its Tela iis Beam Ue esc ity B.Y.Tonge ButterworthsOne of the major steps taken by the student of Theory of Structures is the Progression from the analysis of simple structural problems to the solution of problems which are statically indeterminate. This new type of problem has many methods of analysis, which are invariably introduced by their application to the statically indeterminate beam. When a complete understanding of the beam problems has been obtained, the development of the theories for the solution of rigid frame problems is relatively straightforward. This book aims to provide this understanding by canfining the various methods of analysis to beam prablems only. The solutions to all problems are fully worked out, so that they may be followed step by step, or help to locate any errors in the reader's attempts at working through the examples. This book has been specially prapared for students taking a C.N.A.A. ordinary degree in Civil Engineering, and as such should also be of great value to students in the early stages of a University degree course, or those preparing for the Council of Engineering Institutions (C.E.I.} Examinations, or on H.N.D, or H.N.C. courses in Civil and Structural Engineering.THE INDETERMINATE BEAMTHE INDETERMINATE BEAM Theory and examples B.Y. TONGE, C.Eng., M.LStroct. E. Senior Lecturer in Civil Engineering, Bolton Institute of Technology LONDON BUTTERWORTHSTHE BUTTERWORTH GROUP ENGLAND Butterworth & Co (Publishers) Ltd London: 88 Kingsway, WC2B 6AB AUSTRALIA Butterworth & Co (Australia) Ltd Sydney: 586 Pacific Highway, Chatswood, NSW 2067 Melbourne: 343 Little Collins Street, 3000 Brisbane: 240 Queen Street, 4000 CANADA Butterworth & Co (Canada) Ltd Toronto: 14 Curity Avenue, 374 NEW ZEALAND Butterworth & Co (New Zealand) Ltd Wellington: 26-28 Waring Taylor Street, 1 SOUTH AFRICA Butterworth & Co (South Africa) (Pty) Ltd Durban: 152-154 Gale Street First published 1972 © Butterworth & Co. (Publishers) Ltd., 1972 ISBN 0 408 70258 2 Standard 0 408 70299 0 Limp Printed in HungaryPREFACE One of the major steps taken by any student of Theory of Struc- tures is the progression from the analysis of simple structural prob- lems by the application of the principles of statics to the solution of problems which are statically indeterminate, Not only is he faced with a completely new type of problem, but he is presented with, in fairly rapid succession, a multitude of methods of analysis, These methods are invariably introduced by their application to the statically indeterminate beam. The subse- quent development of the theories for the solution of rigid frame problems is relatively straightforward, provided a complete under- standing of the beam problems has been obtained, The simplest way to obtain this familiarity is through practice problems. Unfortunately, the demands upon a student’s time get increasingly greater, and, as a consequence, his opportunities to practice the application of material presented to him in lectures are often inadequate. It is hoped that this book will help the student to utilise his avail- able time for private study to better advantage. The solutions to all problems are worked out very fully, so that the student may either follow the working step by step, or, having attempted the problem and obtained an incorrect answer, can refer to the text to determine the error of his ways. No additional unworked problems are provided, It is felt that once the reader has mastered a method dealt with in one chapter, he will use this method to attempt problems in other chapters. Some problems in the text do appear in more than one chapter.This book has been prepared with students on a C.N.A.A. Or- dinary Degree in Civil Engineering in mind. It is hoped that it will also be beneficial to students in the early stages of a University Degree Course, those preparing for the Council of Engineering Institutions (C.E.I.) Examinations and others on Higher National Diploma and Higher National Certificate Courses in Civil and Structural Engineering. In conclusion, I must acknowledge the encouragement received from Mr. T. W. Potts, B. Sc. (Eng.), Lond., C, Eng., F. I. Struct. E., Principal, Mr. W. D. A. Johns, B. Eng., C. Eng., M.I.C.E., Head of Department and the hard work of Mrs. Mildred Jones who typed the manuscript, B. Y. TONGECONTENTS Oo 6 Ss NH wT fF WY HN = - Oo Introduction to the Indeterminate Beam Mohr’s Theorems--Moment-Area Method Conjugate (or Analogous) Beam Method Clapeyron’s Theorem of Three Moments Strain Energy Slope—Deflection Moment Distribution Column Analogy Influence Lines Indirect Mode! Analysis Index 45 70 102 135 173 208 235 272 293Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION TO THE INDETERMINATE BEAM A beam is statically indeterminate when one or more of the un- known elements, ¢.g. support reactions, cannot be determined from a consideration of the basic equations of static equilibrium, i.e., the number of unknown elements exceeds the number of static equations applicable to any particular beam, Before developing this statement, the Author considers that a reappraisal at this stage, of the conditions of static equilibrium and of sign conventions for bending moment and shearing force, will assist the student in gaining familiarity with the methods of solu- tion of indeterminate beam problems dealt with in later chapters. 1.1. CONDITIONS OF STATIC EQUILIBRIUM AND SIGN CONVENTIONS Consider the horizontal beam AB as shown in Figure I.la, which is simply supported, and subjected to some system of vertical forces acting downwards, total HW’. The beam is maintained in equilibrium by the reactions at the supports, R, and R,. Consider a section through the beam at a point X, distance x from A, as shown at 6 and c, the total of the downward forces on each section being W, and Ws, where W14+ W. = W. Consider the section AY. For this section of the beam to be in equilibrium one condition is that there must be a balance of all vertical forces acting on it, i.e. LV =0.force system -total W centroid ~~ zy =z, om ‘on My My w. R —t Sy A {b) (ec) Figure 1.1. Assuming that the position of X is such that it does not produce the particular case of R, = W,, then to obtain this condition of SV = 0, an additional force must be exerted on the section and this can only be provided by the resistance of the fibres of the section XB of the beam at X, If Ry is assumed greater in magnitude than W,, then this resist- ing force at X will be, from consideration of XV = 0 for AX, of magnitude R,—W, acting vertically downwards, Let this resisting force be Sy (see Figure 1.18). The out of balance vertical force between 4 and X, R,—W4, which acts vertically upwards at XY and is resisted by Sy, is the Shearing force in the beam at X, If the upward acting support reaction R, is considered to have positive sign, then, as R, is assumed greater than 1, the shearing force at X, R,—W4, will also have positive sign. This is the basis of the sign convention for shearing force. The effect of the shearing force at X, if Ry > W1, is to produce the shearing effect as shown in Figure 1.2a, i.e, as the shearing force acts vertically upwards, it tends to push the section AX upwards with respect to YB. The sign convention is established by stating that when consider- ing forces to the left of the section, if the net force at X is vertically upwards in direction, then the shearing force at Y is positive.4 4 lx x B Cx 8 A —_— 4 | a | v (a) (b) Figure 1.2, Conversely, if the net force at X is vertically downwards, i.e. R4 < W,, then the shearing force at ¥ is negative. This would pro- duce the effect shown in Figure 1.28, Now consider section XB. For the equilibrium of this section, there must again be a resist- ing force at X, provided by the fibres of the ‘severed’ beam. Now, as R, is assumed greater than W,, and when considering 2V = 0 for the beam as a whole, Ry+ Ry = Wi+ Wo, then R, must be less than W2. Thus the additional force at X for section XB must act vertically upwards to satisfy the condition 2V = 0, and again for equilibrium of the beam as a whole, this force is of magni- tude Sy. So, when considering the section *B, the shearing force at X, which is equal and opposite to Sy, will act vertically downwards, with a magnitude of W.— Rp. Now in this particular case it has already been established that the shearing force at X is positive. Thus, when considering XB, to obtain a positive value for the shearing force at X¥ knowing that Wo > Rg, then forces acting vertically downwards must be consid- ered positive. Thus the sign convention for shearing force can be summarised as follows: At any particular section of the beam, if the net forces to the left of the section act vertically upwards, or the net forces to the right of the section act vertically down wards, then the shearing force is positive, The definition of negative shearing force follows automatically. This sign convention is shown diagrammatically in Figure 1.4. For complete equilibrium of sections AX and XB, then the further condition that the algebraic sum of the bending moments acting at X must be zero, i.e, XM = 0, must be satisfied.