“ELE Thempton, Customs 0 Common “dlew york? Aeco Press, 1992, rat a cstheman, ate ok enough bt thie 8 new As the evereenhCriry move nth ge of hc. wert een ih Hen, he mee ere vere, Ady the of te cigar fret ru Sime te clock hud penta See ane ive For Tram Shandy ater Sone ef oe eae ruler men everyting hed hae acre Ide It rule Tor many jet of He bf ce fa Sut gt of ever mat teeing See hock eh we hd Landing one bakes ea had likewise wadualy ough one ster Ue ane concemmens othe same, sath abled Ty to date hs eanception very exci I abo rose Ne CGhckmakers Ont pa he ti Fa forsaking cer hocks For he Gouary are shout windin-np a clock, without exposing hereto the sh ees ane Virtuous matrons. (the “cloekmaker” complained) are consizning ther clocks to hamber rooms as “exelling tp cele ‘of earnalis” However, this gross impressionism is unlikely 10 advance the present enguirs: how far, and in what ways, did this it in me-sense affect labour discipline, and how far did it infhience the inward apprehension “af hie of working People? IF the transition wo mature industrial society ented 8 severe resincturing of Working habits — new deciphnce, new incentives, and a new human nature upon which these incentives could bite effectively — ow far this related te ehanges inthe inward notation of time? “The chang is dtcused ia Cipla, op. css. Erin Stl, “Der Zeiveait n der Elastane Lieto Wiens ities amore deta ita wel rnciments Mio, 19) . Tram Shan (ah py 2 u Ics well known that among prinitive peoples the measure ‘ment of time is commonly related to Familiar proceses inthe cycle of work or af domestic chores: Fvane Pritchard has Sinanseu «ne Lime sense a the Noer The daily timepiece the cae coc, the ound of pastoral ahs and the time of av and the page of te tough a eo Nee DBrinacs the stccesion ofthe kt an he elation wre eee Aman the Nandi an occupaciona! definition of time evolved s2¥erine not only each haur, but half hours of the day — at $30 in the moming the oxen have gone to the grazing, round, at 6 the sheep have been untastened, at 6.30 the sun has grown, at 7 it has become warm, at 7.30 the goats have fone to the grazing-ground, etc, — an uncommonly well regulated economy. In a similar way terms evalve for the ‘measurement of time intervals. In Madagascar time might be ‘measured by “ rice-cookine™ (about half an hour) OF “the Fbyinig ofa locust” (a moment. The Cross River natives were Feporied as saying “the man died in less than the time tn which maize is not yet completely roasted” (less than fect rings." . 1 i mot dificult co find examples of this nearer 10 us ja Cultural time. Thus in seventeenth-century Chile time sise ‘often measured in Yeredos”: an earthquake was deseribed it 3647 as lasting forthe period af two credos; while the cook. ing time of an ege could be judged by an Ave Maria said aloud. In Burma in recent times monks tose at dasireo EE, EcansPricard, Ble Aner (for, 1940), pp Ly M. ison, Priitie Tne Reckorig (Lund 1820 pp, ae hk Sorotin and 'R. K Meron, "Soca! Tne: hethodloge and Function Anahi", Amer J Saco, vi UBS A. Rate Temporal Orientation in Westen ‘Citation aad’ Preteens Secies Amer. Arp, new seis, IY, Ges eee Friis ime reaming arched ns @ Mende, Sone a ton Abunwegue 185), 9.2 an Heme Sale, Tee eee "met in Indra”. cer: Delon Cul. Choge w tte 6 ° @ a @ a a e & e e & e e eeogee SO TAMIATr “whten there is light enough to see the veins in the hand’. ‘The Oxford Enalish Dictionary gives us English examples “pater noster wyle", ‘miserere'whyle” (1480), and tis the New English Dictionary but not the Oxford English Dictionary) “pissing “while” —a somewhat arbinary measurement « Pierre Bourdieu has explored ‘more closely the attitudes towards time of the Kaabyle peasant (in Algeria in receee years: “An attitude, of submission and. of nonchaleat indifference to the passage of tine which no one devin ot ‘mastering, using up, o saving. -. Haste is scon as lich of «decorum combined with diabolical ambition” The vieck sometimes known as “the devil's mill" there are no rrexis ‘mealtimes; "the aotion South the ater doo is opened, andthe people, who never hak of Ping up aprile da sr wen ‘hea the ing fom the nok te id woman manage ny nls ih fa regulary but onthe other day she oten take oy thre oc ated se ‘Such a disregard for clock time could of course only be possible ina crofting and fishing community whose framework of marketing and administration is tinimel, eed In which the days tasks (which might vary from Sahin to farming, building, mending of nets, thatching, making sradle oa coffin) seem to disclose themselves, by the logie of © heed, before the crofiers eyes,” But his account wil serve to sniphasise the esseptial conditioning in differing nositions of {ime provided by different workestuations and ther ralation ob ha Known; they agree only to met ‘atthe next musket. {9 “natural” ehythns. Clearly hunters mat ewploy cetatn A. *wopula song runs hours of the night to Set thet snares. Fshing and seafaring cS ae ren oe ae Deople must integrate ther ves with the tides. A petition is tel 0 pune te ork. Noone wl er oreiake From Sunderland in 1900 includes the words “considering Senge, i his welbobsered account of the Aran Islan, that this is seaport in which many people are obliged to be fives uh a classe example paral hors ofthe nit tested the tes ad thee afta a Upon the river.” The oper ive phrase is "attend the Ges 2 Tal yn a enema ae thepatering of scl tine ie ope ‘von dave ove ethan nape my Icon fhythms of the sea; and this appears to be natural and 2 the hous ad when tl te wht lnk tsp ay ne comprehensible to fishermen or seamen the compulsion 's 0 ste ond sk Hom ong tt eon ce hatute’s own Ina similar way labour f 2m dawa to dusk can appear to thor cs an Nene nuh, bbe “namiral" ina farminy, comunpity, especialy it the dors opponent oer te mie she ah open Harvest mone nature tha Ue gil be havea tevogelth hiner Ide nd ronheh tented : pened and the shadow af the dacrpox toving erste es, ‘or ines the hour 85008, howe, as he wine en syn vn ute nena og a ath al eos in gh "E, P Salas, “L'Evolton de Is saion de tenps eles hover be tet aficted by te and went, Soe Smge, The aa a ‘époque colonies Chil, vimees S.C, ai (60, pa, Cao (Dubai p(s ‘ater ard Techical Ching, a8. bi Mead (New Vert, Unesco, i "PRO, WO 4/17. I is of ite to ote other examples of he Ios p75 | sommiton tt alrnginecontited wih ban ounce Esato 1. Bourdieu. “The atude ofthe Algerian pense toward ine, ‘Adil was eld 1 fe sways open, "orsuangers and eran ok Medlerorcan Countrmen eI. PicRaens (hares BUSh gee, [sien me, mst ake the sportniy of ers winds and soho Chih 1 “Spanish Acerca dn ele te bcs ee hou ru sn gen gelesen te slay of sobre ae locks Anis do. Both cual an uetan people, shen ake he es isory pleadings" se E Vansitar Nesey Fost end Fae (86h 0 do someting, eves ass ke: "Right ow, aout Ind fae », 249, while in sone Sabbarian lepton an erecpion was made fof “995SSSd05 038 Belock Misherien who sighed y soa f-shor oo the Sabbath ay ws