Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the award of degree

Of Electronics and Communication Engineering

SEMINAR REPORT
RITWIJA BISWAS (ECE1-16900316073)
PRITHVIRAJ GHOSE (ECE1-16900316081)
UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF
Prof. PINAK PANI MUKHERJEE
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

Academy of Technology
Email: admin@aot.edu.in Tel: +91-9830161441

Website: www.aot.edu.in Address: G.T. ROAD (ADISAPTAGRAM),

AEDCONAGAR, HOOGHLY-712121, WEST BENGAL, INDIA
1
 ACADEMY OF TECHNOLOGY
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION
ENGINEERING,
MAULANA ABUL KALAM AZAD UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY

TELE: +91-8334852299/+91-8334862299 G.T. ROAD, ADISAPTAGRAM,

PO: AEDCONAGAR,
HOOGHLY-712121, W.B., INDIA

CERTIFICATE FROM THE SUPERVISOR

This is to certify that the seminar report entitled "PILL CAMERA"

submitted by Prithviraj Ghose and Ritwija Biswas is an original work and
is absolutely based upon our own study on Capsule Endoscopy under
the supervision of Professor Pinak Pani Mukherjee, Dept. of Electronics
and Communication Engineering and neither this report nor any part of
it has been submitted elsewhere before.

_________________ ______________________
(Dr. Abhijit Banerjee) (Prof. Pinak Pani Mukherjee)
Head of the Department, Assistant Professor,

Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering

Academy of Technology
G.T. Road, Adisaptagram, Hooghly- 712121, WB.

Dated:

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We would like to express our sincere gratitude to our seminar guide and supervisor Prof.
Pinak Pani Mukherjee, Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Academy
of Technology, for providing his invaluable guidance, comments and suggestions throughout
the course of the project.

We would specially thank our seminar co-ordinators Prof. Subham Pramanik and Prof. Rakhi
Neogi, Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Academy of Technology,
for their assistance in team formation and keeping us constantly updated throughout the
course of the seminar. Their patience, dedication, inspiration and enthusiasm has helped us
a lot and let us finally succeed in our Seminar.

We are also highly indebted to Prof. A. Banerjee, present Head of the Dept. of Electronics
and Communication Engineering, Academy of Technology, for providing us the opportunity
to pursue our Seminar topic

Finally, we would like to express our deepest respect and gratitude towards our beloved
parents for supporting us with everything this far and helping us to fulfill our dreams to
reach up to this level. We wish to express our warm thanks to our family members whose
heartiest inspirations provided a strong impetus towards the completion of this project.

Thanking all concerned once again,

Prithviraj Ghose (Roll-16900316081) _________________

Ritwija Biswas (Roll-16900316073) _________________

[6th Semester, B. Tech, Electronics and Communication Engineering.]

.
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 CONTENTS

1. Introduction…………………………………................ 6
2. Existing System…………………………….….............. 6
3. Description………………………………………….…. 7
4. Proposed System
4.1 Internal Structure of pill camera………………. 7
4.2 Capsule working……………………………..….. 11
4.3 Block diagram of transmitter and receiver…..... 13
4.4 Pill Cam Platform Components………………... 15
5. Advantages…………………………………………...... 16
6. Disadvantages………………………………………..... 16
7. Applications…………………………………………… 16
8. Future Scope………………………………………...… 17
9. Conclusions…………..……………………………...… 17
10. References/ Bibliography…………………………..… 17

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 ABSTRACT

The aim of technology is to make products in a large scale for cheaper price and increased
quality. As the current manufacturing technology is at macro level but the future lies in
manufacturing product at molecular level. On the basis & advent of nanotechnology one such
product manufactured is pill camera. “Camera Pill” or Capsule endoscopy is a new diagnostic
tool that permits a direct visual examination of the small intestine, an area of the body not
previously accessible using upper endoscopy from above or colonoscopy from below. The pill,
known as the Capsule Endoscopy, is about the size of a multivitamin and is swallowed with a
sip of water. The pill is made of specially sealed biocompatible material that is resistant to
stomach acid and powerful digestive enzymes and thus every care is taken such that the caps
will not rupture or burst. Its non-invasive diagnostic alternative that is relatively quick, easy,
office-based test that will encourage people to see their doctors to get checked for diseases,
Capsule endoscopy helps your doctor evaluate the small intestine. This part of the bowel cannot
be reached by traditional upper endoscopy or by colonoscopy. The most common reason for
doing capsule endoscopy is to search for a cause of bleeding from the small intestine. It may
also be useful for detecting polyps, inflammatory bowel disease (Crohn’s disease), ulcers,
cancers, anemia and tumors of the small intestine. It takes picture of our intestine and transmits
the same to the receiver of the computer for analysis of our digestive system. This process can
help in tracking any kind of disease related to digestive system.

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1. INTRODUCTION:

We have made great progress in manufacturing products. Looking back from where we stand
now, we started from flint knives and stone tools and reached the stage where we make such
tools with more precision than ever. The leap in technology is great but it is not going to stop
here. With our present technology we manufacture products by casting, milling, grinding,
chipping and the likes. The next step in manufacturing these technologies is to manufacture
products at the molecular level. The technology used to achieve manufacturing at the molecular
level is “NANOTECHNOLOGY”. Nanotechnology is a creation of useful materials, devices
and system through manipulation of such miniscule matter (nanometre). Nanotechnology deals
with objects measured in nanometres. Nanometre can be visualized as billionth of a meter or
millionth of a millimetre or it is 1/80000 width of human hair. The pill camera is a new
diagnostic tool that permits a direct visual examination of the small intestine. It is that area of
the body which is not previously accessible using upper endoscopy or colonoscopy. The pill is
known as M2A capsule endoscopy. Imagine a vitamin pill-sized camera that could travel
through the body taking pictures, helping diagnose a problem which doctor previously would
have found only through surgery.

2. EXISTING SYSTEM:

Currently standard method of detecting abnormalities in the intestines is through endoscopic

examination in which doctors’ advance scope down into small intestine via the mouth.
However, these scopes are unable to reach through all of the 20-foot long small intestine, and
thus provide only a partial view of that part of the bowel. With the help of pill camera not only
can diagnoses be made for certain conditions routinely missed by other tests, but disorders can
be detected at an earlier stage, enabling treatment before complications develop. However, the
amount left behind in the body is less than is absorbed by the person drinking tap water,
according to researchers. Scientific advances in areas such as nanotechnology and gene therapy
promise to revolutionize the way we discover and develop drugs, as well as how we diagnose
and treat disease. The 'camera in a pill ' is one of the recent developments that is getting
considerable interest.
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 Fig 1. Conventional Endoscopy

3. DESCRIPTION:

The device, called the given Diagnostic Imaging System, comes in capsule form and contains
a camera, lights, transmitter and batteries. The capsule has a clear end that allows the camera
to view the lining of the small intestine. Capsule Endoscopy consists of a disposable video
camera encapsulated into a pill like form that is swallowed with water. The wireless camera
takes thousands of high-quality digital images within the body as it passes through the entire
length of the small intestine. The latest pill camera is sized at 26*11 mm and is capable of
transmitting 50,000 colour images during its traversal through the digestive system of the
patient.

4. PROPOSED SYSTEM:

The capsule is in the size and shape of an ordinary pill and contains a tiny camera. After a
patient swallows the capsule, it takes pictures of the inside of the gastrointestinal tract. The
primary use of capsule endoscopy is to examine areas of the small intestine that cannot be seen
by other types of endoscopy such as colonoscopy or esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD). This
type of examination is often done to find sources of bleeding or abdominal pain.

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4.1 Internal structure of Pill Camera:

The Pill Camera consists of 8 parts:

Fig 2. Internal Structure of Pill Camera

4.1.1 Optical Dome-

1. The optical dome results in easy orientation of the capsule axis along the central axis of
the small intestine and so helps propel the capsule forward easily.
2. The optical dome contains the Light Receiving Window.

4.1.2 Lens Holder-

1. The Lens Holder is that part of the capsule which accommodates the lens.
2. The lens is tightly fixed to the holder so that it doesn't get damage.

4.1.3 Lens-

1. The Lens is an integral component of the capsule.

2. The Lens is an integral component of the capsule.

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4.1.4 Illuminating LEDs- LEDs

Around the Lens and CMOS Image Sensor, four LEDs are present.
These plural lighting devices are arranged in doughnut order.

4.1.5 CMOS Image Sensor-

CMOS Image Sensor is the most important part of the capsule. It is highly sensitive and
produces very high-quality images. It has 140-degree field of view and can detect objects as
small as possible.

READ CODING SWITCHING

PIXEL ARRAY
CIRCUIT CIRCUIT CIRCUIT

CURRENT
OSCILLATING CONTROL
LIMITING
CIRCUIT CIRCUIT
CIRCUIT

O/P
COLOUR PIXEL CONTROLLER
LIGHT
FILTER ARRAY
ADC

Fig 3. Block diagram of CMOS Image Sensor

COLOUR FILTER:

It filters out wavelength of unwanted colours and allows only specific colours of light to pass
through the pixel sensor. For this purpose, each pixel is covered with a red, green and blue filter
according to a specific pattern like the Bayer CFA pattern. This Bayer filter uses the sub-mosaic

9
2x2 pattern with one red, one blue and two green filters. As human eye has greater sensitivity
for green light hence two green filters are used.

2x2 RGGB
B G B G B G
sub-mosaic
pattern of G R G R G R

Bayer CPA B G B G B G
PIXEL SENSOR ARRAY
G R G R G R

B G B G B G

G R G R G R

PIXEL ARRAY:

It captures the intensity of the light passing through it. Each pixel sensor converts the sensitivity
of the incoming light to the voltage signal which is then fed to ADC for further processing.

There are two types of architecture of Pixel Sensor:

ACRIVE PIXEL SENSOR PASSIVE PIXEL SENSOR

1. 3- 4 transistors are used 1. Only 1 photodetector per pixel

is used.
2. Fast, have good SNRs, but longer pixels 2. Have smaller pixels and larger
and low fill factor. Large fill factor, but are slow
and have low SNR.

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APS is the technology which is preferred and used in most device.

ADC:

The ADC takes the analog voltage signal from the pixel sensor array and converts them into
digital signals.

DIGITAL CONTROLLER:

It governs the functionality of the CMOS sensor, controls the Pixel Array, Ensures
synchronization between all pixels, etc.

4.1.6 Battery-

Battery used in the capsule is button shaped and two in number. Batteries are arranged together
behind the CMOS Image Sensor. Silver Oxide primary batteries are used (Zinc / Alkaline
Electrolyte/ Silver Oxide). Such a battery has an even discharge voltage, disposable and doesn't
cause harm to the body

4.1.7 ASIC Transmitter-

The ASIC (Application Specific Integrated Circuit) Transmitter is arranged behind the
batteries. Two Transmitting Electrodes are connected to the outlines of the ASIC Transmitter.
These electrodes are electrically isolated from each other.

4.1.8 Antennae-

The Antenna is arranged at the end of the capsule. It is enclosed in a dome shaped chamber.
Once swallowed, the missile pill travels through the small intestine propelled by the
contractions of the gastrointestinal tract. The squeezing motion acts as a squeegee, wiping the
lens clean for clear picture. Along the way it films digital images and transmits them to the
receiver worn by the patient. The recorder also tracks the capsule's location within the body.
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The capsule itself is larger than an aspirin, about 11mm x 26mm in size and about 4 grams in
weight.

LENS CMOS SENSOR BATTERY ASIC TRANSMITTER ANTENNA

Fig 4. Detailed Inner View of Pill Camera

4.2 CAPSULE WORKING:

It is slightly larger than a normal

Fig 5. Pill Camera splitted View
capsule. The patient swallows the
capsule and the natural muscular
waves of the digestive tract propel
it forward through stomach, into
small intestine, through the large
intestine and then out in the stool.
It takes snaps as it glides through

the digestive tract twice a second.

The capsule transmits the images to the data recorder, which is worn on a belt around the
patient’s waist while going about his or her day as usual. After 8 hours they return to the
physician's office with the data recorder. The physician then transfers the stored data to the
computer for processing and analysis. The complete traversal takes around 8 hours and after it
has completed taking pictures it comes out of the body as excreta. So, the primary use of the
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capsule endoscopy is to examine areas of the small intestine that cannot be seen by other types
of endoscopy such as colonoscopy or EGD. This type of examination is often done to find
sources of bleeding or abdominal pain.

Study results showed that the camera pill was safe, without any side effects and was able to
detect abnormalities in the small intestine, including parts that cannot be reached by the
endoscope.

The tiniest endoscope yet takes 30 two-megapixel images per second and offloads them
wirelessly.

Pop the pill and eight hours later, doctors can examine a high-resolution video of your intestine
for tumours and other problems, thanks to a new spinning camera that captures images in 360
degrees.

The patient gulps down the capsule, and the digestive process begins. Over the next 8 hours,
the pill travels passively down the esophagus and through roughly 20 to 25 feet of intestines,
where it will capture up to 8,70,000 images. The patient feels nothing.

4.2.1 POWER UP:

The pill doesn’t need a motor to move through your gut, but it does require 50 milli watts to
run its camera, lights and computer. Batteries would be too bulky, so the cam draws its power
through induction charging. A vest worn by the patient contains a coil that continuously
transmits power.

4.2.2 OFFLOAD DATA:

Instead of storing each two-megapixel image internally, the pill cam continually transmits
shots wirelessly to an antenna in the vest, where they are saved to a standard SD memory card.

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4.2.3 DATA ANALYSIS & IMAGE PROCESSING:

Doctors pop the SD card into a PC, and software compiles thousands of overlapping images
into a flat map of the intestines that can be as large as 1,175 megapixels. Doctors can replay the
ride as video and magnify a problem area up to 75-fold to study details.

4.2.4 EXPULSION FROM THE BODY:

The cam is disposable, so patients can simply flush it away. Pill passes down in the oesophagus
and through roughly 20 to 25 feet of intestines, where it will capture up to 870,000 images.
This is an exam of the small intestine of your digestive system. This capsule takes 75,000 to
80,000 pictures as it passes through the digestive tract. These pictures will transmit to sensor
pads that are placed belly. The images are stored in a small device that is held on a belt you
will wear around the waist. Research shows that the pill leaves behind a trace of silver when it
passes through the body. The capsule transmits the images to a data recorder, which is worn on
a belt around the patient's waist while going about his or her day as usual. The stored images
are transferred to a computer PC workstation where they are transformed into a digital movie
which the doctor can later examine on the computer monitor. Patients are not required to
retrieve and return the video capsule to the physician. It is disposable and expelled normally
and effortlessly with the next bowel movement.

Fig 6(a). Internal Block diagram of the Pill Camera.

Fig 6(b). Nanotechnology implemented ICs of the Pill Cam.

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4.3 BLOCK DIAGRAM OF TRANSMITTER AND RECEIVER:

In the first block diagram, one SMD type transistor amplifies the video signal for efficient
modulation using a 3 biasing resistor and 1 inductor. In the bottom block, a tiny SAW resonator
oscillates at 315 MHZ for modulation of the video signal. This modulated signal is then radiated
from inside the body to outside the body. For Receiver block diagram a commercialized
(ON/OFF Key) super heterodyne receiver with an 8-pin SMD was used. This single chip
receiver for remote wireless communications, which includes an internal local oscillator fixed
at a single frequency, is based on an external reference crystal or clock. The decoder IC receives
the serial stream and interprets the serial information as 4 bits of binary data.

AM MODULATION SMALL LOOP ANTENAE

CMOS IMAGE
RF AMPLIFIER
SENSOR

LOCAL
OSCILLATOR

Fig 7(a). Transmitter circuit inside the pill

SMALL LOOP ANTENAE AM DEMODULATION

CMOS IMAGE
RF AMPLIFIER
SENSOR

LOCAL
OSCILLATOR

Fig 7(b). Receiver circuit inside the data recorder

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Each bit is used for channel recognition of the control signal from outside the body. Since the
CMOS image sensor module consumes most of the power compared to the other components
in the telemetry module, controlling the ON/OFF of the CMOS image sensor is very important.
Moreover, since lightning LED‟s also uses significant amount of power, the individual
ON/OFF control of each LED is equally necessary. As such the control system is divided into
4 channels in the current study. A high output current amplifier with a single supply is utilized
to drive loads in capsule. The proposed telemetry capsule can simultaneously transmit a video
signal and receive a control determining the behaviour of the capsule. As a result, the total
power consumption of the telemetry capsule can be reduced by turning off the camera power
during dead time and separately controlling the LEDs for proper illumination in the intestine.
Accordingly, proposed telemetry module for bidirectional and multi-channel communication
has the potential applications.

This miniature motor, when attached to the pill camera gives it a propelling action inside the
body, which makes it easy for the pill to find its way through the digestive system. Also, the
grain-sized motor has an application of its own too. It can be employed to rupture and break
painful kidney stones inside the body. The other two drawbacks can be overcome using a
bidirectional wireless telemetry camera. The current paper presents the design of a bidirectional
wireless telemetry camera, 11mm in diameter, which can transmit video images from inside
the human body and receive the control signals from an external control unit. It includes
transmitting antenna and receiving antenna, a demodulator, a decoder, four LED‟s, a CMOS
image sensor, along with their driving circuits. The receiver demodulates the received signal
that is radiated from the external control unit.

Next, the decoder receives this serial stream and interprets the five of the binary digits as
address code. The remaining signal is interpreted as binary data. As a result, proposed telemetry
model can demodulate the external signals to control the behaviour of the camera and 4 LED‟s
during the transmission of video image. The CMOS image sensor is a single chip 1/3-inch
format video camera, OV7910 this can provide high level functionality with in small print
footage. The image sensor supports an NTSC-type analog colour video and can directly
interface with VCR TV monitor. Also, image sensor has very low power consumption as it
requires only 5-volt dc supply. The capsule is capable of transmitting up to eight hours of video
before being naturally expelled. No hospitalization is required.

16
The film is downloaded to a computer workstation and processed using a software program
called RAPID (reporting and processing of images and data), also developed by Given Imaging.
It condenses the film into a 30-minute video. The software also provides an image of the pill
as it passes through the small intestine so the physician can match the image to the location of
the capsule. Future capsules to be developed using its basic platform. It is not inconceivable
that this same technology can be used to pump medication locally and directly. The power
system need only make up for losses caused by inefficiencies in this process. These losses could
presumably be made small, thus allowing our artificial red blood cells to operate with little
energy consumption conditions of temperature and pressure.

Thus, our spheres are over 2,000 times more efficient per unit volume than blood. Occupancy
statistics would allow determination of concentration. Today’s monoclonal antibodies are able
to bind to only a single type of protein or other antigen, and have not proven effective against
most cancers.

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4.4 PILLCAM PLATFORM COMPONENTS:

The total setup of the capsule endoscopy is comprised of the following components known as
the Pillcam Platform Components:

1. Pill Cam Capsule- SB or ESO.

2. Sensor Array Belt.
3. Data Recorder.
4. Real Time Viewer.
5. Workstation and RAPID Software.

4.4.1 PROCEDURE:

Fasting for 10-12 hours. No iron pills for 5 days. 8 skin antennas
connected to hard drive, are taped to the patient’s anterior
abdominal wall. Swallow the capsule with few sips of water.
Capsule moves by peristalsis. Collect images from Data
Recorder and examine it. The camera takes pictures after the
removal of the capsule and transmits by means of RF to Sensor
Array and then to Data Recorder. Recorded data are
downloaded to the computer. Analyzed using the RAPID
software. Excretes capsule within 24-48 hours.

4.4.2 SENSOR ARRAY BELT: Fig 8. Platform Components

1. Worn around the patient’s waist under clothing.

2. Sensors are incorporated within the belt.

4.4.3 DATA RECORDER:

1. Small portable Recording device.

2. Placed in the Recorder pouch.
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 3. Attached to the Sensor Belt.
4. Light weight- 470gm.
5. Integrated battery.

4.4.4 REAL TIME VIEWER:

1. Handheld device.
2. Enables Real-Time viewing.
3. Contains RAPID Reader software.
4. Colour LCD monitor.
5. Test the proper functioning before procedure.
6. Confirms location of the capsule.

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5. ADVANTAGES:

• Painless, no side effects or complications and avoids the risk of sedation.

• Miniature in size, hence can move easily through the digestive system.
• Accurate, precise and effective.
• Images taken are of high resolution which are sent almost instantaneously to the data
recorder for storage.
• Made of bio-compatible material, does not cause any harm to the organs.
• Nano technology has the potential to have a positive effect on the environment.

6. DISADVANTAGES:

• Patient with gastrointestinal structures or narrowing are not good patients for this
procedure due to the risk of obstruction.
• Patients with pacemakers, pregnant women face difficulties.
• It is very expensive and is not reusable. Also, batteries may not last long.
• Impossible to control the camera behaviour once it is swallowed
• Due to its small size the camera can capture an image of only 75% of the digestive
tract.

7. APPLICATIONS:

• Nano robots perform delicate surgeries.

• Pillcam ESO can detect:
• Esophageal diseases.
• Gastro esophageal reflux diseases.
• Barretts’s esophagus.
• Pillcam SB can detect:
• Crohn’s disease.
• Small Bowel Tumours.
• Small Bowel Injury.
• Celiac disease, Ulcerative colitis, etc.
• Tumours of the small intestine & vascular disorders
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8. FUTURE SCOPE:

• A collaboration of engineers led by the Fraunhofer Institute for Biomedical Engineering, in

St. Ingbert, Germany, has developed the first-ever control system for a camera pill. Natural
motions propel today’s camera pills through the esophagus too fast to take all the pictures that
doctors would like to see. The Fraunhofer pill is steered using an external magnet held by a
physician. In the future, doctors will be able to stop the camera in the esophagus, move it up
and down, and turn it,” says Frank Volke, a researcher at Fraunhofer.

• This pill camera technology in future can be designed in such a way that it can sense
temperature, pressure and various other diseases with its virus present in the body.

• Also, it can be made in the form of programmable chip so that it can work in blood cells
reconstruction. This can prevent patients from surgical operations.

• Scientists hope a future version of the camera pill will repair gut problem as well as spot them.

• The scientific community at the university of Washington is currently developing a pill-sized

camera which would travel through the body looking for signs of disease.

• The researchers are negotiating a contract to commercialize the technology. They hope to
not only take pictures but allow deliver treatments through the device in future.

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9. CONCLUSION:

The given endoscopy capsule is a pioneering concept for medical technology of the 21st
century. The endoscopy system is the first of its kind to be able to provide non- invasive
imaging of the entire small intestine. It has revolutionized the field of diagnostic imaging to a
great extent and has proved to be of great help to physicians all over the world. In the near
future most of the conventional manufacturing processes will be replaced with a cheaper and
better manufacturing process “nanotechnology”.

Scientists predict that this is not all nanotechnology is capable to produce such products. They
even foresee that in the coming decades, with the help of nanotechnology one can make hearts,
lungs, livers and kidneys, just by providing coal, water and some impurities and even prevent
the aging effect. Nanotechnology has the power to revolutionize the world of production, but it
is sure to increase unemployment in next generation. This pill camera technology has glorified
biomedical science and helped doctors to diagnose such a complicated intestinal bowel in easy
way. Use of Pill camera on large scale will reduce unwanted death rate in upcoming decades.
But in rare case the capsule which is swallowed if does not pass through body further then, it
may need to be removed endoscopically or surgically. So, this proposed capsule endoscopic
model has to be further modified after knowing its disadvantage which occurs while the
transmission of video image.

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10. REFFERENCE:

[1]. Miss. Anchal Khadse and Prof. S.O. Dahad, “Pill Camera”, International Journal of
Advanced Research in Computer and Communication Engineering Vol. 5, Issue 4, April
2016

[2]. Douglas G. Adler, Christopher J. Gostout, “Wireless Capsule Endoscopy” published in

Hospital Physician, May 2003 P.P. 14-15.

[3]. C Nishitha, M Ooha and Mr. Rajesh N V, “Wireless Gastrointestinal Tractendoscopy

using Pillcam”, International Journal of Computer & Mathematical Sciences IJCMS ISSN
2347– 8527 Volume 7, Issue 4 April 2018

[4] Peter B. Cotton & Christoper B. Willmans, “Practical Gastrointestinal Endoscopy” ISBN:
978-1-405-15902-9, 2008

[5] Naga Raj Y, “Camera pill Endoscopy” published in International Journal of Research in
Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences,

[6] Sidhu, R., Sanders, D. S., & McAlindon, M. E. (2006), “Gastrointestinal capsule
endoscopy”, Tertiary centres to primary care. BMJ: British Medical Journal, 332(7540), 528.

[7] http://www.medicaldiscoverynews.com/shows/pillCamera.html

[8] http://www.authorstream.com/Presentation/shamimanazim-668821-pillcam/

[9] http://spectrum.ieee.org/biomedical/devices/a-better-camera-pill

[10] https://www.slideshare.net/mobile/8871038298/pill-camera-presentation

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