ককককককককক কককককককককককক

ককককককক
COMPUTER BASIC
ককককককককক কককক কককক কক কককককক কক কককক কককক কক কককককককক
ককক ককক কককক কককককক ককক ককক ককককককক ককককককককক কক কককককক
ককককককক কককক কককক ককককককক কককক কককক ককককককককককক
ককককককক ককককককককককক কককককক কককককক কককককক কক: সসসসসসস
সসসসস সসসসস সসসসসস সসসসসস সসসসসসস সসসসস: ককককককককককক
ককককককক ককককক ককক ককককককক কককককক কক কককককককক কককক কককক
কককক কককককক কককক কককককক কককককক কককককক কককককক
ককক কক ককককককক:ককককককককককক ককককককক
কককককককককককক কককককক ককককক ককককককক, ককককক ককককককককককক
কককককককক ককক কককক ককককক ককক ককককককককককক ককক ককককককককক
কককককককক ককক ককককক ককক ককককককককককক ককক ককককককককক
ককককককক ক কককককককক ককক কককক ককক কককক ককককককককক কককককককক
ককককক ককক কককক কক কককককক কককককক: কককককক কককককক কক ককক
কককক ককক ককক কককক ROM ককক RAMক ROM: ককক ককককককককক
কককককককককককক কককককককক কককককক ককককককক কককক ককককককককক
কককক, ক কককককককক ককক ককককক কককক কককক ককক কককক কক, ক কককক
কককক ককককক কককক ককক ককক ককককক RAM: ককক ককককককককককক
কককককককক কককককক কককককক কককককককককক কককক কককক ককক কককক
কককক কককককক ককককক কককককক কককক ককককককক ককক কককক ককক
ককককককক ককককক ককককককককক ককক ক কককক কককক কককক ককককক ককক
ককককককককককক কককককক কককককক ককক কককক কক ককক ককককক কককক
ককক ককক ককককককককক ককক ককক কক কককক ককক ককক ককক কককককককক
কককক ককক কককক কককক ককক কক ককককককককক কককক কককককক ককককককক
কককক ককক কককক কককক কককক ককক কককক কককককক ককককককক ককক কককক
কককক কককক ককককককককক কককক ককককক কক ককককককককক কক ককককক
ককক ককক ককককক, কক কককককককক ককককককককক কককক কককক কককক
ককককক কককক ককককককক কককককককক কককককক কককক ককককককককক কককক
ককককক ককক কককক কককককককক ককক কককক ককককক কককক ককককককককক
কককককক ককক কককককক ককক ককককক কককক ককক কককককককককক ককক
কককককককককক কককক ককক
কককককককককককককককককককককককককককককককককককককককককককককককক
ককককককককককককককককককককক ককককক RAMক
কক কককককককককক: ককককককককককক কককককককককককক কককককককক
ককককককককক কককক কককককককককক ককককককক কককককককককককককক কক
কককককক কককককককক ককককককক ককক কককক কককক কক কককককককক ককককক
কককককক কককক:কককককককক ককককক কককককক কককককক ককককক কককককক
কককক কককককক কককককক, ককককক ককককক, ককককককককক
কককককককক কক ককককককক ককককককক ককককক: ককককককক ককককককক
ককককক কক ককককককক ককককককককক ককককককক ককককক কক ককককককক
কককককক কককককক ককককক ককককককক কককককক ককক
কককক কক কককককককককক:ককককককক ককককক কক ককককককক কককককক কককক
কক ককককককক কককক কককক কক ককককককক ককককক ককককককক ককক ককক
কককক কককককককককক কককক সসসসস সসসসসস সসসসসস: ককককককককককক
ককককককক ককককককককক কককক ককককককক কককক ককককককক ককককক
ককককক কককককক ককককককক ককক ককক কক ককককককককক ককককককক ককককক
ককককককক কককক ককককককক ককককক কককককক কককককক ককককককক কককক
ককক ককককক কককককককককক ককককককক ককককককক ককককক ককক কককককক
কককককক কককক ককককক কককককক ককক কক:
কক ককককককক: ককককককক কককক ককককক ককককককককক ককককককক
ককককককককককক ককককককক ককককককককককক কককককক ককক ককক কককক
কককক কককক,কককককক ককককক ককককককককককক কককককক কক
কককককককককক কককক ককককককককক ককককককক ককক কক ককককককককক
কককক কককক কককক কককক কককককক ককককককক ককক ককককককক ককককককক
ককক ককক কককক ক কককক কককক কককক, কককক কককক কক ককককককক
ককককককক ককককককককককক কককককক ককক
কককক কক কককককককককক: কককককককককক কককক ককককক ককককককক
কককককককককক ককক ককককক ককককককক কককক কককক কককককককককক
ককককককক কককক কক কককককককক: কককক ককককক ককক কককককক ককক

কককককককক কককক কককককককক ককককককক কককক কক ককককক:

ককককক কককক কককককক ককককককক কককক ককককক কক ককককককক ককককক
ককক ককককককককক কককককক কককক ককককককক ককককককককক
ককককককককককক ককককককক কককককক কককক ককককক ক কককক কককক

ককককক কক ককককককক: ককককককক কককক কককককক

কককককককককককককককক ককককককক কককক ক ককককক কককককক ককককক
কককক কক কককক ককককক কককক ককককককক ককককককক ককক ককককক কক
ককককককককক: ককককককককক কককক কককককক কককককককককককককককককক
ককককককক কককক ককককককককক কককক ককককককক কককককক কককক
ককককককক ককক ককককক ককককককক ককক কককক ককককক ককককক ককক
কককককক কককককক কককককক কক কককক ককককককককক ককককককককককক
কককক ককককককক ককক ককককককক ককক ককককক
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Background

The ENIAC

Computers and electronics play an enormous role in today's society, impacting everything from
communication and medicine to science.

Although computers are typically viewed as a modern invention involving electronics, computing predates
the use of electrical devices. The ancient abacus was perhaps the first digital computing device. Analog
computing dates back several millennia as primitive computing devices were used as early as the ancient
Greeks and Romans, the most known complex of which being the Antikythera mechanism. Later devices
such as the castle clock (1206), slide rule (c. 1624) and Babbage's Difference Engine (1822) are other
examples of early mechanical analog computers.

The introduction of electric power in the 19th century led to the rise of electrical and hybrid electro-
mechanical devices to carry out both digital (Hollerith punch-card machine) and analog (Bush’s
differential analyzer) calculation. Telephone switching came to be based on this technology, which led to
the development of machines that we would recognize as early computers.

The presentation of the Edison Effect in 1885 provided the theoretical background for electronic devices.
Originally in the form of vacuum tubes, electronic components were rapidly integrated into electric
devices, revolutionizing radio and later television. It was in computers however, where the full impact of
electronics was felt. Analog computers used to calculate ballistics were crucial to the outcome of World
War II, and the Colossus and the ENIAC, the two earliest electronic digital computers, were developed
during the war.

With the invention of solid-state electronics, the transistor and ultimately the integrated circuit, computers
would become much smaller and eventually affordable for the average consumer. Today “computers” are
present in nearly every aspect of everyday life, from watches to automobiles.

A BRIEF COMPUTER HISTORY

The computer as we know it today had its beginning with a 19th century English
mathematics professor name Charles Babbage.
He designed the Analytical Engine and it was this design that the basic framework of
the computers of today are based on.

Generally speaking, computers can be classified into three generations. Each

generation lasted for a certain period of
time,and each gave us either a new and improved computer or an improvement to the
existing computer.

First generation: 1937 – 1946 - In 1937 the first electronic digital computer was built
by Dr. John V. Atanasoff and Clifford Berry. It was called the Atanasoff-Berry
Computer (ABC). In 1943 an electronic computer name the Colossus was built for the
military. Other developments continued until in 1946 the first general– purpose digital
computer, the Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer (ENIAC) was built. It is
said that this computer weighed 30 tons, and had 18,000 vacuum tubes which was
used for processing. When this computer was turned on for the first time lights dim in
sections of Philadelphia. Computers of this generation could only perform single task,
and they had no operating system.

Second generation: 1947 – 1962 - This generation of computers used transistors

instead of vacuum tubes which were more reliable. In 1951 the first computer for
commercial use was introduced to the public; the Universal Automatic Computer
(UNIVAC 1). In 1953 the International Business Machine (IBM) 650 and 700 series
computers made their mark in the computer world. During this generation of
computers over 100 computer programming languages were developed, computers
had memory and operating systems. Storage media such as tape and disk were in use
also were printers for output.

Third generation: 1963 - present - The invention of integrated circuit brought us the
third generation of computers. With this invention computers became smaller, more
powerful more reliable and they are able to run many different programs at the same
time. In1980 Microsoft Disk Operating System (MS-Dos) was born and in 1981 IBM
introduced the personal computer (PC) for home and office use. Three years later
Apple gave us the Macintosh computer with its icon driven interface and the 90s gave
us Windows operating system.

As a result of the various improvements to the development of the computer we have

seen the computer being used in all areas of life. It is a very useful tool that will
continue to experience new development as time passes.
Click link to get back to previous page. Computer Fundamentals
To go to the next topic please click. Computer Hardware

Click on the link to go back to the home page. Computer Lesson

This chapter is a brief summary of the history of Computers. It is supplemented by the two PBS
documentaries video tapes "Inventing the Future" And "The Paperback Computer". The chapter
highlights some of the advances to look for in the documentaries.

In particular, when viewing the movies you should look for two things:

The progression in hardware representation of a bit of data:

Vacuum Tubes (1950s) - one bit on the size of a thumb;

Transistors (1950s and 1960s) - one bit on the size of a fingernail;

Integrated Circuits (1960s and 70s) - thousands of bits on the size of a hand

Silicon computer chips (1970s and on) - millions of bits on the size of a finger nail.

The progression of the ease of use of computers:

Almost impossible to use except by very patient geniuses (1950s);

Programmable by highly trained people only (1960s and 1970s);

Useable by just about anyone (1980s and on).

to see how computers got smaller, cheaper, and easier to use.

First Computers

Eniac:

Eniac Computer

The first substantial computer was the giant ENIAC machine by John W. Mauchly and J. Presper Eckert at
the University of Pennsylvania. ENIAC (Electrical Numerical Integrator and Calculator) used a word of 10
decimal digits instead of binary ones like previous automated calculators/computers. ENIAC was also the
first machine to use more than 2,000 vacuum tubes, using nearly 18,000 vacuum tubes. Storage of all
those vacuum tubes and the machinery required to keep the cool took up over 167 square meters (1800
square feet) of floor space. Nonetheless, it had punched-card input and output and arithmetically had 1
multiplier, 1 divider-square rooter, and 20 adders employing decimal "ring counters," which served as
adders and also as quick-access (0.0002 seconds) read-write register storage.
The executable instructions composing a program were embodied in the separate units of ENIAC, which
were plugged together to form a route through the machine for the flow of computations. These
connections had to be redone for each different problem, together with presetting function tables and
switches. This "wire-your-own" instruction technique was inconvenient, and only with some license
could ENIAC be considered programmable; it was, however, efficient in handling the particular programs
for which it had been designed. ENIAC is generally acknowledged to be the first successful high-speed
electronic digital computer (EDC) and was productively used from 1946 to 1955. A controversy
developed in 1971, however, over the patentability of ENIAC's basic digital concepts, the claim being
made that another U.S. physicist, John V. Atanasoff, had already used the same ideas in a simpler
vacuum-tube device he built in the 1930s while at Iowa State College. In 1973, the court found in favor
of the company using Atanasoff claim and Atanasoff received the acclaim he rightly deserved.

Progression of Hardware

In the 1950's two devices would be invented that would improve the computer field and set in motion
the beginning of the computer revolution. The first of these two devices was the transistor. Invented in
1947 by William Shockley, John Bardeen, and Walter Brattain of Bell Labs, the transistor was fated to
oust the days of vacuum tubes in computers, radios, and other electronics.

Vaccum Tubes

The vacuum tube, used up to this time in almost all the computers and calculating machines, had been
invented by American physicist Lee De Forest in 1906. The vacuum tube, which is about the size of a
human thumb, worked by using large amounts of electricity to heat a filament inside the tube until it
was cherry red. One result of heating this filament up was the release of electrons into the tube, which
could be controlled by other elements within the tube. De Forest's original device was a triode, which
could control the flow of electrons to a positively charged plate inside the tube. A zero could then be
represented by the absence of an electron current to the plate; the presence of a small but detectable
current to the plate represented a one.

Transistors

Vacuum tubes were highly inefficient, required a great deal of space, and needed to be replaced often.
Computers of the 1940s and 50s had 18,000 tubes in them and housing all these tubes and cooling the
rooms from the heat produced by 18,000 tubes was not cheap. The transistor promised to solve all of
these problems and it did so. Transistors, however, had their problems too. The main problem was that
transistors, like other electronic components, needed to be soldered together. As a result, the more
complex the circuits became, the more complicated and numerous the connections between the
individual transistors and the likelihood of faulty wiring increased.

In 1958, this problem too was solved by Jack St. Clair Kilby of Texas Instruments. He manufactured the
first integrated circuit or chip. A chip is really a collection of tiny transistors which are connected
together when the transistor is manufactured. Thus, the need for soldering together large numbers of
transistors was practically nullified; now only connections were needed to other electronic components.
In addition to saving space, the speed of the machine was now increased since there was a diminished
distance that the electrons had to follow.

The first personal computer. In 1975, Ed Roberts coined the term "personal computer" when he
introduced the Altair 8800. Although the first personal computer is considered by many to be
the KENBAK-1, which was first introduced for $750 in 1971.Nov 13, 2018

Definition
Say you just bought a new computer and, with excitement, you unpack it and set it all up. The first
thing you want to do is print out some photographs of the last family party. So it's time to head back
to the store to buy a printer. A printer is known as a peripheral device.

A computer peripheral is a device that is connected to a computer but is not part of the core
computer architecture. The core elements of a computer are the central processing unit, power
supply, motherboard and the computer case that contains those three components. Technically
speaking, everything else is considered a peripheral device. However, this is a somewhat narrow view,
since various other elements are required for a computer to actually function, such as a hard drive
and random-access memory (or RAM).

Most people use the term peripheral more loosely to refer to a device external to the computer case.
You connect the device to the computer to expand the functionality of the system. For example,
consider a printer. Once the printer is connected to a computer, you can print out documents.
Another way to look at peripheral devices is that they are dependent on the computer system. For
example, most printers can't do much on their own, and they only become functional when
connected to a computer system.
Types of Peripheral Devices
There are many different peripheral devices, but they fall into three general categories:

1. Input devices, such as a mouse and a keyboard

2. Output devices, such as a monitor and a printer
3. Storage devices, such as a hard drive or flash drive

Some devices fall into more than one category. Consider a CD-ROM drive; you can use it to read
data or music (input), and you can use it to write data to a CD (output).