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SIP Interconnect
The Why’s and How’s

Don Troshynski
Sr. Director, Solutions Architecture
Oracle Communications

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IP service interconnection is becoming critical

Mobile voice
interconnect
75% of international voice remains TDM in
traffic in 2010 was carried many networks The vast majority of
using VoIP and is expected international
to be virtually 100% by voice traffic will be mobile-
2015 originated in 2016

Disconnects

Cost reduction and Wholesale voice

service expansion is
required revenue will decline
Wholesale voice traffic at —
will grow 6.1% CAGR 2.4% CAGR

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Global trends driving SIP interconnect
• Today: PSTN
Sunset
– Fixed VoIP increasing use of SIP access
– Mobile TrFO for improved quality
FCC Connect America Fund to reform inter-
– Wholesale VoIP transit/termination at carrier connection and compensation
lower cost NTT deactivation of PSTN around 2025

• Tomorrow: Australia NBN program

– New services & business models Italy – 100% VoIP interconnects in 2013

– VoLTE and IP-based roaming Canada CRTC IP voice interconnection reform

– Enhanced RCS services for mobile

– OTT/cloud

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2012 CRTC Network Interconnection Policy
• CRTC approved the use of SIP interconnection formally
– Addresses local, wireless, LD, and voice network interconnection
• Strongly endorses technology
• Eases tariff requirements
– Enables off-tariff and direct bill-and-keep models over IP
• Mandates requirement for operators to implement IP interconnection
– When carrier provides VoIP to affiliates companies
– When carrier provides VoIP-based services to subscriber base
• Triggered readiness efforts at Telus, Rogers, Shaw, Cogeco, Videotron,
SaskTel and others

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Why SIP as the protocol of choice for IP networks?
• If not SIP, then what?
– Jabber/XMPP has roots in client/server messaging/presence versus peer-to-peer trunks and interconnect
– Pure HTTP-based interfaces lack widespread standardization (even WebRTC does not standardize signaling)

• SIP allows for almost all multi-media session-based use cases

– Voice, video, short & multimedia messaging, chat, presence, file transfer

• SIP has been standardized across the most access technologies

– Fixed softswitch/NGN networks
– Wholesale peering partners
– SIP contact centers
– Mobile access and interconnect

• SIP has been selected as the protocol of choice for all IP mobile networks
– Core component of 3GPP IMS specification
– GSM Association endorsed OneVoice (SIP-based) for LTE, Rich Communications Suite (RCS) and SIP-I for IPX

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What are the benefits of SIP Interconnection?
• Reduce total cost of ownership
– Eliminate TDM interconnects
– Minimize transcoding
– Single point of IP interconnect – all real-time multimedia services
– Improved route management – LCR, QoS, roaming steering, etc.
• Accelerate enhanced services time to market
– Dynamic protocol mediation and interworking
– Programmable and extendable
• Improve network availability to assure revenue
– Traffic congestion controls
– Encryption
– High availability and geo redundancy

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SIP Interconnect Technical Implementation

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Limitations of existing elements in controlling
IP-based real-time communications
Network Element Limitations
Softswitches, signaling proxies, – Don’t control media flows
application servers – Don’t protect against denial of service, overloads, etc.

Routers – Don’t participate in session signaling

– Don’t recognize packets as belonging to a session
– Route/distribute packets, not sessions
– Don’t actively monitor link or adjacent element utilization
Data Firewalls – Don’t dynamically adjust ACLs
– May be SIP-aware but are not SIP session state-aware

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Benefits of an SBC for SIP Interconnection
Benefit Features/supporting statements/
Comprehensive Security DoS/DDoS, fraud prevention, signaling screening,
White/Black list method/header

Protocol Harmonization SIP/SIP-I IWF, PRACK/non-PRACK, transport protocol

interworking
IP Version Interworking IPv4 – IPv6 using true B2BUA
QoS Reporting R-factor/MoS reporting
Flexible Accounting Customizable CDRs
Efficient Transcoding Transcoding on-board and in-line
Sophisticated Policy Control Concurrent sessions, session rate,
bandwidth, minimum QoS, ASR
Sophisticated routing controls Method/header/parameter based routing

Inherent flexibility and extensibility Genuine B2BUA, Header manipulation, Codec agnostic

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 Session Border Controller (SBC) vs. Firewalls with ALGs
SBC Firewall with SIP ALG
• Back-to-back user agent • Modifies single session data
– Fully state-aware at layers 2-7 – Fully state-aware at layers 3 & 4 only
– Inspects and modifies any application layer – Inspects and modifies only application layer
header info (SIP, SDP, etc.) addresses (SIP, SDP, etc.)
– Can terminate, initiate, re-initiate – Unable to terminate, initiate, re-initiate
signaling & SDP signaling & SDP
– Static & dynamic ACLs – Static ACLs only

Data center Data center

SIP trunking IP PBX IP PBX
UC server
SIP trunking UC server

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Service Provider Session Border Controller (SBC) Architecture
• Access and interconnect borders
• NGN session delivery Service
Provider
Service
Provider
• Complement other service elements
– Softswitches
– IMS call session control
functions (S/I-CSCF) Enterprise Internet Fixed &
Mobile
– Mobile switching centers
– Application servers
• Augment access and aggregation routers

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SIP Routing with Proxies
Centralized Routing
• Centralized versus decentralized route management
PSTN
– Eases workload caused by static nature of PSTN routing MSC MSC

• Simplified soft switch and MSC routing tables

– One common outbound route versus N-squared
MSC MSC
– Create unified dial plan
– Overlapping address resolution

• Reduced costs Decentralized Routing

– Centralized provisioning more cost effective than distributed
PSTN
– Better utilization of SIP trunks and pooling of PSTN gateways MSC MSC

• SLAs
– Call Admission Control MSC MSC

– Rerouting for network resiliency

– Accounting call detail records PSTN

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Mobile Interconnect and IPX

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Mobile Legacy: IP-based core, TDM interconnect
• Core networks have been migrated to mostly IP-based
– BICC was used initially but a further migration to SIP-I is likely
• BICC lacks multi-vendor interoperability for interconnects, so TDM is still being used

Operator A Operator B

HLR GMSC GMSC HLR

MSC MSC MSC MSC

TDM link IP link (BICC or SIP-I)

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Mobile Trend: SBC/SIP-I Interconnect
• End-to-end IP and associated Operator A Operator B
benefits now possible HLR GMSC GMSC HLR
– Reuse of IP transport layer
– No degradation of voice quality MSC MSC MSC MSC
between operators due to MGW
transcoding
– Easier to interconnect over distance TDM link IP link (BICC or SIP-I)
using IP
• Flexibility and reuse of SIP-based interconnect
– Externally: Connectivity to Fixed operators as well as International
ones
– Internally: Single POI can be used for mobile as well as VoLTE/IMS

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IPX for mobile interconnection – what is IPX?
An i3 forum definition
• (IP Packet eXchange) is a generic term that refers to a class of IP-based interconnection models and
implementations that share the following features:
– Based on private IP Domain (i.e. no use of the Public Internet) which spans from Service Provider to Service
Provider
– Multi-service capable (implementation of multi-service offers is a commercial matter)
– Designed and operated to support High Quality IP based services (break-outs and break-ins to/from non-IPX
services are possible and disclosed)
– Allows a cascading business model
– Guarantees service assurance across the whole IPX Domain, being (among others):
• SLA capable (SLAs can be offered, actual implementation is a commercial matter)
• Secure (e.g. MPLS based but other technique can be used)
– Scalable (as opposed to dedicated bilateral private IP interconnects)
• IPX services are offered by an IPX Provider (e.g. international carrier) to a Service Provider
• IPX Providers can interconnect among themselves in order to guarantee a worldwide coverage

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 IPX Technical Capabilities
• Multi-service. Capable of HiDef voice, IP-based Video, and Enhanced Messaging (RCS). Service-layer hubbing.
• QoS. Must provide differentiated services for traffic types with monitoring and reporting at service layer.
• Routing. Provide global reachability. Leverage ENUM for MNP/messaging/RCS.
• Transcoding. Optional voice and video transcoding services.
• Security. Service layer security with Session Border Controller.
• Interworking. SIP, RCS, SMS/MMS.

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 GSMA IPX – Business Drivers
• Reduce operational costs
– Overhead of n^2 mesh of bi-lateral agreements
– Use lower-cost IP reachability for data roaming and IPX IPX
voice termination
– Graceful technical transition to IP Interconnect

 Improve customer experience

– Enable IP-based high-definition codecs to traverse directly between many operators
– Improve user experience using QoS and high-definition voice/video to exceed Facetime/Skype
– Ensure global reachability for video/messaging services

$ $ $
MNO IPX IPX MNO
SLA SLA SLA

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IPX Solution Architecture
Extensive provisioning and
operations tool set

Network & service Routing

management

OTT PSTN
LCR

3G MNO
FNO

Scalable core routing

LTE MNO LTE MNO

Complete SIP
Diameter and Diameter
SIP signaling security
RTP media and control

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 SIP-based interconnection using a combined approach
• Bilateral Peering – MNO/FNO negotiates either
traffic exchange or termination at negotiated rates.
May offer the potential for “settlement free”
termination in certain cases. Enables negotiation or Originating
MNO
MNO/FNO

direct peering elements/capacities.

• IPX-based Multilateral – MNO/FNO negotiates with

IPX to obtain reachability to many operators to MNO/FNO

obtain either QoS for direct bilateral data exchange MNO/FNO

or termination. IPX may provide service IPX
transparency or interworking. MNO/FNO

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Summary
• Migrating to SIP-based Interconnects has long term CAPEX and OPEX savings for network
operators

• Immediate benefits:
– Reuse of IP core infrastructure
– Decrease the use of expensive media gateway ports
– Improve voice quality by avoiding transcoding

• Longer term benefits:

– Reduction in number of media control protocols in the core network
– Support for mixed applications
– Support for mixed access technology interconnects (mobile/fixed, domestic/international, etc.)
– No need to forklift interconnection infrastructure as networks migrate to SIP cores

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