18 Design of Structural Steebwork 1.9 Application of Wind Loads ‘Two methods of analysis for determining the equivalent static wind loads on structures are given in BS 6399:Part 2: 1995, they are: # the standard method * the directional method (The directional method, while assessing wind loads more accurately, is more complex, ‘and is intended for use with computational analysis; iis ner Considered in this text, Structures which are susceptible to dynamic excitanion by virtue of their stractural Properties, €. mass, stiffness, natural response frequencies. oy structural form such as slender suspended bridge decks or long span cable stayed roofs will generally require more complex mathematical analysis techniques and/or wind turer ‘testing, The standard method is illustrated in Examples 1.6 to 1.8 1.10 Example 1.6 Storage hopper eS Wind | Wind rection direction =} | som Solution: tt Clause 2,2,3.2 Since the crosswind breadth (8.0 m) is less than the height (30.0 m) a reduction in lateral loading is permitted, Figure 11(6) of BS 6399:Pant 2 = 30m, B=8.0m ..1>2BStructural Steelwork 19 Consider the building surface to be divided into a number of parts A, B, Cand D Figure 1.9 Clause 2.1.3.6 ‘The overall load on the building — P= 0.85(ZP an ~ EPiex) (1 * Co) where: SPh is the sum of the horizontal components of surface load on the windward facing val ZPyq is the sum of the horizontal components of surface load on the leeward facing wall C. isa dynamic augmentation factor Clause 2.1.3.5 Net load on an area of surface = P= pd E where: p___ isthe net pressure across the surface ‘A isthe area of surface being considered Clause 2.2.1 Figure 6 For Edinburgh the basic wind speed 4; = 23.5 m/sce Clause 2.2.2.2.2 Figure? “Assuming that the topography of the site is not considered significant altitude factor S, = 1+0.0014, 1+ (0.001 x 5) 1.005 5 Clause 2.2.2 site wind speed Vz = Vox Sx Sax Sx Sp In many cases the direction fastor (Si), seasonal factor (S,) and probability factor (S,) can be considered to be equal to 1.0 (see Clauses 2.2.2.3 t0 2.2.2.5). V, = (23.5 x 1.005) 23.62 misee uaerosenans 20 Design of Structural Steelwork Clause 2.2.3 cffective wind speed V = Y, x 3% where: ‘S:_ is the terrain and building factor obtained from Clause 2.2.4 3 and Table 4 Clause 2.2.2.3 Table 4 The effective wind speed for each ofthe areas A, B, C atid D can be determined assuming an effective height H, equal to the reference height to the top of each area. Table 4 Area A Area B Area C Area D Effective wind speeds Arca A Area B Area C AreaD Clause 2.1.2.1 Table2 Dynamic wind pressure 9, = 0.61372 Area A 1.03 KN/m” Area B LIT N/m? Area C 613 x 45.10 = 1.25 kN/m? AreaD —— q,=0.613 x 46.30= 131 kNim? Clause 2.1.3.1 Extemal surface pressure where: Co isthe extemal pressure coefficients (Clause 2.4) Cx Size effect factor (Clause 2.1.3.4) Cpe Clause 2.1.3.4 Figures 4 and 5 Diagonal dimension @ = ¥30'+8? = 31.05m From Figure 4 use line din the graph to determine C, ~ 0.89