Professional Documents
Culture Documents
2009
On the Implications of
Foucault’s Theory of
Discipline and
Punishment in the
Educational Setting
This paper will attempt to show and in the process I hope achieve two fundamental
objectives:
In Foucault’s ground breaking study Discipline and Punishment, the birth of the prison,
Foucault points out key observations on relationships between power and knowledge,
power and discipline, power and truth. The central thread that runs through these
Foucault’s discourse on power and discipline offers the reader fundamental insights
into the dynamic nature of power. His discourse on this topic offers a translatable
ideology that upon further reflection lends itself to practical applications in the
classroom.
At the very core of this study is Foucault’s keen observation that knowledge and truth
are transmitted through a power scheme. This scheme is in turn composed of a bundle
They are in a Foucauldian sense the essential substituent’s that course through “power”
and as a result allocate to “power” the distinction as being the great distributor and in
effect Foucault will implicate the human sciences as being the origin of this power
sheath or coil that generates and transmits power in this multiphase state. In Discipline
and Punishment Foucault points out a few of these key tenants used to generate
hierarchal power used by 18th and 19th century carceral systems: surveillance,
The focus of my second objective deals with translatable issues as they regard to
Foucault’s main objective: The awareness that educational institutions such as ours can
be seen as structures cloaked under the veil of normalization conditions and an inherent
multi-phase power structure that has modernized itself from a setting of torture
In this treatment and analysis of institutions Foucault is trying to make us see that
educational settings such as ours are inherently controlled by multi-phase check and
balance structures that have for the past century institutionally normalized the mass of
where the non-normative (deviant) student is more easily grouped and classified. So
how should the teacher of today perceive Foucault’s treatment of this subject? How
As for curriculum and instruction, Foucault’s treatment of the individual self indirectly
Some differentiated methods might entail: Moving from formal distribution in space to
from hierarchical observation to active learning and from normalizing judgment and
and knowledge, power and discipline, power and truth and critical insights into
normalization discourse. Foucault’s discourse on power and discipline offers the reader
fundamental insights into the dynamic nature of power. His discourse on this topic
offers a translatable ideology that upon further reflection lends itself to practical
method of using then “state of the art” surveillance and demonstrates through his
discourse how these surveillance practices took shape over the course of time. Another
important point is the creation of the knowledge by the human sciences. According to
Foucault the human sciences are primarily comprised of: anthropology, psychology,
Over the course of the century these disciplines known as the “human sciences” have
authoritative standards.” The concept of Norm has had a way of categorizing and
As a result, words such as “abnormal” and “deviant,” which had never existed prior to
the human sciences now came into play. In his study, Foucault points out that norms
were used extensively in labeling delinquents and prisoners in the carceral system.
His point is that power and knowledge are interconnected and that instances involving
norms are used by the human sciences to exert power over the population in order to
control them. As a result, norms have come to play a pivotal role in controlling and
Prisoners according to Foucault were also punished through the control of “time and
space.” If we make careful note, school systems are similar in many aspects. The
control through space and movement is integral in a typical school and is inherently
The front offices (principal’s office, AP’s office) are typically centrally located for
surveillance purposes. In this sense Foucault (1976) claims that surveillance “was
integrated into the teaching relationship” (p. 175). As a result of such hierarchical
Individualization occurred as the masses were filtered in the penitentiary to become the
a good thing because the subject is being controlled through time and space. Foucault
reasoned that ultimately power and truth were somehow interconnected. So, through
the use of knowledge, those in control of power will also lay claim to truth.
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Foucault wants us to realize that ultimately that truth is not only manipulated through
knowledge is held sacred by a few and then distributed spatially through structural
mechanisms then power comes into play and conveys to the subject that the knowledge
He notes that power is not always necessarily in the form that we have come to
recognize it as. Foucault once said “Where freedom exists, power takes shape.” Power
is always present and needs freedom to exist in order for it to exist, essentially we all
come free and by doing so through necessity create a power grabbing constructed
power while the other(s) relinquish their freedom in return. Foucault (1983)
emphasizes: “power is exercised only over free subjects, and only insofar as they are
Now, I believe that using the word freedom does not necessarily describe someone as
being stripped of all choices (e.g. Prisoners). However, I believe that Foucault may not
have necessarily implied it in that manner, instead I believe that as a result freedom is
In order to see this more clearly I will call into play a more relevant analogy that I will
call the “Sliding Scale of Power (SSP).” On the one hand, those that acquire power
have the opportunity to relinquish some power in exchange with the oppressed
Foucault uses the term “agonism” to express the reciprocal nature of this power
In order for this to occur we must take a closer look at the concept called power and
how it relates to this scale (SSP). In order to understand the true nature of power one
must realize that power isn’t static or uni-directional in nature, instead it appears to be
polymorphic and somewhat analogous to the circulatory system in one’s body. In The
power” (pg. 11). Power appears to somehow be exercised through various strategies
and tactics. Power is everywhere all the time and moving in a freely chosen state. The
point according to Foucault is that the practitioner of power becomes aware of its
systemic effect and how it is focused and used on the subject or body.
What is key here is how the teacher internalizes these key concepts in order to
investigate his/her philosophy of education. How can an educator best utilize the basic
points made by Foucault in order to run a more fair and equitable classroom.
concerning Power, knowledge and truth and its un-seeming connection with the
Secondly, I will demonstrate the possibilities available to the educator once he/she has
made the initial connection with Foucault. Once this connection is made he/she must
ask oneself: What are the best practices that an educator can achieve in context with
First, the most relevant connection made between the educator and Foucault’s discourse
resemblance to other power structures in place; chiefly prisons, hospitals and factories.
connective relevancy is quite remarkable when one notes that a schools have the same
basic structure as any of the other entities noted above. In my experience many
school layout. The power I’m referring to is inherently circulated throughout the school
with oversight and observation conducted at every individual point of the structure.
setting such as mine where principals, counselors and teachers all share in the transfer
What’s of interest here is that once individuals set foot in the school institutions the
roles are filled with respect to positions of power, one cannot exist without the other.
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entry into the institution which brings me to Foucault’s first tenant: Hierarchical
Not only are students being watched, but so are the teachers. To make a point, when I
enter my principal’s office she has four small TV monitors behind her desk for continual
observation and surveillance. Each set carefully monitors activities at key points
around the school. Security officers also act as a portal of power by also scrutinizing
Knowledge, I myself have become more aware of a phenomenon that I would like to
In the case of latent power, suppression of the educator occurs through scenarios such
activities that are subliminally felt through an all pervasive power of which I will call
latent power. Consequences can arise as a result of repeated attempts to get the subject
(in this case the teacher) to acquiesce to required constraints or demands imposed on
them. Repeated failure to acquiesce results in a “write-up” and trips to the principal’s
Teachers, counselors, assistant principals, officers, even the principal are all answerable
where it’s immediately needed to suppress the subject and turn him or her into a docile
body. Foucault speaks of this phenomenon through use of the term “docile bodies.”
faculty meetings. In these meetings I have witnessed teachers abruptly stopped in mid-
sentence and submit themselves as docile bodies if they are a.) late to meetings b.)
This type of impulsive power is quick and immediate and a teacher must decide on the
spot if they are going to submit to this form of power or else be prepared to pay a
As for the classroom, power is manifested through and around the students (due to its
polymorphous nature) and obviously more so then it is for teachers and administrators.
Like educators, students immediately assume roles upon entering the school ground.
They become subjected through the use of controlled power which implements itself in
three forms: 1.) Hierarchical Observation, 2.) Normalizing Judgments and 3.)
constantly under the guise of hierarchical observation and surveillance. Student ID’s
In an analogous manner students are traced by ID card and categorized from their
freshman year to their senior year as in Foucault’s example of the carceral system.
Counselors, AP’s and teachers track and categorize students by name, race, sex,
Students many times (at this age at least) are totally unaware of this form of power and
control. This is a classic example of power running through and around the student
paragraphs.
Cameras and security are other forms of control that exert themselves discretely and
pervasively throughout the school institution. Just think of the number of cameras and
security officers who monitor school rooms, hallways, cafeterias, principal’s offices,
restrooms and outside perimeters. The technology used for this type of surveillance
authorities like those of the police force and other jurisdictional officials.
It is also a known fact that discipline implemented through the mechanism of power
has become thoroughly modernized by way of technology and the school personnel
who use it. Teachers like counselors and principals use computer technology to track
Teacher’s use computers to input scores through examination and transmit attendance
This is only accomplished through the use of registrar and attendance officials who pass
Secondly, normalizing judgments are far deeper and complex issues that were
normalization techniques developed over the past few centuries by the discourses now
As example, Special Ed and 504 students are labeled as such due to historical data
based on what “normal was considered to be.” As previously mentioned the objectified
use of the term “norm” was created by the fields of medicine, psychiatry, and
psychology. It’s not that these practices are unethical or incorrect, we must try to see
and penetrate through broken discourses from the past that ultimately norms have long
been established in the past have evolved in order to systematically subject the body to
knowledge’s. Instead of writing a history of the past in terms of the present day,
Foucault (1976) aims at “writing the history of the present” (p. 31).
I would like to say that the proper perspective could take on these salient points is that
we are all victims of these forms of power. Norms rule our lives in a pervasive and
fluid like manner that we as teachers often fail to question even when they are part of
our day to day objectives. Instead, we should question the “history of knowledge” that
political, ethical, social, philosophical problem of our days is not to try to liberate us
both from the state and from the type of individualization which is linked to the state.
We have to promote new forms of subjectivity through the refusal of this kind of
individuality which has been imposed on us for several centuries” (p. 216).
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In the classroom students are quite often the most victimized when it comes to
questionable practices that often have far reaching implications for the subjected
student. Teachers who have become cognizant of such discursive practices can better
The teacher in classes such as mine should question the validity of such normalization
theories that a teacher will be better prepared for a more rewarding and enriching
career in education.
Third, we as educator often fail to realize the extent examination plays in our
academic testing albeit an important one is not what I believe Foucault was alluding to.
The docile body or individual is a participant in examination the minute he or she starts
at the elementary level and it continues until the pupil has left the school system of his
locality. Examination embodies the first and second tenants Foucault has made use of:
observation and normalization. But it also is part of the bigger umbrella in which the
student not only is part and parcel to these two disciplinary techniques but also the
examination techniques.
There are many forms of examination that are polymorphous and yet also obvious at
times.
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students background, examination of students placed in isolation are all techniques that
When a teacher reflects and perceives the meaning of Foucault’s quest through
normalization stereotypes will he gain a much fuller and better understanding of his
As for curriculum policy and the plight of the student in the classroom the teacher’s
best hope is to gain enough experience in order to bend the arc of discursive practices
back and to tie the past to the present in order to see how certain types of knowledge
shaped over the course of the past few centuries have left an indelible foot print on our
The role of the teacher should be to free the student and curriculum from such
These concepts may at first appear difficult or for all intensive purposes impossible to
implement. However, for the cognizant teacher….they will always be open to examination
and reflection.
REFERENCES
Foucault, M. (1983). The Subject and Power. In H.L. Dreyfus & P. Rainbow, Michel
Foucault: Beyond Structuralism and Hermeneutics (2nd ed.) (pp. 208 – 226). Chicago:
The University of Chicago.
Foucault, M. (1991/1975). Discipline and Punishment: The Birth of the Prison. Trans.
A. Sheridan. London: Penguin.