Empirical truth – established by means of discussed. sense experience (posteriori) 2. Positional Types – solution that is being Rational truth – established by means of reason proposed for a certain issue. (priori) 3. Methodological Types – method used to resolve Synthetic truth – extends our knowledge (the a certain issue. information provided by the predicate is not 4. Regional/Geographical Types – geographical contained in the info provided by the subject). location in which philosophizing transpires or Analytic truth – does not extends our flourishes. knowledge. 5. Historical Types – historical period in which Contingent truth – not true in all possible philosophizing occurred. situations. Necessary truth – always true THEMATIC TYPES Private truth – can only be known by the 1. Logic person who has the belief or makes the statement 2. Epistemology – knowing about knowing considered to be the true Knowledge – justified true beliefs Public truth – in principle, be known by Empiricism – using a sensory (through everyone. sensory perceptions) Subjective truth – dependent on the attitudes, Rationalists – they try to give preferences, or interests of a person or a group of knowledge through reason. persons’ value judgements such as aesthetic 3. Metaphysics – study the nature of reality judgements. Meta – “after” “beyond” Objective truth – independent; factual Physics – study of material thing judgements 4. Ethics – morality Universal truth – if its truth is acknowledged Altruistic morality – conscience by everyone. 5. Aesthetic – the beautiful Relative truth – if its truth is only 6. Social & Political Philosophy acknowledged by some people. General method of correspondence – examining whether the statement belief Reasoning – logical steps through argument that corresponds to, or represents, a fact in the world. leads you to the truth. General method of coherence – coheres with - process enables us to justify or prove the rules of the relevant system the truth of a statement or belief on the basis of General method of pragmatism – the truth of another statement or belief. consequences of holding or accepting the Premise – provides a justification for the statement/belief to be true. conclusion Observation – method used to check if an Deductive Argument – truth of the premises is empirical statement, a statement about an supposed to prove that the truth of the observable fact in the word, correctly represents conclusion is certain. a fact in the world. (Internal & External >valid or invalid Observation) >Argument that is general specific Reasoning – process of knowing or establishing Inductive Argument – truth of the premises is truth by means of our reason, can be done in a supposed to prove that the truth of the variety of ways. conclusion is probable; either or strong or weak. Appeal to authority – may take the form of a Cogent – if all of its premises happen to be true testimony of a reliable eyewitness, information Uncogent – if even just one of its premises provided by an appropriate expert, and reliable happens to be false. documents, among others. Fallacies – errors or mistakes in reasoning RODOLF CARNAP – internal & external Fallacy of composition – when one reasons questions from the qualities of the parts of a whole to the LUDWIG WITTGENSTEIN – “philosophy is qualities of the whole itself. (hindi dapat not a body of doctrine but an activity” nakaaapekto ang parte sa buo) BERTRAND-RUSSELL – “philosophy is a Fallacy of appeal to pity – when one appeals to futile activity” pity to cause the acceptance of a conclusion. ALAN TURING – computing machine Fallacy of appeal to force – often with subtlety, Falleness – Heidegger refers to the present of to cause the acceptance of a conclusion. the human person. Fallacy of complex question – when one asks a -state a human person is when he/she question that contains unproved assumptions. lives an inauthentic existence, referring to the -when one argues that these assumptions kind of existence in which a human person is not are true just because an answer is given to the the one making decisions for himself/herself. question. Transcendence – capacity to go beyond their Fallacy of hasty generalization – (converse current situation in life. accident) when one makes a generalization from Determinism – view that all events that happen a special or accidental case or simply form in the world are caused by previous events or insufficient number of cases; case of weak conditions along with the laws of nature. inductive reasoning. Libertarianism – rejects determinism; accepts Metaphysical Approach – focuses on the kinds that while certain events in the world are caused of substances (or materials) and capacities that and thus are determined, there are also some uniquely make up a human person; examines the events that are not--- referring precisely to essential components of a human person. human choices. Existential Approach – focuses on the kind of Compatibilism – rejects the premise that life, or mode of existence; examines the essential determinism and freedom are incompatible; features of the human way of life. neutral to truth of determinism as it defines MARTIN HEIDEGGER – describes the freedom not in terms of the absence of metaphysical approach as dealing with the determinism. ‘what’ of a human person and while the Social Freedom – assumed by compatibilism existential approach as dealing with the ‘who’ of that human freedom is the absence of force, a human person. constraints, or anything that makes a person act -analysis of the human person (he prefers against his/her will or desire. to call by the German Term “Dasein”) as a PLATO – “Soul is immortal” being-in-the-world. Real name of Plato: ARISTOCLES Unspirited body view – belief that humans do Aristotle’s Son: Nichomachus not have a spiritual component. -there is no such thing as a spirit, then a human person is essentially just his/her body. BONUS PHILOSOPHICAL QUESTIONS: Disembodied spirit view – human person is essentially just his/her spirit. 1. What is the difference of Alone & Lonely? -belief that while the body is dependent 2. What is the meaning of “Man was born free but on the spirit, the spirit is not dependent on the he is everywhere in chains” by Jean-Jacques body. Rousseau? -body will die if there’s no spirit, but the 3. How does it even possible to feel lonely in the spirit will survive even if there’s no body. crowd? Embodied spirit view – human person is 4. What is freedom? essentially the unity of his/her body and spirit. -belief that the body and the spirit cannot exist independently of one another. -each will not survive with the absence of the other. NOTE: This reviewer is not complete compared to the JEAN PAUL-SARTRE – analysis of the lectures of this subject. You can only use this as a basis possibility and limitations of human during the study. To be honest, this is my favorite transcendence. subject even though we can’t understand those thoughts -“Human person is condemned to be from the first sight. Just enjoy the topic. Study hard! free” Facticity – a human person’s past (Heidegger) -refers to everything about the existence of a human person that can no longer be changed. Existentiality – refers to all the possibilities that a human person has and can choose to have.