symmetry in common with the
porphin system, and has two absorption bands in or close to the visible region,
designated Q-bands and B-bands. There are many derivatives of the parent
phthalocyanine, where either carbon atoms of the macrocycle are exchanged for nitrogen
atoms or the peripheral hydrogen atoms are substituted by functional groups like
halogens, hydroxyl, amine, alkyl, aryl, thiol, alkoxy and nitrosyl groups. These
modifications allow for the tuning of the electrochemical properties of the molecule such
as absorption and emission wavelengths and conductance.
Azine dye were among the earliest dyes. The name is derived from the 6‐membered
heterocyclic ring present in all dyes of these classes: 1,4‐diazine. The parent rings are
always included in phenazine. The first of this dye to be made synthetically was
Perkin's mauveine. These dyes were historically more important than they are at
present. However, a few are still used today. All of these dyes are vattable, ie, they are
reduced to colorless forms, then oxidized back to the dye. They therefore offer good
fastness to oxidation. Because of this property, many find use as redox indicators in
titrations. Methylene Blue is a classic thiazine dye and is still very popular today. It is
used in textile dyeing, basic uses are for dyeing acrylic fibers, leather, and coloring of
paper. It is also used as a biologically active photosensitizer and is useful in the
diagnosis and treatment of medical conditions. Methylene Blue‐curcumin is used in the
treatment of Alzheimer's disease.
13
4.1 Examples of Phthalocyanine & Azine Colorants:
1. CI Pigment Blue 16
3. CI Pigment Green 7
14
15
7. CI Pigment Black 21
8. CI Direct Blue 87
16
11. CI Solvent Blue 38
17
14. CI Basic Blue 140
15. CI Basic Black 3
18
16. CI Basic Black 7
17. CI Acid Blue 102
18. CI Solvent Black 5
19
19. CI Solvent Black 7
20. CI Acid Black 2
20
21
27. CI Solvent Violet 23
22
28. CI Acid Violet 50
29. CI Acid Blue 18
30. CI Acid Blue 20
23
31. CI Acid Blue 59
32. CI Acid Blue 61
33. Acid Blue 98
24
36. CI Acid Orange 15
25
37. CI Acid Red 101
38. CI Acid Red 103
39. CI Reactive Blue 21 (Phthalocyanine Class)
26
41. CI Reactive Blue 15
27
28
48. CI Vat Blue 29 (Phthalocyanine Class)
49. CI Food Yellow 15 (Azine Class)
50. CI Basic Black 2 (Azine Class)
29
2 Research Article related to this assignment:
Pdf is attached annex.
Research Article.pdf
https://www.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:557373/FULLTEXT01.pdf
30
Thursday, May 30, 2019
References:
https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/chemistry/phthalocyanine
http://www.worlddyevariety.com/acid-dyes/acid-red-103.html
https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/004051756103100304
https://nptel.ac.in/courses/116104046/39.pdf
https://www.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:557373/FULLTEXT01.pdf
31

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National Textile University

Title: Give ten examples of dyes to which Witt’s

Submitted by: Haroon Mubarak

Department: Textile Processing

Date of Submission: 10-06-2019

Submitted to: Dr. Tahir Hussain

1. What is Witt’s theory?

In 1876, Witt proposed that dye molecules contain two

2. Dyes to which Witt’s theory is not applicable:

2.1 Methyl Violet Dyes:

Methyl Violet 10B

2.2 Fuchsine Dyes:

2.3 Phenol Dyes:

2.4 Triarylmethane Dyes

2.5 Malachite green dyes:

Brilliant Blue FCF, a

2.6 Victoria Blue Dyes:

Victoria Blue FBR

Victoria Blue FGA

Eosin (uses as a red

2.10 Triphenylmethane Dyes:

Fluorescent brightener is commonly known as "white dye", also known as optical

Some Various Fluorescent Agents for Textile Fabrics are;

• Cellulosics (Stilbene Derivatives)

• Polyamide (Distyryl biphenyl and triazolyl stilbene derivatives)

• Polyester (Benzoxazol and Styryl derivatives)

• Acrylic (Benzimidazole derivatives)

4. Phthalocyanine & Azine Colorants:

4.1 Examples of Phthalocyanine & Azine Colorants:

10. CI Direct Blue 199

11. CI Solvent Blue 38

12. CI Pigment Blue 75

13. CI Solvent Blue 129

14. CI Basic Blue 140

15. CI Basic Black 3

16. CI Basic Black 7

17. CI Acid Blue 102

18. CI Solvent Black 5

19. CI Solvent Black 7

20. CI Acid Black 2

21. CI Solvent Blue 25

22. CI Solvent Blue 70

23. CI Solvent Blue 89

24. CI Solvent Blue 50

25. CI Solvent Blue 49

26. CI Solvent Blue 7

27. CI Solvent Violet 23

28. CI Acid Violet 50

29. CI Acid Blue 18

30. CI Acid Blue 20

31. CI Acid Blue 59

32. CI Acid Blue 61

33. Acid Blue 98

34. CI Acid Blue 121

35. CI Acid Blue 249

36. CI Acid Orange 15

37. CI Acid Red 101

38. CI Acid Red 103

39. CI Reactive Blue 21 (Phthalocyanine Class)

40. CI Reactive Blue 14 (Phthalocyanine Class)

41. CI Reactive Blue 15

42. CI Reactive Blue 7 (Phthalocyanine Class)