Applied Physics

Lab No # 1
Ohm’s Law

Objective.
 To verify Ohm’s Law.
 To learn how to use Ohm’s Law in circuits analysis.

Theory.
Ohm’s Law describes the relationship of voltage E to current I and resistance R. if is
often referred to as the foundation of circuit analysis and can be expressed by three different
ways.
𝐸
𝐼 =
𝑅
𝐸 = 𝐼𝑅
𝐸
𝑅 =
𝐼
Where E is the potential difference from one end of a resistance. Element to the other in volts
and I the current through the same resistance element in amperes and R = IKΩ the resistance
of the same element in Ohm’s Law. Resistance that lowering the resistance series the voltage
also raises the current.

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Procedure.
 Set the module IT-1001 locate the DC circuit block.
 Using the ohmmeter, measure and record the resistance of r1 of 1KΩ ± 5%.
 Connect the voltmeter to terminals +ve and GND and adjust the positive power to
10v.
 Using Ohm’s Law and the values of steps 2 and 3 calculate and record the current
value. I = 0.08 mA
 Insert the milliameter in the circuit shown in figure and measure the current value
I = 0.04 mA

Ohm’s Law
Sr no Voltage Amperes Resistance
1 12v 8 mA 1.5KΩ
2 18v 7.19 mA 2.5KΩ
3 24v 6 mA 4.0KΩ

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Lab No # 2
To find the acceleration due to gravity by oscillation mass-
spring system.
Apparatus
Scale graduated stand (in cm), Helical
spring with pointer. Slotted weights in
500, 1000, 1500. . .. grams. Digital watch
( or stop watch )

Procedure.
Set the mass spring system vertically as shown in figure.
Adjust the pointer to the zero cm position, load the masses e.g. 500 gm, 1500 gm
and so on and note the corresponding extensions.

 Lift the loaded spring little up and then release it, to generate SHM in it. Find
the time for 20 vibrations and then time period T.
 Take five such observations for extension and the respective time periods.
Take the mean value of X/T2 and hence calculate the value of gravity “g” by
formula g = 4π2 (X/T2)

OBSERVATION AND CALCULATIONS:

No load Extension Time of 20 T=t/20 T2 X/T2
of X (cm) vibrations
observations T( sec )
T1 T2 T1 +T2
/2
20g 1.2 cm 7.57 7.68 7.625 0.381 0.145 8.225
1
50g 2.8 cm 8.08 8.28 12.222 0.611 0.373 7.498
2
70g 4.1 cm 8.89 8.94 8.915 0.445 0.198 20.63
3

g1 = 296.088 cm/s2
g2 = 325.931 cm/s2
g3 = 814.630 cm/s2

Mean value of G = 325.931 cm/s2 with 0.63% errors

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Applied Physics

Precautions.
 Set pointer exactly on zero position on scale when empty.
 Increase mass or load of equal values in gradual steps.
 Read correct extensions only when the pointer of mass-spring system
exactly comes at rest position

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Lab No # 3
To study the variation of an electric current with intensity of
light using a photocell.
Apparatus
Photocell, sensitive galvanometer and
or micrometer, light source, meter
scale, connecting wires.

Procedure.
Check the anode and cathode of the photocell. Make the connections as
shown in diagram, connect cathode K of the photocell C to the negative terminal of the
battery though micro ammeter and anode A to the positive terminal through key K.

 Put the photocell in front of the lamp both of them are enclosed in a wooden box
fitted with a meter scale.
 Put the bulb at a known distance “d” (say 90 cm) form the photocell switch on the
bulb close the key K and note the deflection Θ on micrometer due to photoelectrons
emitted from cathode and collected at anode. Record “d” and the corresponding
value of Θ.
 Now move bulb towards photocell decreasing the distance the distance between
them in suitable steps and note the corresponding clear deflection Θ for each
distance.
 Plots a graph between 1/d2 (proportional to the intensity of light) taken along X-axis
and photoelectric current Θ taken along y-axis, the graph would be a straight line.
 Preferably Θ should be taken in regular intervals where as distance “d” should be
kept floating.

OBSERVATIONS & CALCULATIONS

Sr no Photoelectric current Distance of photocell Intensity of light I
Θ (µA) from the source d(cm) I/d2 I/d2(cm)

1 50 64.5 2.43 X 10-4

2 75 52.7 3.62 X 10-4

3 100 44.6 4.08 X 10-4

4 125 40.8 5.97 X 10-4

5 150 37.6 7.17 X 10-4

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Results.
Since the graph 1/d2 and is a straight line so photoelectric current varies directly as
the intensity of light.

Precautions.
 Observations must be started with maximum distance of bulb from the cell which
should then decreased in regular steps.
 Photocell should not be exposed to light for long time.
 The lamp should be shifted towards the photocell along the same straight line without
any change in the angle of incidence.

Light Intensity
160

140

120

100

80

60

40

20

0
20 25 30 50 70 100

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