STRUCTURAL STEELWORK Analysis and Design S.S. RAY BE (Cal), CEng, FICE, MBGS1998 by Blackwell Science Ld Editorial Offices: Osney Mead, Oxlord OX2 VEL. 25 John Street, London WCIN 2BL 23 Ainslie Place, Edinburgh EHS 6AJ 350 Main Strect, Malden ‘MA 02148 SOI8, USA 54 University Street, Carlton Vietoria 3083, Austral 6, rue Casimir Delistgne 75006 Paris, France Gthee Eeitoriat Offices Blackwell WissenschatiseVer Kurftistendamm $7 10707 Berlin, Germany GmbH Blackwell Science KK MG Kodenmacho Butlding 3-10 Kedeamachs Nikombashi Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104. Japan The night of the Author t be identified as the Author of this Work has been asserted in accordance with the ‘Copyright, Desigas and Patents Act 1988, AU rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in & retrieval system, or transmitted. in any form or by any means, ele ironic, mechanical photocopying, recording oF otherwise except as permutred by the UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act J98#. wichout she prior permission the publisive arse publishes’ 998 LOL ps by Aarontype Lanuted. Bristol Printed and hound is Great Britain by MPG Hooks ig, Bodmin, Corawal Wigeh wel le oath store at Trine Marks Hiackwell Sei Tnwted Kingsiow asTRIBUTORS Marston Book Services Ltd PO Box 269 Abingdon Oxon OX14 4YN (Orders: Tel: 01235 465500 Fax: 01235 465555) USA Blackwell Science, Inc. Commerce Plat 350 Main Street Malden, MA 02148 5018 (Orders: Vel: 800 759 6102 781 388 8250 Fax: 781 388 8255) Canada Login Brothers Book Company 324 Saulteaux Crescent Winnipeg, Manitoba R3J 372 (Orders. Tel: 204 837-2987 Fax: 204 837-3116) Australia Blackwell Science Pty Ltd 54 University Street Carlton, Victoria 3053 (Orders: Tel: 03 9347 0300 Fax: 03 9347 5001) A catalogue record for this title is available from the British Library ISBN 0-632-03857-8 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Ray, SS ‘Structural steelwork: analysis and design SS. Ray. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-632-03857-8 Building, Iron and Steel. 2, Steel, Structural 1 Tile TA684,R37_ 1998 624,1'821-de2t 97-36497 ci For further information on Blackwell Science, visit our website www. blackwell-science. comContents Preface Notation Chapter 1 Strength of Materials Bending stress in beams 1.1.1 Assumptions Position of neutral axis 3. Bending stress in asymmetrical sections 1.4 Product inertia of a rectangle about orthogonal axes 1.2. Shear stress in beams Bt 1 1 1.2.1 Shear centre for thin-walled asymmetrical section 1.3. Torsional shear stress 1.3.1 Torsion of thin rectangular members 1.3.2. Torsion of thin open sections 1.4 Strain energy in axial load, bending, torsion and shear Chapter 2. Theory of Structures 2.1 Polygon of forces 2.2. Equations of equilibrium 2.3. Internal forces 2.3.1 Compound trusses: the method of section 2.3.2 Maxwell diagram for simple trusses 2.3.3. The method of section by Maxwell diagram 2.3.4 Deflection of pin-jointed structures 2.4 Bending moment and shear force 2.4.1 Simply supported beams 2.4.2 Slope-deflection equations 2.4.3. Area moment theorems 2.4.4 Generalised slope-deflection equations 2.4.5 Fixed-end beams 2.4.6 Theorem of three moments 2.4.7 Method of moment distribution 2.4.8 Arches 2.4.9 Symmetrical two-hinged arches 2.4.10 Hingeless symmetrical arches 2.5 Influence lines 2.5.1 Influence lines of cantilever beams 2.5.2 Influence lines of a simply supported beam 2.5.3 Influence lines of three-hinged arches 2.5.4 Influence lines of simple trusses xi xiii Ree 19 20 21 ae 24 27 28 29 aoe 31 33 35 35 37 39 40 43 46 46 47 48 51vi Contents 2.6 Matrix method of structural analysis 2.6.1. Truss analysis by the displacement method 2.6.2 Continuous beam analysis by the displacement method 2.6.3 Continuous frame analysis by the displacement method 2.7 Structural dynamics 2.7.1 Single degree of freedom (SDOF) systems 2.7.2. Effect of viscous damping on free vibration 2.7.3. Forced vibration of undamped SDOF systems due to harmonic excitation 2.7.4 Forced vibration of undamped SDOF system by triangular impulse 2.7.5 Free vibration of a simply supported beam with distributed mass 2.7.6 Response of an SDOF system to a very short impulse 2.7.1 Response of an SDOF system to any arbitrary time-dependent loading 2.7.8 Seismic response of a damped SDOF system 2.79 Response spectra 2.8 Analysis of plates 2.8.1 Elastic analysis of plates 2.8.2 Yield-line analysis of plates 2.9 Methods of plastic analysis 2.9.1 Definition of plastic behaviour 2.9.2 Plastic behaviour of a section of a beam in pure bending 2.9.3 Plastic behaviour of a section of a beam with bending and axial load 2.9.4 Plastic behaviour of a section of a beam with bending and shear 2.9.5 Load combinations in plastic analysis 2.9.6 Plastic analysis of structures Chapter 3. Analysis of Structures: Worked Examples 3.1. Example 3.1: Roof truss 3.1.1 Type of truss 3.1.2 Loading on the truss 3.1.3 Analysis by method of section 3.1.4 Method of section using Maxwell diagram 3.2. Example 3.2: Continuous beam 3.2.1 Analysis of continuous beam by the three moment theorem 3.2.2 Analysis of continuous beam by the method of moment distribution 3.2.3. Analysis of continuous beam by the matrix method ey 52 55 mn 61 62 65 65 67 68 an 1 2 B 14 74 76 79 9 9 80 81 82 85 85 85 86 90, on 95 98 101 103Contents vii 33 3.4 ao 3.6 3.7 Example 3.3: Frame structure 3.3.1 Analysis of a rigid frame by the method of moment distribution 3.3.2 Analysis of a rigid frame by the matrix method Example 3.4: Analysis of a hingeless arch Example 3.5: Yield-line analysis of a rectangular plate Example 3.6: Seismic analysis of a tall cantilever structure Example 3.7: Plastic analysis of a pitched portal frame 3.7.1 Haunched pitched portal frame Chapter 4 Design of Structures 4.1 42 43 44 4.5 4.6 Principal issues Material grade selection and section type selection Manufacturing process Connection design 4.4.1 Simple connections 4.4.2. Moment connections 44.3 Trusses and open-web girders Check list of actions and design considerations Ultimate limit state design 4.6.1 Step-by-step method of semi-rigid design 4.6.2. Load combinations at the ultimate limit state as per BS 5950: Part 1 4.6.3 Patterned loading 4.6.4 Structural stability against lateral loads 4.6.5 Stability of multistorey rigid frames Chapter 5 Design of Struts 5.1 =i) = i 5.4 7 Axial capacity of a column or a strut Types of failure of a column or strut Design basis of columns and struts 5.3.1 Compressive strength (pe) 5.3.2. Boundary conditions 5.3.3 Combined axial compression and bending moment Step-by-step design procedure of columns/struts Worked examples 5.5.1 Example 5.la: Design the internal compression member of a roof truss 5.5.2. Example 5.1b: Same member as in Example 5.la but use circular hollow section Grade 50 5.5.3. Example 5.2a: Design the rafter of a roof truss 5.5.4 Example 5.2b: Design the same rafter as in Example 5.2a using a rectangular hollow section 5.5.5 Example 5.3: Design the vertical leg of a portal frame 5.5.6 Example 5.4: Design the corner column of a multistorey building 5.5.7 Example 5.5: Design the compound column of an industrial building with a heavy-duty crane 105 105 110 114 118 120 127 133 137 137 138 138 139 140 140 141 142 144 145 146 147 148 148 155 155 155 156 156 156 157 159 183 183 185 185 189 190 195 200viii Contents Chapter 6 Design of Ties 6.1 Principal issues 6.2 Design basis 6.3 Combined axial tension and bending moment 6.3.1 Principal issues 6.3.2. Design basis 6.4 Step-by-step design of members in tension 6.5 Worked examples 6.5.1 Example 6.1: Design the main tie of the roof truss in Example 3.1 6.5.2 Example 6.2: Design the tie of a 75m span latticed girder for the roof of an aircraft hangar Chapter 7 Design of Beams 7.1 Principal issues 7.2. Design basis 7.2.1 Local capacity 7.2.2 Lateral torsional buckling 7.2.3, Buckling of web 7.2.4 Tension-field action in thin webs 7.3 Step-by-step design of beams 7.4 Worked examples 7.4.1. Example 7.1: Beam supporting the floor of a workshop 7.4.2. Example 7.2: Main beam in a multistorey building using simple construction 7.4.3 Example 7.3: Main beam with full end fixity to concrete wall 744 TAS Design of a stiffened plate girder : Design of a gantry girder for an electric overhead travelling crane 7.5 Beams subject to torsion 7.5.1 Torsional resistance 7.5.2. Stresses in closed sections 7.5.3. Stresses in open sections 7.5.4 Checks for capacity 7.6 Example 7.6: Design of a beam with concentrated applied torque at the centre of span Chapter 8 Design of Composite Beams and Columns 8.1 Composite beams 8.1.1 Principal issues 8.1.2 Design basis 8.1.3 Effective breadth 8.1.4 Modular ratio 8.1.5. Transformed section: elastic section properties 8.1.6 Second moment of area for elastic analysis 8.1.7 Plastic section properties 8.1.8 Redistribution of support moments 8.1.9 Shear connection 21 2iL 21 2iL 211 212 213 220 220 222 227 227 227 227 229 230 231 232 269 269 273 278 284 300 317 317 318 318 320 322 329 329 329 330 330 331 331 333 335 340 341Contents ix 8.2 8.3 8.4 Longitudinal shear transfer 8.1.11 Reduction of plastic moment capacity due to high shear 8.1.12 Defiections 8.1.13 Effect of dead load 8.1. i Effect of shrinkage and creep 8.1.15 Effect of imposed loads 8.1.16 Step-by-step design procedure for composite beams Example 8.1: Composite beam Composite columns 8.3.1 Step-by-step design of an encased composite column 8.3.2 Step-by-step design of concrete filled hollow circular section Example 8.2: Composite column Chapter 9 Connections in Steelwork 91 9.2 9.3 9.4 a Bolted connections 9.1.1 Types of bolts 9.1.2 Capacity of bolts 9.1.3 In-plane loading of a group of bolts 9.1.4 Out-of-plane loading of a group of bolts 9.1.5 Out-of-plane bending moment, direct load and shear on a group of bolts 9.1.6 Local capacity check of connected elements in a moment connection 9.1.7 Design of stiffeners and haunched ends of beams 9.1.8 Bolted splices Welds and welding 9.2.1 Types of weld 9.2.2 Defects in welds 9.2.3 Weld inspection methods: non-destructive testing (NDT) 9.2.4 Design of fillet welds 9.2.5 Design of butt welds 9.2.6 Analysis of weld group 9.2.7 Welded beam-to-column connection Notched beams 9.3.1 Plain shear check at notched end of beam 9.3.2 Block shear check at notched end of beam Beam-to-beam connection: shear capacity Column bases 9.5.1 General rules 9.5.2 Empirical design of base plates for concentric forces 9.5.3 Analysis of column-to-foundation connection 9.5.4 Analysis of base plate 9.5.5 Base plate with stiffeners 9.5.6 Holding-down bolts 342 342 343 343 344 344 345 365 383 384 389 390 397 397 397 398 400 401 407 411 414 421 427 428 431 431 434 434 435 436 440 441 441 442 443, 443, 443, 447 449 451Contents 9.6 9.5.7 Shear transfer from column to concrete 9.5.8 Rules to determine trial size of base plate Worked examples 9.6.1 Example 9.1: Rigid bolted connection of column- to-roof truss 9.6.2 Example 9.2: Welded connections of members in a roof truss 9.6.3 Example 9.3: Beam-to-beam connection using fin plates 9.6.4 Example 9.4: Beam-to-beam connection using double angle web cleats 9.6.5 Example 9.5: Beam-to-beam connection using end plates 9.6.6 Example 9.6: Portal frame eaves haunch connection 9.6.7 Example 9.7: Bolted splice of a beam 9.6.8 Example 9.8: Bolted splice of a column 9.6.9 Example 9.9: Design of a column base Chapter 10 Corrosion Protection 10.1 10.2 10.3 10.4 10.5 10.6 Process of corrosion in steel Protective system Types of coating Components of a corrosion protection system Specification of a protective system Sample corrosion protection systems Chapter 11 Material Properties Table 11.1 Influence coefficients for continuous beams Table 11.2 Bolt data and capacities Table 11.3 Capacity of welds Table 11.4 Dimensions and properties of steel sections Table 11.5 Dimensions for detailing and surface areas Table 11.6 Hp/A values Table 11.7 Back marks in channel flanges and angles Table 11.8 Back marks in flanges of joists, UBs and UCs Table 11.9 Bending moments, shear forces and deflections Table 11.10 Fire protection methods for steelwork Index 453 454 454 454 457 458 465 469 473 485, 491 496 501 501 501 502 502 502 503 505 506 508 508 510 530 535 544 545 546 554 555Preface There are a number of excellent books available which deal with the design of structural steel elements but, in the author’s view, they lack certain important features. The design of structural steel members requires many checks in a systematic, structured manner: this book has been written to provide a step-by-step approach to this task with a view to achieving completeness of the design process in all respects. This highly prescriptive approach provides a comprehensive book which is at the same time user friendly. The task of quality assurance becomes less arduous and the output of a design office becomes fully standardised if the approach in this book is strictly followed. For students, too, the book should prove to be invaluable because the essential elements of the theory of structures and analysis are dis- cussed, followed by a structured approach to the design of all elements in a building, including connections. The numerous worked examples will be very useful to practitioners, students and lecturers alike. The design principles are illustrated at each stage by sketeches. The extensive use of illustrations is a particular feature of the book and is intended to clarify ambiguities in the codes of practice ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Extracts from BS 5950: Part 1: 1990 are reproduced with the permis- sion of BSI. Complete editions of the standards can be obtained by post from BSI Customer Services, 389 Chiswick High Road, London W44AL The author wishes to thank the British Standards Institution for their kind permission to reproduce some of the essential charts from their Codes of Practice, and Mr Malcolm Smith for helping to produce the sketches in this book. SS. Ray Great Bookham Surrey xiNotation Oe a as Yn Ime gop 3 ess 5 @ 0 O% Oy Orv Or ALo. Aut Angle of inclination of line AB to horizontal Coefficient of thermal expansion of materials Modular ratio The modular ratio for long-term loading taking into account creep of concrete The modular ratio for short-term loading Material factor Material factor for concrete Factor to allow for thread stripping effects Corrected final defiection of a composite beam allowing for partial shear connection Deftection at the centre of the column The defiection of the span due to loading as a simply supported beam Deffection of a composite beam with full shear connection ‘The deflection of a continuous composite beam at the middle of one of the spans due to imposed loading Axial extension of member i of a truss Deffection at the point of application of P, in the direction of the force Deffection of steel beam alone subjected to loading Static deflection of a single degree of freedom system due to gravity load Mg Displacement of joint i Altitude of site above mean sea level Axial strain Strain at a distance y from the neutral axis on a circular arc AB Effective shrinkage strain in concrete Perry factor Perry coefficient Angle to the horizontal made by the diagonal stiffener Angle of inclination between X and U axes Angle of rotation when the length of the member is / Angle subtended at the centre of the circular arc AB Angle between the X-X and U-U axes measured anticlockwise from the XCX axis Beam span-end rotation Torsional rotation of a circular shaft about the longitudinal axis Slope of beam at end A Slope of beam at end B Rigid body rotation of beam AB due to settlement of support B Rotation of joint i Slenderness ratio Minor axis slenderness ratio corresponding to L, in bracing system Limiting equivalent slenderness ratio Equivalent slenderness ratio for a column or beamxiy Notation oa Web slenderness factor Slenderness ratio of the effective section of bearing stiffener Slenderness ratio corresponding to the effective length about the X-X axis Slenderness ratio corresponding to the effective length about the Y-Y axis Snow load shape coefficient Average load factor for ultimate limit state The proportion of total loading which is long term Bending stress on the section compression positive Direct axial stress Stress at a distance y from the neutral axis on a circular arc AB Direct stress in tension Bending stress due to warping torsion Stress due to applied moment M, Stress due to applied moment M, Maximum shear stress in the circular shaft at a distance of radius r from the centre Shear stress at a distance yp from neutral axis i Shear stress in thin rectangular section along the long edge Torsional shear stress Shear stress in a closed section subjected to torque Warping shear stress in the flanges Poisson's ratio for the material of the plate Angle of the centre-line of the arch rib with respect to the X-axis Angle of inclination of the lacing bars to the axis of the member Diameter of steel tube Haunch angle ! Inclination of the tangent at point D of the arch to the horizontal Rotation of the member about the longitudinal X-axis Shear strain Total angle of twist Shape function Damped natural frequency Undamped natural frequency (radians per second) Frequency of excitation Diagonal dimension Distance from the centroid of bolts in tension to the Y-Y axis Distance from the innermost vertical line of fastener holes to the edge of the web Distance of hinge C from support 4 of arch Distance from the steel beam centre to the concrete centre Length of greater projection of the plate beyond the column Length of run of weld in the X-X direction Robertson constant Spacing of transverse stiffeners Torsional bending constant Distance of unit load from support 4 of the arch Minimum hook approach Wheel spacing in end carriage Amplitude of motion Area of bending moment diagram