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The electrical supply chain of the future will incorporate a higher percentage of renewable energy (i.e. wind and PV solar).
While clean and unlimited, these forms of energy are intermittent in nature and will require some form of energy storage
to meet their potential. Thermal storage is not only an easy way to store energy but it is reemerging as a valuable energy
and energy cost saving technology for building owners.
We’ll cover a bit of theory and application, then demonstrate the design steps for a small ice storage system from layout
to operation and control. We’ll discuss how to make it affordable, expose hidden costs in energy tariffs which raise ROI,
and identify and address the most common stumbling blocks.
Agenda
1) Opening (welcome, agenda, introductions)
2) Why ice storage
a) Electrical infrastructure
b) Economics
c) Environmental stewardship
d) Myths about ice storage
3) Typical applications
4) Electricity rate introduction
5) Design overview
a) Partial versus full
b) Influences driving partial storage
c) Influences driving full storage
d) Considerations
6) Controls
4) Economic summary
Presenters
She has authored several articles on chilled water plant design, and is a member of ASHRAE SSPC 90.1 Energy Standard for
Buildings Except Low-Rise Residential Buildings. Susanna earned a bachelor’s degree in industrial and systems engineering from
the University of Florida, where she focused on building energy management and simulation.
Lee has a Bachelors degree in Mechanical Engineering from Michigan Technological University. He is a Registered
Professional Engineer in the State of Wisconsin.
Engineers
Newsletter Live
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1400
One Turbine, Ten Days
1200 at 1 Second Resolution
Real Power Output, kW
1000
800
600
400
200
0
0 200,000 400,000 600,000 800,000
Seconds Since 00:00:00 June 2005
3000
2000
1000
Source:
Carnegie Mellon Electricity Institute
0
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000
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700 700
600 600
500 500
hour
hour
400 400
300 300
200 200
100 100
0 0
1 12 1 12
month month
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Chilled Water
Cost Per Ton Hour
1. Rapid discharge
2. Emergency use
Modular Ice
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Ice Storage
Overview
Paul Valenta
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Weaknesses
Secondary heat transfer fluid
Not easily direct buried
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Temperature
Control Valve
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Design Overview
Susanna Hanson
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University of Arizona
21 chillers
33,000 tons
156 ice tanks
23,400 ton-hours
Ice storage
saves $423,000/year
Self-generates at
4–5 cents/kWh
Ice flattens load profile for Purchases at 7.5-8.5
cents/kWh
utility rate negotiation
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900
800
700
600
Tons
500
400
300
200
100
Time
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700
600
Tons
500
400
300
200
100
Time
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700
600
Tons
500
400
300
200
100
Time
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700
600
Tons
500
400
300
200
100
Time
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400 chillers
300
200
100
0
Time
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400
300
200
100
0
Time
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chiller capacity
melt
ice
chiller
melt make capacity
ice ice
chiller chiller
make make
ice ice
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Air-cooled or Water-cooled?
Not that much design difference
Air-cooled
• Reduces initial investment for efficient system
• Fewer components to select
Water-cooled
• Large chiller capacities (>500 tons)
• May require multiple stages of compression
• Expanded economizer cycle
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Condenser Relief
DB design
95
90
Ice Dry Bulb
Temperature
85 Making
WB design
80
RELIEF
75
Wet Bulb Ice
70
Making
65
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
15
14 75 Air
13
85 Air
12
EER
11 95 Air
10
9
8
7
20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55
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back pressure
regulating valve
P1
V1
V2
air handlers
P2
ICE
BANK
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V2 A
B C
air handlers
P2
P1
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Qualifying
Lee Cline
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Int. Loads
• Chiller logs
Partn/Floors
• BAS logs
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Qualifying
Preliminary Analysis
Paul Valenta
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or
58 ton nominal chiller/2 ice tanks
Less charging time
Demand limit chiller on peak day
or
70 ton nominal chiller/3 ice tanks
Higher first cost
Will it pay back?
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Qualifying Design
—Utility Rates
Lee Cline
Qualify Job
Target Acquire Initial Initial Initial
Prospective Data System Financial Financial
Job Sizing Analysis Proposal
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80 80
70 70
60 60
Load (Tons)
Load (Tons)
50 50
40 40
30 30
20 20
10 10
0 0
1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23
Hour Hour
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Qualifying Rates
Paul Valenta
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$.1884
$.016
$.108
$.08 $.08
$.08
$.06
$.00
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A. $15.00 base charge plus $6.83 per kW of billing demand with a ratchet of 95% of
peak
B. Summer demand
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Qualifying ROI
Lee Cline
Qualify Job
Target Acquire Initial Initial Initial
Prospective Data System Financial Financial
Job Sizing Analysis Proposal
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Qualify Job
Target Acquire Initial Initial Initial
Prospective Data System Financial Financial
Job Sizing Analysis Proposal
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Design
Susanna Hanson
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freeze specific
solution point heat viscosity
water 32°F 1.0 Btu/lb-°F 1.5 cp
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heat
exchanger
cooling
coil
ice
load valve
pump
chiller
pumps
VFD
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Architecture
Susanna Hanson
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V1
air handlers
ICE
BANK
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V1
air handlers
ICE
BANK
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P1
V1
V2
air handlers
variable P2
speed
ICE pump
BANK
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Alternative Designs
back pressure
regulating valve
P1
V1
V2
air handlers
P2
ICE
BANK
V2 A
B C
air handlers
P2
P1
P1 P1
V2
Controls
Thermal Storage
Control of an ICE System
20°F
31°F
30°F
(-1.1°C)
28°F
(-2.2°C)
terminate
26°F freeze mode
(-3.3°C)
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
charge time, hours
31°F
20°F
100%
131 gpm
blend
ice valve
valve
42°F
12°F 42°F
32°F
100 100
cooling load, % of design
cooling load, % of design
75 75
controlled
melt melt
ice 50 ice
50 make
make
ice ice
25 25
chiller chiller
0 0
midnight 6 a.m. noon 6 p.m. midnight midnight 6 a.m. noon 6 p.m. midnight
complete
melt
ice
make
ice
chiller
midnight 6 a.m. noon 6 p.m. midnight
kWh deferral
Melt as much ice as possible!
75
controlled complete
melt melt
50 ice ice
make make
ice ice
25
chiller
chiller
0
midnight 6 a.m. noon 6 p.m. midnight midnight 6 a.m. noon 6 p.m. midnight
Mode Chiller Chiller Ice Blend Distribution
Pump Valve Valve Pump
Chiller + On Enable 42°F 40°F Modulate on
Ice at design RLA Limit: 50% (100% remote ∆P
Cooling CHWSP: 42°F to load)
Chiller + On Enable 42°F 40°F Modulate on
Ice at design RLA Limit: 30% (100% remote ∆P
Cooling CHWSP: 42°F to load)
23°F
32°F 56°F
131 gpm
ice valve blend
valve
32°F
responsive
melt
ice
make
ice
chiller
midnight 6 a.m. noon 6 p.m. midnight
kWh deferral
Melt as much ice as possible!
PARTIAL STORAGE—CHILLER
PARTIAL STORAGE—ICE PRIORITY
FULL STORAGEPRIORITY
(HOT-HUMID
(WARM DAY)
DAY)
(COOL DAY)
Hot &
Humid 100
Day 90
80
70
ICE
Warm 60 DISCHARGING
Tons
Day 50
40 ICE
30 DISCHARGING
ICE ICE
20 ICE CHILLER
MAKING ICE MAK-
Cool 10
MAKING
DISCHARGING
CHILLER ING
Day 0
Noon
Economics
First Cost
Paul Valenta
Energy Charges:
$ 0.0700/kWh On-Peak
$ 0.0477/kWh Off Peak
Demand Charge:
$ 8.33/kW/month
10% less energy/sq ft. than average Florida state building
Economic Analysis
TRACE
Susanna Hanson
Load Profile
Peak design: 77 tons
4°F unoccupied setback
Minimal unoccupied load
Optimum start
Base case: (2) 50-ton
chillers
P1
V1
V2 •1
air handlers
P2
ICE
320 ton/hrs
BANK 2 tanks
P1
V1
V2 •1
air handlers
P2
ICE 464 ton-hrs
BANK 3 tanks 40
Conclusion
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November 4
Air-Handling Systems, Energy, and IAQ