Chapter 3

(Gs + e)γ w Gsγ w e γ w eγw ⎛ 1 + wsat ⎞

3.1 γ sat = = + = + n γw = n⎜⎜ ⎟⎟γ w
1+ e 1 + e 1 + e (1 + e) wsat ⎝ w sat ⎠

(Gs + e)γ w Gs γ w eγ w ⎛ e ⎞
3.2 γ sat = = + =γd +⎜ ⎟γ w
1+ e 1+ e 1+ e ⎝1+ e ⎠

Rearranging, γ sat (1 + e) = γ d (1 + e) + e γ w

γ sat − γ d
Therefore, e =
γ d − γ sat + γ w

⎛ 1 + wsat ⎞ ⎛ 1 + wsat ⎞ e γ w (1 + wsat )n γ w

3.3 γ sat = ⎜ ⎟G s γ w = ⎜ ⎟ =
⎝ 1+ e ⎠ ⎝ 1+ e ⎠ wsat wsat

Rearranging, wsat (γ sat − n γ w ) = n γ w

nγw
Therefore, wsat =
γ sat − n γ w

W 12.5
3.4 a. γ = = = 125 lb/ft3
V 0.1

γ 125
b. γ d = = = 109.64 lb/ft3
1+ w 1 + 0.14

Gs γ w (2.71)(62.4)
c. e = −1 = − 1 = 0.54
γd 109.64

e 0.54
d. n = = = 0.35
1 + e 1 + 0.54

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 ( w)(Gs ) (0.14)(2.71)
e. S = = = 0.702 = 70.2%
e 0.54

(γ − γ d )V (125 − 109.64)(0.1)
f. Volume of water = = ≈ 0.024 ft3
γw 62.4

⎛1+ w ⎞ (1 + 0.098)( 2.69)(9.81)

3.5 a. γ = ⎜ ⎟Gs γ w ; 19.2 = ; e = 0.51
⎝ 1+ e ⎠ 1+ e

Gs γ w (2.69)(9.81)
b. γ d = = = 17.48 kN/m3
1+ e 1 + 0.51

( w)(Gs ) (0.098)(2.69)
c. S = = = 0.517 = 51.7%
e 0.51

(Gs + Se)γ w (2.69)(9.81) + (0.9)(0.51)(9.81)

3.6 a. γ = = = 20.45 kN/m3
1+ e 1 + 0.51

Water to be added = 20.45 – 19.2 = 1.25 kN/m3

(Gs + e)γ w (2.69 + 0.51)(9.81)

b. γ sat = = = 20.78 kN/m3
1+ e 1 + 0.51

Water to be added = 20.78 – 19.2 = 1.58 kN/m3

π ⎛ 1 ⎞ W 9.56
3.7 a. V = (2.8) 2 (22)⎜ 3 ⎟ = 0.078 ft3; γ = = = 122.56 lb/ft3
4 ⎝ 12 ⎠ V 0.078

W − Ws 9.56 − 8.51
b. w = = = 0.1233 = 12.33%
Ws 8.51

Ws 8.51
c. γ d = = = 109.1 lb/ft3
V 0.078

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 Gs γ w (2.69)(62.4)
d. e = −1 = − 1 ≈ 0.54
γd 109.1

wGs (0.1233)(2.69)
e. S = = = 0.614 = 61.4%
e 0.54

(1 + w)Gs γ w (1 + w)Gs γ w (1 + 0.26)(Gs )(62.4)

3.8 a. γ = = ; 108 = ; Gs = 2.72
1+ e w Gs (0.26)(Gs )
1+ 1+
S 0.72

wGs (0.26)(2.72)
b. e = = = 0.98
S 0.72

(Gs + e)γ w (2.72 + 0.98)(62.4)

c. γ sat = = = 116.6 lb/ft3
1+ e 1 + 0.98

γ 20.6
3.9 a. γ d = = = 17.67 kN/m3
1+ w 1 + 0.166

Gs γ w (2.74)(9.81)
b. e = −1 = − 1 ≈ 0.52
γd 17.67

e 0.52
c. n = = = 0.34
1 + e 1 + 0.52

wGs (0.166)(2.74)
d. S = = = 0.874 = 87.4%
e 0.52

(Gs + Se)γ w (2.74)(9.81) + (0.9)(0.52)(9.81)

3.10 a. γ = = = 20.7 kN/m3
1+ e 1 + 0.52

Water to be added = 20.7 – 20.6 = 0.1 kN/m3

(Gs + e)γ w (2.74 + 0.52)(9.81)

b. γ sat = = = 21.04 kN/m3
1+ e 1 + 0.52

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 Water to be added = 21.04 – 20.6 = 0.44 kN/m3

ρ 1750
3.11 a. ρ d = = = 1422.76 kg/m3
1+ w 1 + 0.23

Gs ρ w (2.73)(1000) e 0.92
b. e= −1 = − 1 = 0.92 ; n = = = 0.48
ρd 1422.76 1 + e 1 + 0.92

wGs (0.23)(2.73)
c. S = = = 0.682 = 68.2%
e 0.92

(Gs + e) ρ w (2.73 + 0.92)(1000)

d. ρ sat = = ≈ 2967 kg/m3
1+ e 1 + 0.23

Water to be added = 2967 – 1750 = 1217 kg/m3

γ 30.75
3.12 a. γ d = = = 112 lb/ft3
1+ w 0.25(1 + 0.098)

Gs γ w (2.66)(62.4)
b. e = −1 = − 1 ≈ 0.48
γd 112
⎛ 30.75 ⎞
⎜ − 112 ⎟(0.25)
(γ − γ d )V ⎝ 0.25 ⎠
c. Volume of water = = ≈ 0.044 ft3
γw 62.4

n 0.3
3.13 a. e = = = 0.43
1 − n 1 − 0.3

Gs ρ w ρ (1 + e) 1800(1 + 0.43)
b. ρ d = ; Gs = d = = 2.57
1+ e ρw 1000

Gs γ w (2.69)(62.4)
3.14 e= −1 = − 1 ≈ 0.598
γd 105

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 wGs (0.17)(2.69)
S= = = 0.764 = 76.4%
e 0.598

(1 + w)Gs γ w (1 + w)Gs γ w (1 + 0.182)(2.67)(62.4)

3.15 a. γ = = = = 122.5 lb/ft3
1+ e wGs (0.182)(2.67)
1+ 1+
S 0.8

γ 122.5
b. γ d = = = 103.6
1+ w 1 + 0.182

(γ − γ d )V (122.5 − 103.6)(1)
Volume of water = = = 0.302 ft3/ft3 of soil
γw 62.4

(G s + Se)γ w (G + 0.55e)(62.4)
3.16 a. γ = ; 106 = s
1+ e 1+ e

Gs = 1.148e + 1.698 (i)

(Gs + 0.822e)(62.4)
114 = (ii)
1+ e

From (i) and (ii): Gs = 2.73

b. Using Gs = 2.73 in Equation (i), we get e = 0.9

emax − e 0.75 − e
3.17 a. Dr = ; 0.65 = ; e = 0.6
emax − emin 0.75 − 0.52

Gs γ w (2.67)(9.81)
b. γd = = = 16.37 kN/m3
1+ e 1 + 0.6

emax − e 0.72 − e
3.18 Dr = ; 0.82 = ; e ≈ 0.51
emax − emin 0.72 − 0.46

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 (1 + w)Gs γ w (1 + 0.11)(2.68)(9.81)
γ = = = 19.32 kN/m3
1+ e 1 + 0.51

γ 115
3.19 γd = = = 106.48 lb/ft3
1+ w 1 + 0.08

⎡ 1 ⎤ ⎡1⎤
⎢ ⎥−⎢ ⎥ ⎡1⎤ ⎡ 1 ⎤
⎣ γ d (min) ⎦ γ
⎣ d⎦ ⎢⎣ 92 ⎥⎦ − ⎢⎣106.48 ⎥⎦
Dr = = = 0.918 = 91.8%
⎡ 1 ⎤ ⎡ 1 ⎤ ⎡1⎤ ⎡ 1 ⎤
⎢ ⎥−⎢ ⎥ ⎢⎣ 92 ⎥⎦ − ⎢⎣108 ⎥⎦
γ γ
⎣ d (min) ⎦ ⎣ d (max) ⎦

CRITICAL THINKING PROBLEMS

Vv V
3.C.1 a. e= ; e1 + 1 = 1
Vs Vs

V1
1 + 0.92 = ; V1 = 1.92Vs
Vs

V2
1 + 0.65 = ; V2 = 1.65Vs
Vs

ΔV V1 − V2 1.92 − 1.65
= = = 0.14 = 14% (decrease)
V V1 1.92

Gs γ w Gγ Gγ
b. γ d (1) = = s w = s w
1 + e1 1 + 0.92 1.92

Gs γ w
γ d ( 2) =
1.65

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 1 1
Δγ d γ d ( 2) − γ d (1) 1.65 − 1.92
= = = 0.163 = 16.3% (increase)
γ d (1) γ d (1) 1
1.92

wGs wGs wGs

c. S1 = = ; S2 =
e1 0.92 0.65

1 1
−
ΔS S2 − S1 0.65 0.92
= = = 0.415 = 41.5% (increase)
S1 S1 1
0.92

emax − e
3.C.2 a. Dr =
emax − emin

e1 = emax − Dr (emax − emin ) = 0.92 − 0.47(0.92 − 0.53) = 0.736

Gs γ w (2.65)(9.81)
γd = = = 14.97 kN/m3 (before compaction)
1 + e1 1 + 0.736

e2 = emax − Dr (emax − emin ) = 0.92 − 0.8(0.92 − 0.53) = 0.608

(2.65)(9.81)
γd = = 16.17 kN/m3 (after compaction)
1 + 0.608

ΔH Δe 0.736 − 0.608
b. = = = 0.074 ; ΔH = 0.074H = (0.074)(2) = 0.148 m
H 1 + e1 1 + 0.736

Final Height = 2 – 0.148 = 1.852 m

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 18
© 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.