5 SA6 Temperature Sensors 2015

Sensors & Actuators
Temperature
2014-2015 Sensors & Actuators - H.Sarmento

Outline
• Non-electric devices.
• Contact:
– RTD - Resistance temperature detectors.
– Silicon resistive sensors
– Thermistors.
– Thermocouples.
– Semiconductor pn junction.
– Piezoelectric temperature sensors.
• Non contact
– Infrared thermometer.
2014-2015 Sensors & Actuators - H.Sarmento 1

Non-electric devices
• Read visually, do not produce electrical signals.

– Molecular change-of-state devices.
– Fluid expansion devices.
– Bimetallic devices.
• Disadvantages: less accurate than electrical sensors, and

temperature values not easily recorded.
• Advantages: portability and independence from a power
supply.

Molecular change-of-state devices
• Devices whose appearance changes once a certain temperature

is reached: labels, crayons, lacquers and liquid crystals.
[Source: Omega]

Fluid expansion devices
• the volume of a liquid or a gas changes as a function of

temperature.
[Source: Omega] [Source: Labon]

Bimetallic devices (1)
• Two metals with dissimilar thermal expansion coefficients.
• Manufactured in different forms for cooking, refrigerators and

freezes, industrial applications.
[Source: globalspec]

Bimetallic devices (2)
• Two metals with similar moduli of elasticity and thicknesses.

• The radius of curvature r changer with temperature.
T2
T1
T2  T1
t aA  aB
T1  T2
2t
T2  T1 
3r a A  a B 
thermal expansion coefficients aA,aB
• Complex sensor: use of a displacement sensor to measure r.

Thermo resistive sensors (1)
• RTD (Resistance Temperature Detector), silicon resistive sensors
(KTY) and NTC (Negative Temperature Coefficients) thermistors.
RTD: Metal (Pt)

KTY: doped silicon
NTC: doped ceramic

Thermo resistive sensors (2)
• Power supply requirements: active (modulating).
• Stimulus perception: contact.
• Stimulus detection: absolute.
• Complexity: direct sensor.
• Type of stimulus: thermal.
• Transduction principle: resistive.
• Energy conversion: thermal electrical.

Resistance temperature detectors
• Metallic: almost platinum (linear, predictable response, long-
term stability, and durability) used, but also nickel, copper,
tungsten (rare) and alloys.
• Resistivity increases with temperature.
RTD

RTD transfer function
• Metallic: resistivity of metals increases with temperature.

Rt  R0 1  a1 T  T0   a 2 T  T0   ...  a n T  T0 
2 n

• Approximate transfer function (Callendar–van Dusen):
– From -200ºC to 0ºC 

Rt  R0 1  AT  BT 2  CT 3 T  100  
– From 0ºC to 630ºC 
Rt  R0 1  AT  BT 2 

Platinum RTD
• Most popular: base resistance of 100 (Pt100) , 500 (Pt500) or
1000 (Pt1000) ohms.
Pt100
[Source: rdt-products]
• The most common is Pt100 (resistance of 100 ohms specified

at 0°C).
RTD advantages
• Accurate (±0.1 ºC)
• Highly linear over limited temperature range (platinum)
• Wide temperature range
Material Temp Range
PLATINUM -260 º +650 º
NICKEL -100 º +300 º
COPPER -75 º +150 º
• Long term stability
• Repeatable
• Standardized.
• Resistant to contamination /corrosion

Standardized RTD
• Platinum RTDs are standardized:

IEC (International Electrotechnical Commission)
DIN (Deutsches Institut für Normung)
IEC-751.

RTD disadvantages
Disadvantages:
• Expensive wire wound, but low cost thin film
• Low sensitivity (Pt100 0.4 ohm/ºC)
• Exist in limited values (Pt 100, Pt500, Pt1000)
• Self-heating
• Slow response time
• Sensitive to shock and vibration

RTD field of applications
Industrial applications:
• Oil & Gas industry: thermowells.
• Food & beverage, pharmaceutical and bio-technology plants:
Temperature dryers in food processes, Pasteurization, Heat
exchangers, Material storage tanks, Cheese vats, Brewhouse /
cellar, Cookers / freezers, Dehydrator, Fermentor / bio-
reactor control.
• Etc.

Commercial RTD
wound wire (probes) thin film components
[Source: pyromation]
[Source: smartsensors] [Source: Omega]

Silicon Resistive Sensors (1)
• Pure silicon (without impurities):
1


 ni q m n  m p  m T

3
2
ni  T e
3
2

Eg
2 kT
ni – concentration of electrons
q – electron charge
m – mobility
Eg – Band gap
Eg K – Boltzman constant
  e 2kT T 
• Resistivity decreases with temperature.

Doped silicon
» PTC-
PTC
[Source: Jacob Fraden, 2010]

• Silicon doped with an n-type impurities.
• Resistivity increases with temperature in a limited to a
relatively small temperature range.
• Discrete silicon sensors: KTY (originally from Philips)

KTY transfer function
• Resistivity increases with temperature.

Rt  R0 1  a T  T0    T  T0 
2

• Values usually specified at 25º C

Commercial Silicon Resistive Sensors
• KTY
– Discrete
[Source: NXP]
– MEMS

Silicon Resistive Sensors advantages
• Linear
• Moderate cost.
• High sensitivity
• Low weight
• Very long operation life
• Medium long term stability

Silicon Resistive Sensors disadvantages
• Highly non-linear at temperatures below 0°C and greater than
70°C. Can ne compensated.
• Limited range of temperatures (silicon):
– Maximum: –55C to +150C.
– Typical: - 45C to +85C or 0C to +80C
• Slow response time

Silicon Resistive Sensor field of applications
• Industrial applications:
Overheating protection, Protection for power supplies,
Process temperature control, Exhaust control, Toaster
control, Temperature compensation for microprocessors
• Automotive applications:
Oil temperature, Oil level, Water temperature, Diesel
injection, Transmission, Engine coolant, Engine air, Air
conditioning

KTY linearization
• When further linearization becomes necessary a resistor (RL)

to shunt the sensor (RT) can be used.
• Linearization in a temperature range.
Req  RL // RT

RTD/KTY (1)
• Similar characteristics to RTD, but more sensitive and less

linear.

RTD/KTY (2)
• KTY with small SPAN than RTD
Sensor Span
Material Temp Range
KTY-81-1 -55 ºC 150 ºC
PLATINUM -260 º +650 º
KTY-81-2 -55 ºC 150 ºC
NICKEL -100 º +300 º
KTY-83-1 -55 ºC 150 ºC
COPPER -75 º +150 º
KTY-84-1 0 ºC 300 ºC

NTC thermistors
• Ceramic materials, normally highly resistive, made semi-conductive

by the addition of dopants.
• Small doping: Negative Temperature Coefficients (NTC).
NTC

NTC transfer function
• Transfer function highly nonlinear.
A1 A2 A3
ln Rt  A0   2  3
T T T
• Simpler model (lower the accuracy):

 Rt  A e T
ln Rt  A0 
T
• Traditionally, thermistors are specified at temperature of 25ºC
(T0 =298.15 K).
• For a relatively narrow temperature range, β can be considered

temperature independent.

NTC commercial sensors
[source: apitechnologies]

NTC advantages
• Inexpensive
• High sensitivity
• Fast response time.
• Self heating can be useful for certain applications (PTC).

NTC disadvantages
• Non linear (can be compensated).

• Fragile.
• Self heating.
• Limited range of temperatures.

NTC field of applications
• Consumer and household appliances: Burglar alarm and fire

detectors, for your oven, air conditioning, refrigerator
temperature control, or fever thermometer.
• Fibre and photographic processing, solar, meteorological,

geological, and oceanographic equipment.
• Motor winding compensation, transistor temperature
compensation, infrared sensing compensation, gain
stabilization and piezoelectric temperature compensation.

NTC linearization
• LTN –Linear Thermistor Network
Vop
 AvT  Bv
V

Resistive temperature sensors: comparison
NTC RDT (Pt) Silicon Resistive

Temp range -55ºC +125ºC -200ºC +850ºC -50ºC +125ºC
Linearity Exponential Linear (range) Linear

Sensitivity High Low Moderate
Response time Fast Slow Slow
Long-term stability Low High Medium

Cost Low High (wire wound) Low-Medium

NTC self-heating (1)
• Voltage or current in the sensor generates self heating (Joule effect).
• At equilibrium: Pdissipated  Pgenerated
Pdissipated
• P dissipated: T  T0   Pdissipated   T  T0 

• P generated: 
– Current excitation Pgenerated  Rt I 2  Ae T I 2
– Voltage excitation V2 V2
Pgenerated   
Rt
Ae T
T   R
• With current excitation:
Pdissipated   T  T0 

Pgenerated  Ae T I 2 P generated
T0 T final
T   R R  P P  T 

A
• Final temperature T final  e T I 2  T0 (self limiting).


• With voltage excitation: P generated
V2
Pgenerated  
Ae T
Pdissipated
T  T0 

T0 T final
T   R R  P P  T 
• Thermistor can be destroyed.

PTC Thermistors
• Over Curie temperature, resistivity increases with temperature.
PTC
• Most PTC thermistors with Curie temperature between 60°C

and 120°C. Can be manufactured for Curie temperature as low
as 0°C or as high as 200°C.

Voltage current characteristic
[Source: Jacob Fraden]
negative resistance
Ohm’s law V  RI I P T R V
no self-heating self limiting
PTC commercial devices
• PTC (Positive Temperature Coefficient)
[Source: apitechnologies]
PTC Thermistors applications
• Not to measure temperature.

• Applications:
– Self-Regulating Heaters
– Over-Current Protection
– Liquid level sensing
– Constant current
– Time delay
– Arc suppression

Self-Regulating Heaters
• Initially at NTC region:

V
P T   R  I 
RT  RL 2
• If the voltage is high enough, the unit will self-heat until it

passes into the PTC region of resistance.
R  I  P  T 
• In the PTC region, if the temperature decreases
T   R  I   P   T 

Over-Current Protection
V
IL 
RL  RT
• Under normal conditions RT is low and IL depends on V.

• A short circuit or over-current condition (IL) RT causes heating.
• At Curie Point, the PTC transforms into a high resistance element,
thereby limiting current to the load.
• Removing the fault condition decreases the current flow and allows
PTC to cool to its normal resistance mode.

Liquid Level Sensing
• When a PTC thermistor heated in air is immersed into a liquid (or
air flow condition), a larger amount of heat is dissipated than in air.
 thLiquid   thAir
[Source: Epcos]
 th   T   RPTC   I 
• I > Imin relay is actuated.

Constant current
• It is possible to obtain a nearly constant current (IS) by

connecting a PTC thermistor in parallel with a resistor.
Vo  I PTC 
Vo  I Rp 
I PTC  PPTC  TPTC  RPTC  I PTC 
I Rp  and I PTC   I s  constant

Time delay
• The relay stays energized until the PTC switches from low to
high resistance.
• The relay will only be energized after the time necessary for
the PTC to switch from low to high resistance.
[source: Spectrum Sensors]

Arc Suppression
• When the switch is opened, the PTC changes from low

resistance to high resistance, suppressing the arc.
[source: Spectrum Sensors]

Thermocouples classification
• Power supply requirements: passive (modulating).
• Stimulus detection: relative.
• Transduction principle: thermoelectric.

Thermocouples transfer function
E AB

E AB T  T  C1  T  T0   C2  T 2  T02
0

Emf in tables, usually for

T0  0º C
[Source: Jacob Fraden, 2010]]

Commercial thermocouples
[Source: allproducts] [Source: coleparmer]

Thermocouples advantages
• Inexpensive.
• Wide temperature range (200 oC to 2600 oC).
• Most types non-linear.

• Standardized.
• Moderate cost.
Standardization
• ANSI standard (wires with different colors).

• T, J, and K are most commonly used.
Type Composition
J Iron/Constantan (Nickel Copper)
K Nickel chromium/Nickel Aluminum
N Nickel chromium Silicon/Nickel Silicon
T Copper/Constantan
E Nickel chromium/Constantan
R Platinum Rhodium/Platinum
S Platinum Rhodium/Platinum
B Platinum Rhodium/Platinum Rhodium
[Source: University of Cambridge ]

Thermocouples disadvantages
• Small sensitivity.
• Small repeatability.
• Requires two temperatures be measured (cold junction).
• Output wire in the same thermocouple material.
• Long term stability: prone to aging.
• Susceptibility to electrical noise if not shielded.

Thermocouples field of applications
• Industrial applications: gas turbine exhaust, diesel engines,

furnaces, etc.
• Rocket engines and amunitions.
• Homes, offices and businesses: thermostats, flame sensors
in safety devices for gas-powered appliances.

Operation principle of thermocouples
• The Seebeck emf generated in a thermoelectric circuit results

from Thomson and Peltier effects.
• Peltier effect: existence of an EMF due to the contact of two
dissimilar metals dependent on junction temperature.
• Thomson effect: Existence of an EMF due to temperature
gradients along conductors in a circuit.
• Thomson effect normally much smaller than the Peltier effect.

Seebeck effect (1)
• A current flows in a circuit with two dissimilar homogeneous

metals A and B, having the two junctions at different
temperatures.

Seebeck effect (2)
• A thermally induced potential exists across the broken
conductor, which only depends on the materials and the
temperature difference.
E AB  E AB T1   E AB T2 

Law of intermediate metals (1)
• The algebraic sum of emf in a circuit composed of any number

of dissimilar materials is zero if all of the circuit is at a
uniform temperature.
• Therefore, inserting any type of wire into a thermocouple
circuit has no effect on the output as long as both ends of that
wire are at the same temperature, or isothermal.
E AB T1   E AB T2 
E AB T1   E BA T2   E AC T3   ECA T3  

 E AB T1   E AB T2 

Law of intermediate metals (2)
• Another consequence: the emf of the combination of two

metals is the sum of their emf against the reference material.
E AB
E AC  E AB  E BC
E BC

Law of intermediate temperatures
• E1-2 between A and B with junctions at T1 and T2
ET1 T2
• E2-3 between A and B with junctions at T2 and T3
ET2 T3
• Between A and B with junctions at T1 and T3
ET1 T3  ET1 T2  ET2 T3

Reference temperature (1)
• To use a thermocouple to measure temperature, one junction
must remain at a fixed reference temperature.
• Ice Baths: reference temperature immersed into a melting ice
bath.
– Accurate and inexpensive.
– Serious limitations for many practical uses.
vo  vin  vif  E AB T  E AB 0 º C
E AB T  C1  T  C2  T 2  C1  T
E AB
T
C1
T0  0º C

Reference temperature (2)
• Electronically Controlled References
– Require periodic calibration and are generally not as stable
as ice baths, but are more convenient.
E AB
T
C1
E AB T  C1  T  C2  T 2  C1  T
Tamb
T0  Tamb vo  vin  vif  vcomp  E AB T
vcomp  vif  E AB T
amb

Cold junction compensation
• LT1025 - Micropower Thermocouple Cold Junction Compensator
[Source: Linear Technology]

Semiconductor PN junction classification
• Power supply requirements: active (modulating).

• Transduction principle:

Semiconductor PN junction
• The voltage across a forward biased junction biased by a
constant current generator can provide a measure of the
junction temperature.
Eg
vD qv D I S  I 0 e 2 kT
iD
e VT
e kT
IS kT
VT 
q
qv D Eg
ln iD  ln I 0  
2kT kT
Eg
vD   
kT
ln I 0  ln iD 
2q q

Semiconductor PN junction transfer function
Eg
vD   
kT
ln I 0  ln iD 
2q q
• Sensitivity  2 mV /º C ( 1 mA)  2.3 mV/ º C (10 μA)

Commercial semiconductor PN junction
• AD590, LM335, LM35, LM3911, TMP100/101, LM75

Semiconductor PN junction advantages
• Linear
• Low cost.
• Easily integrated in ICs at low cost (temperature sensing of
microprocessors thermal-shutdown in power-supply chips).

Semiconductor PN junction disadvantages
• Junctions cannot support high temperatures (LM35 -55 ºC

- 150 ºC; LM3911- 25ºC – 85 ºC).
• Sensitivity depends on bias current.

PN junction field of applications
• Remote sensing (connected by PVC cables).
• Domestic appliances: refrigerators, freezers, water heater,
dishwasher, bread maker, radiator, drying machine, etc.
• Cellular phones.
• Hard disk drivers, personal computers.
• Process control: vehicle-mounted refrigerators, storage tanks
for cosmetics, disinfecting machine, etc.

More PN junctions
• Increase of linearity by using more PN junctions:

 iD1 
 
vD  vD1  vD 2  VT ln
I S1   V ln  iD1 I S 2 
 iD 2  T  iD 2 I S 1 
 
 IS2 
A2
m
A1
iD1  iD 2
• Identical characteristics:
k  iD1 A2 
 ln m  T
vD1  vD 2  T ln   k
vD1  vD 2
q  iD 2 A1  q
AD590 (1)
AD590 (output current):

• Output current proportional to absolute
temperature. I  10-6 T (A)
T
• Sensitivity: 1 μA/K
• SPAN: −55°C to +150°C
• Non linearity: ±0.3°C over full range
(AD590M)

AD590 (2)
k  A2 
• Use of transistors: VR  VBE1 - VBE 2  T ln  
q  A1 
I  1 mA / K A2  mA1
A3  A4  I C 3  I C 4
I C 4  I C1 IC3  IC2
I  I C 3  I C 4  I C 2  I C1  2 I C 2
VR
IC 2 
R
ln m 
VBE 1 - VBE 2 2k
I  2 T
R Rq

LM35
• Output current proportional to temperature in ºF.

V  10 mV /º F
• Accuracy (at +25˚C): 0.5˚C.

• Sensitivity: + 10.0 mV/˚C
• SPAN: −55˚ to +150˚C
• Nonlinearity: ± 1⁄4˚C typical.
PTAT: Proportional to Absolute Temperature

Piezoelectric temperature sensors
classification
• Power supply requirements: passive (self generating).
• Transduction principle: piezoelectric

Piezoelectric temperature sensors
• The oscillating frequency is highly dependent on the
crystallographic orientation of the plate (angle of cut).
• The angle of cut depends on the temperature.
• Change in resonant frequency between 25 °C and 600 °C depending
on the cut-angle.
• GaPO4 (gallium orthophosphate): belongs to the same point group

as quartz.

Piezoelectric sensors transfer function
• Temperature dependence:
fT  f 0  a1 T  T0   a2 T  T0 
2
fT - crystal frequency at temperature T (in °C)

f0 - crystal frequency at reference temperature T0

Commercial piezoelectric temperature sensors
• RKTV06, RKOV206 (AXTAL)
• PTK01(AXTAL)

Piezoelectric temperature sensors advantages
• Low power consumption.

• Miniature size
• Operating temperature range ‐50°C to +180°C (standard) and
optionally up to +320°C
• High resolution down to µK range.
• Short time constant due to low thermal mass
• High shock and vibration resistance.

Infrared thermometer classification
• Power supply requirements: passive (self generating).
• Stimulus perception: non-contact.
• Complexity: complex sensor.
• Transduction principle: depending on the
detector/sensor

Infrared thermometer
• An optical system and a detector:
Optical system sensor

• Infrared radiation emitted by the object is picked up by the
optical system that focuses it on the sensor.
• The detector (sensor) converts the infrared radiation received
into electrical signals.

Infrared radiation
• Atom and molecule of an object above absolute zero temperature
vibrate emitting electromagnetic radiation, called thermal radiation.
• Blackbody spectral radiant emission
increases with temperature.
[Source: Hamamatsu]
• An infrared sensor intercepts a portion of the infrared energy
radiated by an object.

Electromagnetic Radiation Spectrum
• Emitted thermal radiation is in the infrared region.

• The spectrum of this radiation ranges from 0.78 to 1000 µm
wavelength.
[Source: Raytek]

IR optical system
• For accurate temperature measurement, the target should be

larger than the instrument’s field of view or spot size.

Infrared detectors
• There are two main groups of infrared detectors:

– Thermal detectors: the temperature of the sensitive element
varies because of the absorption of electromagnetic
radiation.
– Quantum detectors: the striking photons of the infrared
radiation lead to an increase of the electrons inside the
semiconductor material.

IR detectors: advantages and disadvantages
• Thermal detectors:
– Low detection capability.
– Independent of wavelength.
– Slow response time (ms).
– Do not require cooling.
• Quantum detectors:
– High detection capability
– Dependent of wavelength.
– Fast response time (ns and ms).
– Must be cooled, except for near IR region.

Thermal detectors
• Impacting photons are absorbed by a thermally isolated

detector resulting in an increase in the temperature of the
element.
• Temperature can be sensed by:
– Thermocouple elements.
– Element with a change in charge due to the pyroelectric
effect: infrared pyrometer.
– Element with a change in resistance (metal or
semiconductor): infrared bolometers.

Quantum detectors
• Impacting photons are absorbed and generate free carriers

which are sensed by an electronic circuit:
– Photovoltaic.
– Photoresistive.

Infrared field of applications
• Manufacturing processes for metals, glass, cement, ceramics,
semiconductors, plastics, paper, textiles, coatings.
• Fire-fighting, rescues and detection of criminal activities
(intrusion).
• Measurement of human body temperatures (1 second time
response).
• Building heating.
• Electrical power generation and distribution (hot spot
detection).

IR temperature sensors advantages
• No contact.
• Fast response times.
• High repeatability.
• Good stability over time.

IR temperature sensors disadvantages
• Cost.
• Complexity.
• Emissivity variations affect temperature measurement
accuracy.
• Accuracy affected by dust, smoke, background radiation,
etc.

Commercial IR temperature sensors (5)
[Source: Omega] [Source: Ge-sensors and measurement]
[Source: Raytek]
[Source: Texas instrument, Dec.2012]

Bibliography
• Jacob Fraden, “Handbook of modern sensors: physics, designs, and applications”, Springer, 4th edition,
2010.
• Ramon Pallaá, Sensors and Signal Conditioning, John Wiley and Sons, 2001
• Pavel Ripka and Alois Tipek, Modern sensors Handbook, Instrumentation and measurement series, ISTE
Ltd, 2007
• Temperature Sensors: advantages & disadvantages, TD034 appliication note, Maesuement specialities,
2003. Available at: http://www.meas-spec.com/downloads/Temperature_Sensor_Advantages.pdf
• Klaus-Dieter Gruner, Principles of Non-Contact Temperature Measurement, Raytech. Available at:
http://support.fluke.com/raytek-sales/Download/Asset/IR_THEORY_55514_ENG_REVB_LR.PDF
• Spectrum Sensors & Controls, PTC Thermistors Applications. Available at
http://www.digikey.com/Web%20Export/Supplier%20Content/api-technologies-1171/pdf/api-ptc-
applications.pdf?redirected=1
• J. Shieh et al., The selection of sensors, Progress in Materials Science, Volume 46, Issues 3–4, 2001, Pages
461–504
• Low Cost Non-Electronic Temperature Gages, Application Notes,
http://www.omega.com/temperature/Z/pdf/z197.pdf
• Edmund J. Winder and Arthur B. Ellis, Thermoelectric Devices: Solid-State Refrigerators and Electrical
Generators in the Classroom, Journal of Chemical Education, Vol. 73 No. 10 October 1996.
• Shujun Zhang† and Fapeng Yu, Piezoelectric Materials for High Temperature Sensors, Journal of the
American Ceramic Society, Vol. 94, No. 10, 2011

Bibliography
• Measurements specialities, Temperature sensors advantages & disadvantages, Application note TD034,
October 2003. Available at: http://meas-spec.com.cn/downloads/Temperature_Sensor_Advantages.pdf
• Klaus-Dieter Gruner, Raytek, Principles of Non-Contact Temperature Measurement. Available at:
http://support.fluke.com/raytek-sales/Download/Asset/IR_THEORY_55514_ENG_REVB_LR.PDF.
• Optris, Infrared thermometers, Basic Principles Of Non-Contact Temperature Measurement.Available at:
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https://www.hamamatsu.com/resources/pdf/ssd/infrared_techinfo_e.pdf.

5 SA6 Temperature Sensors 2015

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5 SA6 Temperature Sensors 2015

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Sensors & Actuators

2014-2015 Sensors & Actuators - H.Sarmento

2014-2015 Sensors & Actuators - H.Sarmento 1

• Read visually, do not produce electrical signals.

• Disadvantages: less accurate than electrical sensors, and

2014-2015 Sensors & Actuators - H.Sarmento 2

• Devices whose appearance changes once a certain temperature

2014-2015 Sensors & Actuators - H.Sarmento 3

• the volume of a liquid or a gas changes as a function of

[Source: Omega] [Source: Labon]

2014-2015 Sensors & Actuators - H.Sarmento 4

• Manufactured in different forms for cooking, refrigerators and

2014-2015 Sensors & Actuators - H.Sarmento 5

• Two metals with similar moduli of elasticity and thicknesses.

• Complex sensor: use of a displacement sensor to measure r.

2014-2015 Sensors & Actuators - H.Sarmento 6

RTD: Metal (Pt)

2014-2015 Sensors & Actuators - H.Sarmento 7

2014-2015 Sensors & Actuators - H.Sarmento 8

2014-2015 Sensors & Actuators - H.Sarmento 9

• Metallic: resistivity of metals increases with temperature.

– From -200ºC to 0ºC 

2014-2015 Sensors & Actuators - H.Sarmento 10

• The most common is Pt100 (resistance of 100 ohms specified

2014-2015 Sensors & Actuators - H.Sarmento 12

• Platinum RTDs are standardized:

2014-2015 Sensors & Actuators - H.Sarmento 13

2014-2015 Sensors & Actuators - H.Sarmento 14

2014-2015 Sensors & Actuators - H.Sarmento 15

[Source: smartsensors] [Source: Omega]

2014-2015 Sensors & Actuators - H.Sarmento 16

• Resistivity decreases with temperature.

2014-2015 Sensors & Actuators - H.Sarmento 17

[Source: Jacob Fraden, 2010]

2014-2015 Sensors & Actuators - H.Sarmento 18

2014-2015 Sensors & Actuators - H.Sarmento 19

• Resistivity increases with temperature.

2014-2015 Sensors & Actuators - H.Sarmento 20

2014-2015 Sensors & Actuators - H.Sarmento 21

2014-2015 Sensors & Actuators - H.Sarmento 22

2014-2015 Sensors & Actuators - H.Sarmento 23

2014-2015 Sensors & Actuators - H.Sarmento 24

• When further linearization becomes necessary a resistor (RL)

2014-2015 Sensors & Actuators - H.Sarmento 25

• Similar characteristics to RTD, but more sensitive and less

2014-2015 Sensors & Actuators - H.Sarmento 26

• KTY with small SPAN than RTD

2014-2015 Sensors & Actuators - H.Sarmento 27

• Ceramic materials, normally highly resistive, made semi-conductive

2014-2015 Sensors & Actuators - H.Sarmento 28

• For a relatively narrow temperature range, β can be considered

2014-2015 Sensors & Actuators - H.Sarmento 29

2014-2015 Sensors & Actuators - H.Sarmento 30

2014-2015 Sensors & Actuators - H.Sarmento 31

• Non linear (can be compensated).

2014-2015 Sensors & Actuators - H.Sarmento 32

• Consumer and household appliances: Burglar alarm and fire

• Fibre and photographic processing, solar, meteorological,

2014-2015 Sensors & Actuators - H.Sarmento 33

• LTN –Linear Thermistor Network

2014-2015 Sensors & Actuators - H.Sarmento 34

NTC RDT (Pt) Silicon Resistive

Linearity Exponential Linear (range) Linear

Long-term stability Low High Medium