Abbas Mordani

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Walmart Inc., formerly Wal-Mart Stores, Inc., incorporated on October 31,

1969, is engaged in the operation of retail, wholesale and other units in
various formats around the world. The Company offers an assortment of
merchandise and services at everyday low prices (EDLP). The Company
operates through three segments: Walmart U.S., Walmart International and
Sam's Club. The Walmart U.S. segment includes the Company's mass
merchant concept in the United States operating under the Walmart brands,
as well as digital retail. The Walmart International segment consists of the
Company's operations outside of the United States, including various retail
Websites. The Sam's Club segment includes the warehouse membership
clubs in the United States, as well as samsclub.com. The Company operates
approximately 11,600 stores under 59 banners in 28 countries and e-
commerce Websites in 11 countries.
Walmart U.S.
The Walmart U.S. segment operated retail stores in the United States. The
Walmart U.S. segment provides its customers access to an assortment of
merchandise, including products not found in its physical stores, and services
online through its e-commerce Websites and mobile commerce applications.
In addition, its e-commerce Website includes Marketplace, a feature of the
Website that permits third parties to sell merchandise on walmart.com.
Digital retail is integrated with its physical stores through services, such as
Walmart Pickup, Pickup Today and Online Grocery. The Walmart U.S. segment
also offers access to digital content and services, including Vudu and
InstaWatch.
Walmart International Segment
The Walmart International segment includes various formats divided into
three categories: retail, wholesale and other. These categories consist of
various formats, including supercenters, supermarkets, hypermarkets, and
warehouse clubs, including Sam's Clubs, cash and carry, home improvement,
specialty electronics, apparel stores, drug stores and convenience stores, as
well as digital retail. Its Walmart International segment consists of physical
stores operated by its subsidiaries operating in Argentina, Brazil, Canada,
Chile, China, India, Japan, Mexico and the United Kingdom; its subsidiaries
operating in Africa (which includes Botswana, Ghana, Kenya, Lesotho,
Malawi, Mozambique, Namibia, Nigeria, South Africa, Swaziland, Tanzania,
Uganda and Zambia), Central America (which includes Costa Rica, El
Salvador, Guatemala, china

Johnson & Johnson, incorporated on November 10, 1887, is a holding

company. The Company and its subsidiaries are engaged in the research and
development, manufacture and sale of a range of products in the healthcare
field. The Company operates through three segments: Consumer,
Pharmaceutical and Medical Devices. The Company's primary focus is on
products related to human health and well-being. The Company's
subsidiaries operated 119 manufacturing facilities, as of January 1, 2017. The
Company's research facilities are located in the United States, Belgium,
Brazil, Canada, China, France, Germany, India, Israel, Japan, the Netherlands,
Singapore, Switzerland and the United Kingdom. The Company has over 230
operating companies, which conduct business around the world.
Consumer
The Consumer segment includes a range of products used in the baby care,
oral care, skin care, over-the-counter pharmaceutical, women's health and
wound care markets. The baby care category includes the JOHNSON'S line of
products. Its oral care category includes the LISTERINE product line. Its
brands in the beauty category include the AVEENO, CLEAN & CLEAR, DABAO,
JOHNSON'S Adult, LE PETITE MARSEILLAIS, NEUTROGENA, RoC and OGX
product lines. The over-the-counter medicines category includes the family of
TYLENOL acetaminophen products; SUDAFED cold, flu and allergy products;
BENADRYL and ZYRTEC allergy products; MOTRIN IB ibuprofen products, and
the PEPCID line of heartburn products. Its brands in the women's health
category outside of North America are STAYFREE and CAREFREE sanitary
pads, and o.b. tampon brands. Its wound care brands include the BAND-AID
Brand Adhesive Bandages and NEOSPORIN First Aid product lines. These
products are marketed to the general public and sold both to retail outlets
and distributors across the world.
Pharmaceutical
The Pharmaceutical segment is focused on five therapeutic areas, including
immunology (rheumatoid arthritis, inflammatory bowel disease, psoriasis and
pulmonary diseases), infectious diseases and vaccines (human
immunodeficiency virus (HIV), hepatitis, respiratory infections, tuberculosis
and vaccines), neuroscience (Alzheimer's disease, mood disorders and
schizophrenia), oncology (prostate cancer, hematologic malignancies and
lung cancer), and cardiovascular and metabolic diseases (thrombosis and
diabetes). The segment's products are distributed directly to retailers,
wholesalers, hospitals and healthcare professionals for prescription use. The
Pharmaceutical segment offers products, such as REMICADE (infliximab), a
treatment for various immune-mediated inflammatory diseases; SIMPONI
(golimumab), a subcutaneous treatment for adults with moderate to severe
rheumatoid arthritis, active psoriatic arthritis, active ankylosing spondylitis
and moderately active to severely active ulcerative colitis; SIMPONI ARIA
(golimumab) an intravenous treatment for adults with moderate to severe
rheumatoid arthritis; STELARA (ustekinumab), a treatment for adults with
moderate to severe plaque psoriasis and active psoriatic arthritis; PREZISTA
(darunavir), EDURANT (rilpivirine) and PREZCOBIX/REZOLSTA
(darunavir/cobicistat), which are used for the treatment of HIV-1 in
combination with other antiretroviral products, and CONCERTA
(methylphenidate HCl) extended-release tablets CII, which are used for the
treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.
The Company competes with Pfizer Inc.
Just-in-time (JIT) manufacturing, also known as just-in-time
production or the Toyota Production System (TPS), is a methodology aimed
primarily at reducing times within production system as well as response
times from suppliers and to customers. Its origin and development was in
Japan, largely in the 1960s and 1970s and particularly at Toyota.
Alternative terms for JIT manufacturing have been used. Motorola's choice
was short-cycle manufacturing (SCM). IBM's was continuous-flow
manufacturing (CFM), and demand-flow manufacturing (DFM), a term handed
down from consultant John Constanza at his Institute of Technology in
Colorado. Still another alternative was mentioned by Goddard, who said that
"Toyota Production System is often mistakenly referred to as the 'Kanban
System'", and pointed out that kanban is but one element of TPS, as well as
JIT production.:11
But the wide use of the term JIT manufacturing throughout the 1980s faded
fast in the 1990s, as the new term lean manufacturingbecame
established ] as "a more recent name for JIT" As just one testament to the
commonality of the two terms, Toyota production system (TPS) has been and
is widely used as a synonym for both JIT and lean manufacturing.
Pro: It's All About Saving Time and Costs

Companies like to use JIT because it can be a more cost-efficient

method of keeping merchandise in stock. JIT minimizes the amount of time
that you need to keep merchandise in your warehouse. The specific
advantages of JIT are that it:
 Requires less warehouse space: With a faster turnaround of stock,
you don’t need as much warehouse or storage space to store goods. This
reduces the amount of storage your small business needs to rent or buy,
freeing up funds for other parts of the business.
 Reduces waste: A faster turnaround of stock prevents goods
becoming damaged or obsolete while sitting in storage, reducing waste.
This again saves money by preventing investment in unnecessary
merchandise and reducing the need to replace old stock.
 Requires a smaller investment: JIT inventory management is ideal
for smaller companies that don’t have the money available to purchase
huge amounts of stock at once. Ordering merchandise as and when it’s
needed helps to maintain a healthy cash flow.
Pro: Allows You to Maintain a Flexible Workforce

JIT has the added benefits of allowing you to maintain a flexible

workforce. Having workers who are trained in other areas of the
manufacturing process – and not just in maintaining the logistics of a
warehouse bulging with inventory – allows you to move workers where they
are needed most.

JIT also allows you to synchronize production schedules with demand.

In other words, you can likely reduce worker hours and labor costs that you
would otherwise incur to managing an overstocked warehouse full time. If
there is no product in the warehouse (until you need it), then there is no
need to pay employees to watch and manage that merchandise (until you
actually need it).
Con: Supply and Price Shocks

But JIT systems are not all rosy and easily managed. JIT can leave you
vulnerable to:
 Supply shocks. JIT leaves manufacturers venerable to supply shocks.
Both supply or demand shocks can cause a major problem in JIT. A large
demand shock or a supply shock can lead to the inability to meet current
demand.
 Price Shocks. In JIT, prices for parts involved in the production
process are assumed to remain constant. When there are price shocks,
the company’s profit margin can be greatly affected.
Con: More Complex than You Think

Implementing JIT is extremely complex, since management must rethink the

entire workflow of the business. Everything from the delivery of raw
materials to delivery of the finished product needs to be re-thought and re-
designed. These actions involve multiple entities up and down the supply
chain, who you may be asking to change their practices with little advance
notice.

These logistics issues can be particularly difficult for small businesses and
may require you to break up large orders over a longer stretch of time – and
even among several smaller manufacturers. While it may be helpful to cross-
train staff in different areas, you'd likely have to help your employees
understand more of the entire process and shift them to where they are
needed as workflow ebbs and surges to meet customer demand swings.

This overhaul can require a larger commitment of time and money, two
resources most small businesses simply don't have in great supply. And,
depending on your business needs, and for the reasons listed, JIT may not
work for your company. This means that you'll have devoted considerable
time, money, and labor to implementing a system that may not be right for
your business
Legal entity created by a party (the trustor) through which a second party
(the trustee) holds the right to manage the trustor's assets or property for
the benefit of a third party (the beneficiary). The four main types of trusts
are: (1) Living: trust created by the trustor while he or she is alive. (2)
Testamentary: trust established through a will and which comes into effect (is
created) when the trustor dies. (3) Revocable: trust that can be modified or
terminated by the trustor after its creation. (4) Irrevocable: trust that cannot
be modified or terminated by the trustor after its creation.
2. Property interest held by a party (the trustee) for the benefit of another
(the beneficiary).

Read more: http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/trust.html

The goal describes a Specific outcome as clearly defined, and unambiguous

as possible. We know when we’ve reached the goal because it
is Measureable. Our metrics tell us when we’ve arrived at success. We will
arrive because the goal is Achievable. We have the skills, knowledge and
resources to accomplish it. The goal is Relevant to the larger mission of the
organization. It’s also Timely and can be accomplished reasonably in the
intended timeframe.

https://www.futureworksconsulting.com/blog/2005/10/13/teams-and-shared-
goals/

mutual gains means that both sides do better off financially than they would
if they had simply competed on price. But mutual gains go far beyond the
issue of price.

Making a commitment obligates you to do something.

Some commitments are large, like marriage. When you take a job, you're
making a commitment to show up and do the job well, and your employer
makes a commitment to pay you. There are smaller commitments too. If you
said you'd meet a friend at six, that's a commitment — show up or your
friend will be mad. You also can speak of commitment as a quality. Staying
after school for a study group shows your commitment to good grades.

https://www.pon.harvard.edu/uncategorized/what-does-mutual-gains-mean-
in-negotiation/

References :
https://smallbusiness.chron.com/pros-cons-jit-inventory-system-3195.html

https://www.reuters.com/finance/stocks/company-profile/JNJ.N

https://www.reuters.com/finance/stocks/company-profile/WMT.N