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 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
ã¹]<gè…‚jÖ]æ<ËÖ]<Üé×Ãj×Ö<íÚ^ÃÖ]<í‰‰ö¹]
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
1426 
   ‫א‬‫א‬  
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 

 W،،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ،‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫؛‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬        ،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  
‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬    ، 
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
     ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ،‫א‬   
 K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬

?‫א‬?? ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬?‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬      
   ‫א‬‫א‬  
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬W
 ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

   ‫א‬‫א‬  
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K1
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K2
 K‫א‬‫א‬ K3
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K4
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K5
 K‫א‬‫ א‬K6
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
   ‫א‬‫א‬  
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
   ‫א‬‫א‬  
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬

E‫א‬F  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ W 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ W 
‫א‬‫א‬ 
 ،‫א‬ ‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫ א‬  ‫א‬   W 
‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ، ‫א‬  ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬

 K‫א‬،‫א‬

          
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
< ã¹]<gè…‚jÖ]æ<ËÖ]<Üé×Ãj×Ö<íÚ^ÃÖ]<í‰‰ö¹]
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬ W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K1
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K2
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K3
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K4
 ٪90‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 E6FW‫א‬‫א‬

14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1  ‫א‬
              ‫وﻗﺖ اﻟﺘﺪرﻳﺐ‬

-1-
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 WJ 1
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬،EE1J 1F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫ א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬‫ א‬ ‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬




E1F
 ‫א‬ WE1J 1F
‫א‬ E1F
-2-
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ EF‫א‬‫א‬
 K
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬–E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 KE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫ א‬
  (Decca)  ، (Loran)‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫؛‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
(transit system) ‫א‬‫א‬(SAT-NAF) E–F‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
EDODF‫א‬‫א‬EDepartment of Defense) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬1974
 ENAVSTAR GPSF
 ENavigation Satellite Timing and RangingF(Global Positioning System)
1983 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E–F
-3-
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

ESelective Availability )( SAF? ‫א‬‫א‬?‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F2000LL1ESelective Availability)( SAF?
 :( GPS)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KJ 2
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EE2J 1F‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬




GPS ‫ ﺻﻮرة ﻷﺣﺪ أﻗﻤﺎر اﻟـ‬:(2-1) ‫ﺷﻜﻞ رﻗﻢ‬

‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬12
 K24‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬Transit‫א‬‫א‬ 
  1964 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬NASA
-4-
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
{
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
{ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬F ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
‫א‬‫א‬{ ‫א‬‫א‬ E
 1100
‫א‬‫א‬ 400 150
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 WNAVSTAR GPSTRANSIT‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬
GPS ‫א‬
TRANSIT
24 6 ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
20200 11000
‫א‬
12 107 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬
26500 7450 ‫א‬‫א‬
 4 ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬

-5-
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 WGPS‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 3
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬GPS‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 ‫א‬C‫א‬Z‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬GPS‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KL60‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬C‫א‬Z‫א‬
 K120Z2CL60Z‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬{ GPS‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L299792.5
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ GPS‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
-6-
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K?Psedo range?
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 4
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 (Ranging –code differential)‫א‬J 1J 4
(Carrier phase differentialF‫א‬‫א‬J 2J 4
 W
 (Ranging –code differential)‫א‬J 1J 4
‫א‬‫א‬(C/A )( P-code ) ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬XE‫א‬F‫א‬Z‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬



‫اﻟﺸﻔﺮة اﻟـُﻤﺴﺘﻘـﺒﻠﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻘﻤﺮ‬ 

‫اﻟﺸﻔﺮة اﻟـُﻤﻮﻟـّﺪة ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ‬ 



‫ﻓﺮق اﻟﺰﻣﻦ‬

‫اﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ = ﺳﺮﻋﺔ اﻟﻤﻮﺟﺔ × ﻓﺮق اﻟﺰﻣﻦ‬
 ‫א‬WE3J 1F
-7-
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
W (Carrier phase differentialF‫א‬‫א‬J 2J 4

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
(phase Ambiguity)‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬30
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 E‫א‬‫א‬C‫א‬‫א‬FH‫א‬Z‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫اﻟﻄﻮر اﻟـُﻤﺴﺘﻘـﺒﻞ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻘﻤﺮ‬
‫اﻟﻄﻮر اﻟـُﻤﻮﻟـّﺪ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ‬
‫ﻓﺮق اﻟﻄﻮر‬
∆
‫ ﻋﺪد اﻟﻤﻮﺟﺎت اﻟﻜﺎﻣﻠﺔ × اﻟﻄﻮل اﻟﻤﻮﺟﻲ‬+ ‫اﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ = ﻓﺮق اﻟﻄﻮر‬


‫ ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﻗﻴﺎس اﻟﻤﻮﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﻄﻮر‬: (4-1) ‫ﺷﻜﻞ رﻗﻢ‬
 W
 24 L2‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،19L1‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬2‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(L1)‫א‬‫א‬
-8-
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬1Z0.1055ZE360D2FC‫א‬Z‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 5
 W‫א‬GPS‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 E5J 1F‫א‬‫א‬F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬GPS‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬{
  ‫א‬W  ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬W ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬



1

‫ آﻢ‬19950 2 

Ionosphere
‫آﻢاﻷﻳﻨﻮﺳﻔﻴﺮ‬200 5 
Troposphere ‫ آﻢ‬50
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3
‫اﻟﺘﺮﺑﻮﺳﻔﺒﺮ‬ 4 

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‫ﻳﻮﺿﺢ ﻓﻜﺮة ﻋﻤﻞ اﻟﻨﻈﺎم اﻟﻜﻮﻧﻲ ﻟﺘﺤﺪﻳﺪ اﻟﻤﻮاﻗﻊ‬: (5-1) ‫ﺷﻜﻞ رﻗﻢ‬
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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 WGPS‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 6
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
   ‫א‬     ‫א‬   ‫א‬    
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K1
K‫א‬‫א‬ K2
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K3
K‫א‬ K4
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K5
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K6
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   K7
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K8
K‫א‬ K9
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K10
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ K11
KGIS‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 7
‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 WEEarthF‫א‬J 1J 7
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬{‫א‬‫א‬ {‫א‬
‫א‬ K 
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 K
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(1)
‫ ﻳﻮﺿﺢ ﺷﻜﻞ اﻷرض ﻏﻴﺮ اﻟﻤﻨﺘﻈﻢ‬:(6-1) ‫ﺷﻜﻞ رﻗﻢ‬
‫( ﺻﻮرة ﻣﻦ ﺷﺒﻜﺔ اﻻﻧﺘﺮﻧﺖ‬1)

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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 WEGeoidF‫א‬J 2J 7
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬K
 K

‫اﺗﺠﺎﻩ اﻟﺠﺎذﺑﻴﺔ اﻷرﺿﻴﺔ‬ 

‫ﻣﺮآﺰ ﺛﻘﻞ اﻷرض‬

‫ﺳﻄﺢ اﻟﺠﻴﻮﺋﻴﺪ‬



‫ ﻳﻮﺿﺢ ﺳﻄﺢ اﻟﺠﻴﻮﺋﻴﺪ‬:(7-1) ‫ﺷﻜﻞ رﻗﻢ‬



‫اﻻرﺗﻔﺎع اﻟﻌﻤﻮدي‬ ‫ﻓﺮق اﻟﺠﻴﻮﺋﻴﺪ‬ 

‫ﺳﻄﺢ اﻻﻟﺒﺴﻮﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﺳﻄﺢ اﻟﺠﻴﻮﺋﻴﺪ‬

‫ﺳﻄﺢ اﻟﺒﺤﺮ‬



‫ ﻳﻮﺿﺢ اﻟﻔﺮق ﺑﻴﻦ اﻟﺠﻴﻮﺋﻴﺪ واﻻﻟﺒﺴﻮﻳﺪ‬:(8-1) ‫ﺷﻜﻞ رﻗﻢ‬
- 12 -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 WEEllipsoidF‫א‬J 3J 7
‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬ K
 ‫א‬EEllipseF‫א‬
a‫א‬‫א‬Kb‫א‬a‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F
 W‫א‬f
 f =( a-b)\ a    E1F‫א‬


b 
a




‫ ﻳﻮﺿﺢ ﺷﻜﻞ اﻷﻟﺒﺴﻮﻳﺪ‬:(7-1) ‫ﺷﻜﻞ رﻗﻢ‬ 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬ K1
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K2
 W
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K
‫ﺳﻄﺢ اﻷرض اﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻓﺮق اﻟﺠﻴﻮﺋﻴﺪ‬
‫ﺳﻄﺢ اﻟﺠﻴﻮﺋﻴﺪ‬
‫ﺳﻄﺢ اﻟﺒﺤﺮ‬
‫ﺳﻄﺢ اﻻﻟﺒﺴﻮﻳﺪ‬
‫ﻳﻮﺿﺢ اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﻴﻦ اﻟﺠﻴﻮﺋﻴﺪ واﻻﻟﺒﺴﻮﻳﺪ وﺳﻄﺢ اﻷرض‬: (8-1) ‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬
- 13 -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 WGPS‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 8
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
 W‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 1J 8
KE‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 2J 8
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J

   J
K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
K‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 1J 8
‫א‬‫א‬E3-DimentionalF ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،EE9J 1F‫א‬‫א‬FK‫א‬
،E10J 1F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K( φ, λ, h ) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W
 ‫א‬‫א‬Zφ
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Z λ
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Zh


E‫א‬Fλ{EFφ 
‫א‬HE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Zh 
‫ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺔ‬
- 14 -
‫א‪‬א‪ ‬‬ ‫א‪‬א‪ ‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬
‫א‪‬א‪‬א‪‬א‪‬א‪‬‬ ‫א‪‬א‪‬א‪‬א‪ ‬‬ ‫א‪ ‬‬
‫‪‬‬
‫‪‬‬
‫ﺧﻂ ﻃﻮل ﻧﻘﻄﺔ )أ(‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫اﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ )أ(‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫ﺳﻄﺢ اﻷرض‬
‫اﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫ﻣﺪﻳﻨﺔ ﺟﺮﻳﻨﺘﺶ‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫اﻻرﺗﻔﺎع ‪h‬‬
‫ﺧﻂ ﻃﻮل ﺟﺮﻳﻨﺘﺶ‬
‫‪‬‬
‫‪‬‬
‫‪‬‬
‫داﺋﺮة اﻻﺳﺘﻮاء‬ ‫‪ϕ‬‬ ‫داﺋﺮة اﻻﺳﺘﻮاء‬
‫‪‬‬
‫‪λ‬‬
‫‪ ‬زاوﻳﺔ داﺋﺮة ﺧﻂ اﻟﻌﺮض ‪ϕ‬‬
‫‪‬‬
‫‪‬‬
‫‪λ‬‬ ‫زاوﻳﺔ ﺧﻂ اﻟﻄﻮل‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫ﻣﺤﻮر دوران اﻷرض‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫‪‬‬
‫‪‬‬
‫) ‪( φ, λ, H‬‬ ‫ﺷﻜﻞ رﻗﻢ )‪ :(9-1‬ﻳﻮﺿﺢ ﻧﻈﺎم اﻹﺣﺪاﺛﻴﺎت اﻟﺠﻐﺮاﻓﻴﺔ‬
‫‪‬‬
‫‪‬‬
‫‪‬‬
‫اﻻرﺗﻔﺎع اﻷﻟﺒﺴﻮﻳﺪي‬
‫ارﺗﻔﺎع اﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫ﺳﻄﺢ اﻟﺠﻴﻮﺋﻴﺪ‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫‪‬‬
‫ﺳﻄﺢ اﻟﺒﺤﺮ‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫اﺗﺠﺎﻩ اﻟﺠﺎذﺑﻴﺔ اﻷرﺿﻴﺔ‬
‫‪‬‬
‫‪‬‬
‫ﺷﻜﻞ رﻗﻢ )‪ :(10-1‬ﻳﻮﺿﺢ اﻟﻔﺮق ﺑﻴﻦ ارﺗﻔﺎع اﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ واﻻرﺗﻔﺎع اﻻﻟﺒﺴﻮﻳﺪي‬

‫‪- 15 -‬‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 WE‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 2J 8

  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E3-DimentionalF‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬X‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(X, Y, Z)‫א‬‫א‬
Y{ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Z{Y X ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KEE11J 1F‫א‬‫א‬FK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


Z

(‫ارﺗﻔﺎع اﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ)أ‬
‫ﺧﻂ اﻟﻄﻮل اﻟﻤﺎر‬ (‫اﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ )ا‬

(‫ﺑﻨﻘﻄﺔ )ا‬
‫ﺳﻄﺢ اﻷرض اﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ‬  
h
Z‫أ‬

‫ﺧﻂ اﻟﻄﻮل اﻟﻤﺎر‬
ϕ Y 
‫ﺑﺠﺮﻳﻨﺘﺶ‬ X‫أ‬
λ 
Y ‫ﻣﺴﺘﻮى داﺋﺮة اﻻﺳﺘﻮاء أ‬ 
X ‫ﺧﻂ اﻻﺳﺘﻮاء‬


(‫ﻳﻮﺿﺢ ﻧﻈﺎم اﻹﺣﺪاﺛﻴﺎت اﻟﺠﻴﻮدﻳﺴﻴﺔ) اﻟﻔﺮاﻏﻴﺔ‬:(11-1)‫ﺷﻜﻞ رﻗﻢ‬





- 16 -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W K1
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KEGPSF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬WEGPSF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K2
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
GPS‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K3
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 (Ranging –code differential)‫א‬ •
 (Carrier phase F‫א‬‫א‬ •
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K4
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WGPS‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K5
 
‫{א‬EEarthF‫א‬FW‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K6
 EEEllipsoidF‫א‬{EGeoidF
‫א‬GPS‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K7
 EE‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬{‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬




- 17 -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
E1FW‫א‬‫א‬
 WW‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬J 1
 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬J 2
 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKJ 1‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 3
 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKJ J 3،KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKJ 2،
‫؟‬GPS‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K1
‫؟‬GPS ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K2
‫؟‬GPS ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K3
 ‫א‬‫؟‬GPS‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 WW‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 EF  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 1
 EF ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 2
 EF     K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 3
 EF K‫א‬‫א‬GPS‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 4
 EF  K24‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 5
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 GPS





- 18 -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E F،‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
( ‫ﻣﺴﺘﻮى اﻷداء )هﻞ أﺗﻘﻨﺖ اﻷداء‬
‫ﻏﻴﺮ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻨــﺎﺻـــﺮ‬
‫آﻠﻴ ًﺎ‬ ‫ﺟﺰﺋﻴ ًﺎ‬ ‫ﻻ‬
‫ﻟﻠﺘﻄﺒﻴﻖ‬
‫א‬‫א‬ K1
‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ K2
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K3
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K4
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬? ???‫א‬،
K‫א‬
- 19 -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 142LLW‫א‬KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKW‫א‬‫א‬
  4   3   2   1  W‫א‬W‫א‬
 10
 KKKKKKKKKKKW‫א‬
 K‫א‬٪80W‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬٪100W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ K1
‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ K2
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K3
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K4
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKW
 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKW‫א‬


- 20 -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
EF
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK

- 21 -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 EF
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
- 22 -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬ W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫ א‬K1
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K2
K‫א‬‫ א‬K3
 ٪90‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 E12FW‫א‬‫א‬

14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1  ‫א‬
              ‫وﻗﺖ اﻟﺘﺪرﻳﺐ‬

- 23 -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 WJ 1
(GPS)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬24 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫ א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،

 ‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،(GPS)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 (GPS)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 2
 W EGPSF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬ J 1-2
‫א‬‫א‬W ‫א‬‫א‬ J 2-2
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
, (GPS) ‫א‬‫א‬WE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬ J 3-2
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
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‫اﻟﻔﻀﺎء‬ ‫ﻗﺴﻢ‬ 
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‫ﻗﺴﻢ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﺒﻼت اﻷرﺿﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻗﺴﻢ اﻟﺘﺤﻜﻢ‬
( ‫) اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﻮن‬ 
‫واﻟﺴﻴﻄﺮة‬
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‫ﻳﻮﺿﺢ ﻣﻜﻮﻧﺎت اﻟﻨﻈﺎم اﻟﻜﻮﻧﻲ ﻟﺘﺤﺪﻳﺪ اﻟﻤﻮاﻗﻊ‬: (1-2) ‫ﺷﻜﻞ رﻗﻢ‬

 
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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 W (The Space Segments)‫א‬J 1J 2

‫א‬24‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،EE2J 2F‫א‬‫א‬F ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ،‫א‬12‫א‬20200‫א‬
 K‫א‬26‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E4F‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
76‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ، 15‫א‬Ecut-off angle
  KE‫א‬F‫א‬
 WEGPSF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 1J 1J 2
K20200‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 1
K4‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬6E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 2
K60‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J 3
55‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 4
‫א‬‫א‬12‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 5
K4,095623‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬845 J 6
7,25‫ א‬J 7
K‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 8
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10 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ J 9
‫א‬ECsF‫א‬‫א‬13
KERbF‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 10
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 11
K‫א‬‫א‬
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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
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‫ﻳﻮﺿﺢ ﻣﺪارات اﻷﻗﻤﺎر اﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﺣﻮل اﻷرض‬: (2-2) ‫ﺷﻜﻞ رﻗﻢ‬
 W( Control Segment ) ‫א‬‫א‬J 2J 2

  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E10±F‫א‬
 W
K( GPS )‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
K( GPS )‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J
K‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 WThe Monitor Stations (MS) ‫א‬‫א‬J 1J 2J 2
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(pseudo range)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
F ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 KE‫א‬‫א‬
WThe Master Control Station (MCS)‫א‬‫א‬J 2J 2J 2
‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W The Ground Antennas ( GA )‫א‬‫א‬J 3J 2J 2
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬( S-band )‫א‬‫א‬
 K




‫ﻜﻭﻟﻭﺭﺍﺩﻭ ﺍﺴﺒﺭﻨﺠﺯ‬

‫آـﻮا ﺟﻮاﻟﻴﻦ‬ 
‫هﺎواي‬

‫اﺳﻴﻨﻴﺸﻦ‬ ‫دﻳﻴﺠـﻮ ﺟﺎرﺳﻴﺎ‬




‫ﻳﻮﺿﺢ ﺗﻮزﻳﻊ ﻣﺤﻄﺎت اﻟﺘﺤﻜﻢ واﻟﺴﻴﻄﺮة ﺣﻮل اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ‬: (3-2) ‫ﺷﻜﻞ رﻗﻢ‬ 


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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 W( Receiver Segment ) ‫א‬‫א‬J 3J 2

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(X,Y,Z)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬KKKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬G.P.S ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J J 3J 2
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J J 3J 2
‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫ ﻣﺘﺮ‬100 -30 = ‫اﻟﺨﻄﺄ‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
( 1)
‫( ﻳﻮﺿﺢ ﻣﻘﺪار اﻟﺨﻄﺄ ﻓﻲ إﺣﺪاﺛﻴﺎت اﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ‬4 -2 )‫ﺷﻜﻞ رﻗﻢ‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،10020



‫( ﺻﻮرة ﻣﻦ آﺘﺎﻟﻮج ﻟﺸﺮآﺔ ﻻﻳﻜﺎ ﻣﻊ ﺑﻌﺾ اﻟﺘﻌﺪﻳﻼت ﻟﻠﺘﻮﺿﻴﺢ‬1)
- 28 -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J J 3J 2
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬FK‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬20‫א‬0.5
( 1)
‫ﻳﻮﺿﺢ ﻣﻘﺪار اﻟﺨﻄﺄ ﻓﻲ إﺣﺪاﺛﻴﺎت اﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ‬: (5-2) ‫ﺷﻜﻞ رﻗﻢ‬

 (G P S )‫א‬‫א‬J 3
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬EE6J 2F‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫ א‬J 1-3
 19‫א‬1575.42(L1) ‫א‬‫ א‬J
 24‫א‬1227.60( L2 )‫א‬‫ א‬J
 W‫א‬ J 2-3
( C/A ){Coarse\Acquisition}‫א‬‫ א‬J
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬( P- Code )Precise code‫א‬‫ א‬J

- 29 -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
W‫א‬ J 3-3
 (WGS84)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 ( Clock Corrections)‫א‬‫ א‬J
 (SV Health )‫א‬‫א‬ J
 (SV Ephemeris )‫א‬‫ א‬J
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(Almanacs )‫א‬ J
 ‫א‬
( Ionosphere Model Parameters )‫א‬‫א‬ J
 ‫א‬ J
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 4

MHzEF‫א‬ ‫א‬
10,23 ‫א‬‫א‬
F1575,42Z154C10,23 L1‫א‬‫א‬
E19,05Z‫א‬
F1227,60Z120C10,23 L2‫א‬‫א‬
E24,45Z‫א‬
E29,32F10,23‫א‬‫א‬ P‫א‬
E293,2F1,023Z10D10,23 C/A‫א‬
E5950F6J 10C50Z204600D10,23 ‫א‬‫א‬

 WC/A-code P-code ‫א‬J 5

C/A-code P-code ‫א‬‫א‬
1,023 10,23 ‫א‬
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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺭﺩﺩ ﺍﻷﺴﺎﺴﻲ‬ D
‫ ﻤﻴﺠﺎ ﻫﻴﺭﺘﺯ‬10.23
154 × L1 C/A Code P- Code

‫ ﻤﻴﺠﺎ‬1575.42 ‫ ﻤﻴﺠﺎ ﻫﻴﺭﺘﺯ‬1.023 ‫ ﻣﻴﺠﺎ هﻴﺮتز‬10.23
120× L2 P- Code
‫ ﻣﻴﺠﺎ هﻴﺮتز‬1227.60 ‫ ﻣﻴﺠﺎ هﻴﺮﺗﺰ‬10.23
L50 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫ﻳﻮﺿﺢ ﺗﺮآﻴﺐ إﺷﺎرة اﻟﻘﻤﺮ اﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻲ‬: (6-2) ‫ﺷﻜﻞ رﻗﻢ‬
293,2 29,32 ‫א‬‫א‬

3J 10C1 266 ‫א‬‫א‬

 
‫ ﻓﺈﻥ ﻤﻭﺠﺎﺘﻪ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬،‫ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﻤﺭ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻲ ﻓﻲ ﻭﻀﻊ ﻤﺴﺎﻤﺕ ﻟﻠﻤﻭﻗﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺍﺩ ﺘﺤﺩﻴﺩﻩ‬
.‫ ﺜﺎﻨﻴﺔ ( ﻜﻲ ﺘﺼل ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺭﺍﺼﺩ‬0.06) ‫ﻴﺒﺜﻬﺎ ﺴﻭﻑ ﺘﺴﺘﻐﺭﻕ ﺯﻤﻨ ﹰﺎ ﻻ ﻴﺯﻴﺩ ﻋﻥ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺔ‬
 
‫ﻟﻠﻤﺪرب‬
‫א‬‫א‬
- 31 -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬W(GPS)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 1
 ‫א‬‫א‬ (The Space SegmentsF ‫א‬ J
 EGPSF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬( Control Segment )  ‫א‬‫א‬ J
 ‫א‬ The Monitor Stations ‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
The ‫א‬‫א‬The Master Control Station ‫א‬
 EGround Antennas
‫א‬‫א‬( Receiver Segment ) ‫א‬‫א‬ J
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W  ‫א‬‫א‬J 2
 C/A-code P-code 








- 32 -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
E2FW‫א‬‫א‬
 WW‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ،KKKKKKKKKKK
 ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬KKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 1
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬
 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬J 2
 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 3
 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
 WW‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 EFK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 1
 EF   K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 2
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 3
EF       K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 EF  K‫א‬‫א‬150J 100‫א‬‫א‬J 4
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 5
 EF          K‫א‬
 EF    K‫א‬‫א‬10J 6
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J J 7
 EF        K‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬



- 33 -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E F،‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ K5
W‫א‬
 ‫א‬ Ka
‫א‬‫א‬ Kb
‫א‬ Kc
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K6
‫א‬‫א‬ K7

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬? ???‫א‬،
K‫א‬
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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  4   3   2   1  W‫א‬W‫א‬
 10
 K‫א‬٪80W‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬٪100W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ J 1
W‫א‬
 ‫א‬ J
‫א‬‫א‬ J
‫א‬ J
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 2
‫א‬‫א‬ J 3

‫א‬


- 35 -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
EF

- 36 -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 EF
- 37 -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ K1
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K2
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K3
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K4
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K5

 ٪90‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬

 E18FW‫א‬‫א‬

14 13 12 11 10  9  8  7  6  5  4  3  2  1  ‫א‬
              ‫وﻗﺖ اﻟﺘﺪرﻳﺐ‬

- 38 -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 WJ 1
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ،‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬W 
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ J 1
 (GPS )‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 2
 (G P S )‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 3
 ‫א‬ J 4
(G P S ) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 5
 ،‫א‬
 ،(G P S )‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 6
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 7
 ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 8
 ،‫א‬‫א‬ J 9

 (G P S )‫א‬‫א‬J 2
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 KEResectionF‫א‬‫א‬ J 1-2
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 2-2
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 3-2
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

- 39 -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 WEResectionF‫א‬‫א‬J 1J 2
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬
KE1J 3F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
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‫ﻣﻌﻠﻮم اﻹﺣﺪاﺛﻴﺎت‬
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‫ﻣﻌﻠﻮم اﻹﺣﺪاﺛﻴﺎت‬
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‫ﻣﻌﻠﻮم اﻹﺣﺪاﺛﻴﺎت‬ 
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‫ﻧﻘﻄﺔ ﻣﺠﻬﻮﻟﺔ اﻹﺣﺪاﺛﻴﺎت‬
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‫ ﻣﺒﺪأ اﻟﺘﻘﺎﻃﻊ اﻟﺨﻠﻔﻲ‬:( 1-3) ‫اﻟﺸﻜﻞ رﻗﻢ‬
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‫ﻟﻠﻤﺪرب‬ 
‫ﻟﺘﻘﺮﻳﺐ اﻟﻔﻜﺮة ﻟﺬهﻦ اﻟﻤﺘﺪرب ﻳﺘﻢ ﺷﺮح اﻟﺘﻘﺎﻃﻊ اﻷﻣﺎﻣﻲ واﻟﺘﻘﺎﻃﻊ اﻟﺨﻠﻔﻲ‬
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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 2J 2
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬EReceiverF
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬x‫א‬Z‫א‬
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‫ﻣﺪار اﻟﻘﻤﺮ‬ 
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‫ اﻟﺰﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺎر‬x ‫اﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ = ﺳﺮﻋﺔ اﻟﻤﻮﺟﺔ‬ 
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‫ ﻗﻴﺎس اﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ ﺑﻴﻦ اﻟﻘﻤﺮ وﺟﻬﺎز اﻻﺳﺘﻘﺒﺎل‬:( 2-3) ‫اﻟﺸﻜﻞ رﻗﻢ‬ 
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 W
‫א‬L 100‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 300Z3C100Z‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
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‫א‬Z‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
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‫ ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺔ‬
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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 3J 2

 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ERelative SystemsF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
E3J 3F‫א‬K(Differential)
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‫اﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ اﻟﻤﺠﻬﻮﻟﺔ‬
Reference Rovers 
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‫ اﻟﺘﺼﺤﻴﺢ اﻟﻨﺴﺒﻲ ﻟﻸرﺻﺎد‬:( 3-3) ‫اﻟﺸﻜﻞ رﻗﻢ‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬EAbsolute SystemsF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(single point positioning)
Relative Systems‫(ﻳﺴﻤﻰ هﺬا اﻟﻨﻈﺎم‬carrier phase) ‫إذا آﺎن اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ ﻳﻘﻴﺲ ﻓﺮق اﻟﻄﻮر‬
KDifferentia‫( ﻳﺴﻤﻰ هﺬا اﻟﻨﻈﺎم‬code range) ‫إذا آﺎن اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ ﻳﻘﻴﺲ ﻣﺪى اﻟﻜﻮد‬
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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 W(GPS )‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 3
‫א‬(GPS )‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  
 W‫א‬(GPS )‫א‬‫א‬
 EAntennaF‫א‬‫א‬J 1J 3
 K(Receiver)‫א‬J 2J 3
 (Keyboard )‫א‬J 3J 3
 (Program)‫א‬‫א‬J 4J 3
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 WEAntennaF‫א‬‫א‬J 1J 3
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
(Amplifier)  ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬J W ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬J 








‫ﻧﻤﻮذج ﻟﻬﻮاﺋﻲ ﻣﻨﻔﺼﻞ‬ 
‫ﻧﻤﻮذج ﻟﻬﻮاﺋﻲ ﻣﺜﺒﺖ ﻋﻠﻰ وﺣﺪة اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ‬

‫ ﺻﻮر ﻟﺒﻌﺾ اﻟﻬﻮاﺋﻴﺎت‬:(4-3) ‫اﻟﺸﻜﻞ رﻗﻢ‬

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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 :(Receiver)‫א‬J 2J 3
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 WK‫א‬‫א‬
 KRadio Frequency (RF)section‫א‬‫א‬J J 2J 3
 KMicroprocessorJ J 2J 3
K(Recording Device)J J 2J 3
 K(Power Supply)J J 2J 3
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 WRadio Frequency (RF)section‫א‬‫א‬J J 2J 3
‫א‬ (channels)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
 K‫א‬‫א‬ -
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 MicroprocessorJ J 2J 3
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 (carrier phase)‫א‬ -
 ‫( א‬code range) ‫א‬ -
 W(Recording Device)J J 2J 3
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬ 

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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 W(Power Supply)J J 2J 3

‫א‬E10<F 
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 W(Keyboard )‫א‬J 3J 3
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(Keyboard )‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
، ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
‫اﻟﻬﻮاﺋﻲ‬ 
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‫ﻗﺴﻢ اﻟﺘﺮدد اﻟﻼﺳﻠﻜﻲ‬
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‫ﻟﻮﺣﺔ‬ 
‫اﻟﻤﻔﺎﺗﻴﺢ‬
‫اﻟﻤﻌﺎﻟﺞ‬ ‫وﺳﻴﻠﺔ‬ 
‫ﺷﺎﺷﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺨﺰﻳﻦ‬
‫اﻟﻌﺮض‬ 
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‫ﻣﺼﺪر اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ‬ 
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‫ﺷﻜﻞ ﺗﺨﻄﻴﻄﻲ ﻳﻮﺿﺢ ﻣﻜﻮﻧﺎت ﺟﻬﺎز ﺗﺤﺪﻳﺪ اﻟﻤﻮاﻗﻊ‬:(5-3) ‫اﻟﺸﻜﻞ رﻗﻢ‬
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 W(Program)‫א‬‫א‬J 4J 3
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬(Soft ware)
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W(Almanac)‫א‬‫א‬J J 4J 3
 ‫א‬J J 4J 3
 ‫א‬J J 4J 3
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬W(Almanac)‫א‬‫א‬J J 4J 3

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬J 
 E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬J
 EE8J 3F‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬J
 EE8J 3F‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 
E9J 3F‫א‬‫א‬F ‫א‬‫א‬ J
 E
 W‫א‬J J 4J 23
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 E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬J J 4J 3
‫א‬F‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬
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‫ﺟﻬﺎز ﻣﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ ﻣﻦ إﻧﺘﺎج ﺷﺮآﺔ‬ 
Z12 ‫اﺷﺘﻚ ﻣﻮدﻳﻞ‬
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‫ﺟﻬﺎز ﻣﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ ﻣﻦ إﻧﺘﺎج ﺷﺮآﺔ ﻻﻳﻜﺎ‬ 
510/520/530‫ﻣﻮدﻳﻞ‬
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‫ ﺻﻮر ﻟﺒﻌﺾ أﺟﻬﺰة اﻻﺳﺘﻘﺒﺎل‬:( 6-3) ‫اﻟﺸﻜﻞ رﻗﻢ‬ 
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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
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‫إﺣﺪاﺛﻴﺎت اﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺎرﻳﺦ‬ ‫اﻟﻔﺘﺮة‬
‫اﻟﻤﺮﺻﻮدة‬ ‫اﻟﺮﺻﺪ‬ ‫اﻟﺰﻣﻨﻴﺔ‬ 
‫زاوﻳﺔ اﻟﻘﻄﻊ‬ ‫ﻓﺮق اﻟﺘﻮﻗﻴﺖ‬ ‫ﺗﺎرﻳﺦ ﺗﺤﺪﻳﺚ اﻷﻟﻤﻨﺎك‬
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‫رﻗﻢ‬
‫ﺷﺮوق اﻟﻘﻤﺮ‬ 
‫و ﻏﺮوﺑﻪ‬
‫اﻟﻘﻤﺮ‬ 
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‫ ﺻﻮرة ﺗﻮﺿﺢ ﻧﻮاﻓﺬ اﻟﺮﺻﺪ‬:( 7-3) ‫اﻟﺸﻜﻞ رﻗﻢ‬
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 W‫א‬‫א‬
 2003L10L5‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬-
40252121‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
 1597‫א‬
 2003L4L16W‫(א‬Almanac)‫א‬‫ א‬-
 15W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
 930‫א‬410‫א‬E15F‫ א‬-
 ‫א‬‫א‬E25F‫ א‬-
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‫ﻳﺨﺘﻠﻒ اﻟﺸﻜﻞ اﻟﺴﺎﺑﻖ ﺑﺎﺧﺘﻼف اﻟﻤﻮﻗﻊ واﻟﺘﺎرﻳﺦ وﻧﻮع اﻟﺠﻬﺎز واﻟﺒﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪم‬ 
‫ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺔ‬ 
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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫إﺣﺪاﺛﻴﺎت اﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺎرﻳﺦ‬ ‫اﻟﻔﺘﺮة‬

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‫اﻟﻤﺮﺻﻮدة‬ ‫اﻟﺮﺻﺪ‬ ‫اﻟﺰﻣﻨﻴﺔ‬ ‫زاوﻳﺔ اﻟﻘﻄﻊ‬ ‫ﻓﺮق اﻟﺘﻮﻗﻴﺖ‬ ‫ﺗﺎرﻳﺦ ﺗﺤﺪﻳﺚ اﻷﻟﻤﻨﺎك‬ 
‫رﻗﻢ‬
‫اﻟﻘﻤﺮ‬ 
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‫ ﺻﻮرة ﺗﻮﺿﺢ اﻟﺘﻮزﻳﻊ اﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﻲ ﻟﻸﻗﻤﺎر‬:( 8-3) ‫اﻟﺸﻜﻞ رﻗﻢ‬
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 W‫א‬‫א‬
 2003L10L5‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬-
40252121‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
 1597‫א‬
 2003L4L16W‫(א‬Almanac)‫א‬‫ א‬-
 15W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
F ‫א‬‫א‬ 19:00L5:00L3:30‫א‬ -
 E6‫א‬‫א‬
 E4‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬ -

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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
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‫إﺣﺪاﺛﻴﺎت اﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺎرﻳﺦ‬ ‫اﻟﻔﺘﺮة‬ 
‫اﻟﻤﺮﺻﻮدة‬ ‫اﻟﺮﺻﺪ‬ ‫اﻟﺰﻣﻨﻴﺔ‬ ‫رﻗﻢ‬
‫زاوﻳﺔ اﻟﻘﻄﻊ‬ ‫ﻓﺮق اﻟﺘﻮﻗﻴﺖ‬ ‫ﺗﺎرﻳﺦ ﺗﺤﺪﻳﺚ اﻷﻟﻤﻨﺎك‬ 
‫اﻟﻘﻤﺮ‬
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‫ﻣﻮﻗﻊ اﻟﺮاﺻﺪ‬ ‫اﺗﺠﺎﻩ اﻟﺸﻤﺎل‬ 
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‫اﺗﺠﺎﻩ ﺣﺮآﺔ‬
(30) ‫اﻟﻘﻤﺮ رﻗﻢ‬ 
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‫ ﺻﻮرة ﺗﻮﺿﺢ ﺣﺮآﺔ اﻷﻗﻤﺎر اﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ‬:( 9-3) ‫اﻟﺸﻜﻞ رﻗﻢ‬

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 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E30F‫ א‬-
 K‫א‬‫א‬E15F‫א‬‫א‬E29F‫ א‬-
 K‫א‬‫א‬E12F‫ א‬-
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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 (GPS )‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 4
‫א‬‫א‬(GPS )‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬(GPS )‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬ (channel) ‫א‬‫א‬ J
 E12F
‫א‬F(L1) /(L1, L2)/(L1, L2, P-Code) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 E‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ J
 
 E{{F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 ‫א‬‫א‬ J
،‫א‬W ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬KKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 (G P S )‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 5
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(G P S )‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 (C\A Code Pseudo Range)‫א‬ C/A‫א‬J 1J 5
 (C\A Code Carrier Phase)‫א‬‫א‬ C/A J 2J 5
 P-CodeJ 3J 5
 W‫א‬
(C\A Code Pseudo Range)‫א‬C/A‫א‬J 1J 5
6J 1،‫א‬،‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،E‫א‬{
 ‫א‬‫א‬{ ‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E{{F‫א‬
 
 (C\A Code Carrier Phase)‫א‬‫א‬ C/AJ 2J 5
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬L2‫א‬  C\A‫א‬L1‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬12J 4‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،(L1\L2)‫א‬
(p- Code Carrier Phase) P-CodeJ 3J 5
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EpF‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ،(L1\L2)
،‫א‬100‫א‬ 1991
(wide ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E20F
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬laning)

Global positioning System Theory and Practice ‫ﻟﻼﺳﺘﺰادة راﺟﻊ آﺘﺎب‬ 
Prof.DR.Bernhar Hofmann- Wellenho
Dr.Herbert Lichtenegger 
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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 6
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬ -  - C/A‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬    ‫א‬
 ‫ א‬‫א‬ -
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ - ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ -
100 ‫א‬
 - ‫א‬‫א‬ -
‫א‬ 
 - ‫א‬61 -
‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬ - ‫א‬12 -  C/A  
K‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ -  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
‫א‬ L1/L2‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ -
K‫א‬‫א‬  
 K‫א‬J ‫א‬‫א‬ -
 ‫א‬

 -

 -
- 52 -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 -
‫א‬
 ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ J  -  P-Code
 ‫א‬  
‫א‬ - ‫א‬ -
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ -
‫א‬ ‫א‬
 - ‫א‬‫א‬J
‫א‬  
 p code  -
 L1/L2‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬12 -
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ -
‫א‬‫א‬
  
‫א‬

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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 W‫א‬(G P S ) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 7
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫؛‬‫א‬  K1

 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬(Reference)‫א‬
 K(Rover)‫א‬
‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K2
F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ،E‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E{
،‫א‬‫א‬4  ‫א‬‫א‬
   K3
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K4
‫א‬‫א‬(GPS)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K5
E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K6
(WGS ‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K7
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬84)
(AIN ELABD) ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K8
‫א‬(WGS 84)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  
 K( 7– Parameter)‫א‬‫א‬AIN ELABD‫א‬
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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
W(G P S )‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 8
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬ -
K‫א‬‫א‬ -
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬-
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬-
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬-
K‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬-
 W‫א‬
 K(Static)‫א‬‫ א‬J 1-8
 K(Rapid Static)‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J 2-8
 K(Kinematic)‫א‬‫ א‬J 3-8
 KEReal Time KinematicF‫א‬‫ א‬J 4-8
 K‫א‬‫א‬ J 5-8
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W(Static)‫א‬‫א‬J 1J 8
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
EReferenceF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 
 J 
 W،‫א‬‫א‬(Rover)‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬ -
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
K‫א‬‫א‬ -




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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫اﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ اﻟﻤﺠﻬﻮﻟﺔ‬
‫اﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ‬ (‫)ب‬
(‫اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺔ )أ‬
(‫)ﺟـ‬





‫ﻳﻮﺿﺢ ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ اﻟﺮﺻﺪ اﻟﺜﺎﺑﺖ‬: (10-3) ‫ﺷﻜﻞ رﻗﻢ‬

 W(Rapid Static)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 2J 8
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
J J  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬ -
 K‫א‬ -
 K20‫א‬‫א‬ ‫؛‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
 W(Kinematic)‫א‬‫א‬J 3J 8
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EReferenceF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ (Rover)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬ (Pole)
 (Stop & Go )‫א‬‫א‬J J 3J 8
 ‫א‬ (Rover)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 20J 8J
‫א‬‫א‬‫؛‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،EE11J 2F‫א‬‫א‬F 
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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬K
 K‫א‬


(pole) 

‫اﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ اﻟﺜﺎﺑﺘﺔ‬ 
Reference

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‫اﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ اﻟﻤﺘﺤﺮآﺔ‬
Rover

‫ﻳﻮﺿﺢ ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ اﻟﺜﺒﺎت واﻟﺤﺮآﺔ‬: (11-3) ‫ﺷﻜﻞ رﻗﻢ‬ 
( Continuous )‫א‬‫א‬J J 3J 8
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫؛‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،E12J 3F‫א‬‫א‬F ‫א‬
‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KE‫א‬
 K‫א‬ -
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
 K‫א‬ -
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
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

- 57 -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬


‫ﻣﺴﺎر اﻟﺴﻴﺎرة‬

‫اﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ اﻟﺜﺎﺑﺘﺔ‬ 
Reference



‫اﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ اﻟﻤﺘﺤﺮآﺔ‬
Rover


‫ ﻳﻮﺿﺢ ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ اﻟﺮﺻﺪ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻤﺮ‬:( 12-3) ‫ﺷﻜﻞ رﻗﻢ‬


 WEReal Time KinematicF‫א‬‫א‬J 4J 8
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(Reference)‫א‬‫א‬
(Rover)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


 

‫اﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ اﻟﻤﺠﻬﻮﻟﺔ‬ 
‫اﻹﺣﺪاﺛﻴﺎت‬

‫اﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ اﻟﻤﺮﺟﻊ‬ ‫إﺷﺎرة ﻻﺳﻠﻜﻴﺔ‬
Reference 



‫ ﻳﻮﺿﺢ ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ اﻟﺮﺻﺪ ﺑﺎﻟﻼﺳﻠﻜﻲ‬:( 13-3) ‫ﺷﻜﻞ رﻗﻢ‬ 

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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ERoverF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،(Reference)‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 (Stop & Go )‫א‬‫ א‬-
( Continuous )‫ א‬-
W‫א‬‫א‬J 5J 8
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫؛‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
E‫א‬J ‫א‬‫א‬J ‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬ -
 WEG P SF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 9
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(G P S )‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬ J 1-9
 ‫א‬‫ א‬J 2-9
‫א‬ J 3-9
 W‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬J 1J 9
‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬( Single Point Positioning )‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
(SPP)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KE14J 3F‫א‬‫א‬F
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،(Absolute Positioning)‫א‬‫א‬
E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬FK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
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‫رﺻﺪ ﻓﺮدي‬ 
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‫ أﺳﻠﻮب اﻟﺮﺻﺪ اﻟﻔﺮدي‬:( 14-3) ‫ﺷﻜﻞ رﻗﻢ‬


W‫א‬‫א‬J 2J 9
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(Reference)‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EE15J 3F‫א‬‫א‬F(Rover) ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
K‫א‬ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬(Reference)‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ (Differential)‫א‬‫א‬(Relative Positioning)
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
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‫رﺻﺪ ﻣﺰدوج‬
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‫ ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ اﻟﺮﺻﺪ اﻟﻤﺰدوج‬: (15-3) ‫ﺷﻜﻞ رﻗﻢ‬ 
W‫א‬J 3J 9
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE14J 3F‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
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‫ﻧﻘﻂ ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺔ‬
‫اﻹﺣﺪاﺛﻴﺎت‬ 
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‫رﺻﺪ ﺷﺒﻜﺔ‬
‫ ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ رﺻﺪ ﺷﺒﻜﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻨﻘﺎط‬: (16-3) ‫ﺷﻜﻞ رﻗﻢ‬
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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 10
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K1
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W
 ‫א‬‫ א‬K2
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬ K3
‫א‬‫א‬E8F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K4
E‫א‬‫א‬ F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W ‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K5
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬



520‫א‬‫א‬
.‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬8
(1)
 











GPS SATELLTTE SURVEYING (1)
- 62 -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 11
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
HF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(GPS)‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ E1F
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬E‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬F
E2H1F 60J 45
E‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬60J 45
‫א‬F
1H0.5 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬20J 8 
(stop ‫א‬30J 5
2H5J 2  &go) 
‫א‬‫א‬5–0.5

2H2 ‫א‬30J 5

 W
20‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 1J 11
 KE2H1F‫א‬‫א‬{
 W‫א‬
 2
 2
 5Z50ZE20C2FH10Z‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
GENERAL GUIDE TO STATIC AND RAPID- STATIC /V 2.0 / Leica Geosytem (1)
- 63 -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
40،25،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 2J 11
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KE1H0.5F‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬
 ،‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 1
 1
 3Z30ZE25C1FH5ZEF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 4.5Z45ZE40C1FH5ZEF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬E1H 10F 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 3J 11
K100‫א‬10‫א‬E10H0.5F
 K
 W‫א‬
 E1H10FW‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J
 1
 1
 11Z110ZE10C1FH100Z‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 20Z200ZE100C1FH100Z‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 E10H0.5FW‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J
 10
 10
 10.5Z105ZE10C10FH5Z‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 100.5Z1005ZE100C10FH5Z‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 E‫א‬F10‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬100‫א‬‫א‬
 K
- 64 -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 W‫א‬J 12
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬– ‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 EKKKKKKK‫א‬–

500‫א‬
(1)

‫ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺔ‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬J 1
 ‫א‬‫א‬J 2
 ‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬J 1J 12
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬E17J 3F‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬K
 ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KE
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F
 (WGS84 )





GPS THEORY AND PRACTICE (1)


- 65 -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

c ‫اﻟﻘﻤﺮ‬ 
b ‫اﻟﻘﻤﺮ‬


a ‫اﻟﻘﻤﺮ‬






‫א‬‫ א‬WE17J 3F 
 W‫א‬‫א‬J 2J 12
‫א‬‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 E18J 3F‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
(b) (c) (d)
(a)
(‫اﻟﻤﺘﺠﻪ )أ ب‬
‫اﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ‬ (‫)ب‬
(‫اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺔ )أ‬
‫ إﺣﺪاﺛﻴﺎت) أ ( اﻟﻤﺤﺴﻮﺑﺔ‬- ‫ﻗﻴﻤﺔ اﻟﺘﺼﺤﻴﺢ = إﺣﺪاﺛﻴﺎت) أ ( اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺔ‬

‫ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ اﻟﺘﺼﺤﻴﺢ ﻟﻠﻨﻘﻄﺔ‬+ ‫إﺣﺪاﺛﻴﺎت اﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ) ب( اﻟﺼﺤﻴﺤﺔ = إﺣﺪاﺛﻴﺎت) ب( اﻟﻤﺤﺴﻮﺑﺔ‬
( ‫)أ‬
‫א‬‫ א‬WE18J 3F 
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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
EF‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬EF‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬(a, b, c, d)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E ∆ ،∆ ، ∆F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F
 W ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
 ‫א‬
‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬E‫א‬
(WGS84 )‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ (WGS84 )‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(Ain- ALAbd)‫א‬‫א‬

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 
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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬(G P S ) ‫א‬‫א‬ K1
 EResectionF‫א‬‫א‬ •
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(GPS )‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K2
 EAntennaF‫א‬‫• א‬
 (Receiver)‫• א‬
 (Keyboard )‫א‬ •
 (Program)‫א‬‫• א‬
(GPS )‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K3
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬(G P S )‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K4
 ‫א‬C/A‫א‬ •
 ‫א‬‫א‬ C/A •
 P-Code •
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
(G P S ) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K5
 ‫א‬
 W(G P S )‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K6
 K(Static)‫א‬‫• א‬
 K(Rapid Static)‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬
 K(Kinematic)‫א‬‫• א‬
 KER T KF‫א‬‫• א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬ •
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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 (G P S )‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K7
 K‫א‬‫א‬ •
 ‫א‬‫• א‬
 ‫א‬ •
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K8
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ K9
 ‫א‬‫• א‬
 ‫א‬‫• א‬
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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 WE3F‫א‬‫א‬
 WW‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 1
 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK،KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK،KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK،KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
 WW‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 EF   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 1
 EF   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 2
 EF     ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 3
 EF    ‫א‬‫א‬J 4
 EF   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 5
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬












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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 E F ،‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
    ‫א‬‫א‬ K1
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K2
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K3
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ K4
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ K5
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K6
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬? ???‫א‬،
 K‫א‬

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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  4   3   2   1  W‫א‬W ‫א‬
 10
 K‫א‬٪80W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬٪100W‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ K1
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K2
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K3
‫א‬‫א‬ K4
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K5
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K6
  ‫א‬


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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 EF

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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 EF

- 74 -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
GPS‫א‬‫א‬
 GPS‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
GPS‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 GPS‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 GPS‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬ W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K1
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K2

 K٪90‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬

 E12FW‫א‬‫א‬

14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1  ‫א‬
              ‫وﻗﺖ اﻟﺘﺪرﻳﺐ‬


- 75 -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
GPS‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 WJ 1
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EGPSF‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 WEGPSF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 2
EGPSF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 1J 2
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 2J 2
 K‫א‬J 3J 2
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 4J 2
 W‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 K
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 1J 2
W(Satellite Ephemeris)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J J 1J 2
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
(SA)(Selective Availability )‫א‬

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 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
GPS‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫ﻣﺪار اﻟﻘﻤﺮ اﻟﺨﻄﺄ‬
‫ﻣﺪار اﻟﻘﻤﺮ اﻟﺼﺤﻴﺢ‬
‫ ﻳﻮﺿﺢ أﺧﻄﺎء اﻟﻤﺪار‬: (1-4) ‫ﺷﻜﻞ رﻗﻢ‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
(SA)(Selective Availability )‫א‬‫א‬J J 1J 2

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ GPS ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ (SA) ‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬GPS ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J
 K J
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،E1FE2000L5L1‫א‬‫א‬F150J 100
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K(Relative Positioning)
 (Satellite Clock Drift)‫א‬‫א‬–J 1J 2
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
F‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬E 300‫א‬0.000001
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
GPS theory and practice ‫آﺘﺎب‬ (1)
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 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
GPS‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬J 2J 2
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
L100‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،300 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،
 ‫א‬‫א‬K 300‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W
 (Ionospheric Delay)‫א‬‫א‬J
 (Tropospheric Delay)‫א‬J
 W(Ionospheric Delay)‫א‬‫א‬J J 2J 2
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(Carrier phase)‫א‬‫א‬
 EE2J 4F‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
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‫ آﻢ‬19950
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Ionosphere
‫آﻢ اﻷﻳﻨﻮﺳﻔﻴﺮ‬200 
Troposphere ‫ آﻢ‬50
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‫اﻟﺘﺮﺑﻮﺳﻔﺒﺮ‬
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‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE2J 4F
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 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
GPS‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
EL2LL1F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 W(Tropospheric Delay)‫א‬J J 2J 2
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬10‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،E3J 4F‫א‬‫א‬F80‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬KEGPS)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬EL2LL1F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K(Relative Positioning)‫א‬
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‫ آﻢ‬19950 
Ionosphere 
‫آﻢ اﻷﻳﻨﻮﺳﻔﻴﺮ‬200
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Troposphere
‫اﻟﺘﺮﺑﻮﺳﻔﺒﺮ‬
‫ آﻢ‬50 ‫ﻃﺒﻘﺔ اﻟﺘﺮﺑﻮﺳﻔﻴﺮ‬ 
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‫א‬‫א‬WE3J 4F 
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 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
GPS‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 W‫א‬J 3J 2
 W(Multi path Error)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J J 3J 2
، ‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
E4J 4F‫א‬‫א‬FK ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 0E5J 4F‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
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1
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‫هﻮاﺋﻲ ﺧﺎص ﻳﻘﻠﻞ ارﺗﺪاد اﻹﺷﺎرات‬
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‫א‬‫א‬WE5J 4F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE4J 4F 
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J J 3J 2
 (Receiver Clock Drift)
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬Clocks Atomic
 ‫א‬‫א‬(P-Code / A/C-Code )
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫( ﺻﻮرة ﻣﻦ آﺘﺎﻟﻮج ﻟﺸﺮآﺔ ﻻﻳﻜﺎ‬1)
- 80 -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
GPS‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
Clocks Atomic‫א‬E300‫א‬0.001F
،‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ 
  ‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
EbF‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬EaF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
EF‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 KE6J 4F‫א‬
(a) ‫اﻟﻘﻤﺮ‬
(b) ‫اﻟﻘﻤﺮ‬
(‫) أ‬ ‫ث‬5
‫ث‬4
EF‫א‬WE6J 4F
،x ‫א‬z‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬EbF‫א‬،‫א‬EaF‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬،E7J 4F‫א‬EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
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 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
GPS‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
(a) ‫اﻟﻘﻤﺮ‬
(b) ‫اﻟﻘﻤﺮ‬
‫ث‬4
(‫) أ‬ ‫ث‬5
‫ث‬5
‫ث‬6
(‫) ب‬
EFEF‫א‬WE7J 4F
 ‫א‬‫א‬(c)‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Pseudo - Range‫א‬‫א‬E8J 4F
(a) ‫اﻟﻘﻤﺮ‬ 
(b) ‫اﻟﻘﻤﺮ‬ ‫ث‬5


‫ث‬4
‫ث‬5 ‫ث‬6 

‫ﻨﻘﻁﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺎﻁﻊ‬ ‫ث‬7

( c) ‫اﻟﻘﻤﺮ‬
‫ﺙ‬8 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE8J 4F 
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 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
GPS‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
،EaF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،EE8J 4F‫א‬‫א‬FEcF  ‫א‬‫א‬،EbF‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬،‫א‬
 ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬J ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 4J 2
 ‫א‬‫א‬J J 4J 2

 ‫א‬ (GPS)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
،E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،(Dilution Of Precision) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EE8J 4F‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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‫א‬‫א‬WE9J 4F
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 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
GPS‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 W‫א‬(GPS)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 δ p = DOP X δ M E1F
 ‫א‬Z δ p W
 ‫א‬ZDOP
 ‫א‬Z δ M
(DILUTION OF PRECISION) DOP‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF
 ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 (PDOP) 2+ (TDOP) 2
Z
E2F (GDOP) 2
 (GEOMETRIC DILUTION OF PRECISION)‫א‬‫א‬ZGDOP
 (TIME DILUTION OF PRECISION)‫א‬ZTDOP
 (POSITION DILUTION OF PRECISION)‫א‬ZPDOP
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 (VDOP) 2+ (HDOP)E3F
2
Z(PDOP) 2
 (HORIZONTAL DILUTION OF PRECISION)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ZHDOP 
 (VERTICAL DILUTION OF PRECISION)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ZVDOP
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‫ﺗﻮزﻳﻊ هﻨﺪﺳﻲ ﺟﻴﺪ‬   ‫ﺗﻮزﻳﻊ هﻨﺪﺳﻲ ﺳﻴﺊ‬
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 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE10J 4F 
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 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
GPS‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
GDOP‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J J 4J 2
‫א‬F ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬EE11J 4F‫א‬
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‫ﻋﻘﺒﺔ ﺗﻌﺘﺮض‬ 
‫إﺷﺎرات اﻷﻗﻤﺎر‬ 
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 ‫א‬‫א‬WE11J 4F  
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 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
GPS‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬J 3
 ‫א‬    ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  (Selective Availability)
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  (Satellite Ephemeris)
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 (Satellite Clock Drift)
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ (Ionospheric Delay)
 ‫א‬
 (Tropospheric Delay)
 ‫א‬‫א‬J ‫א‬‫א‬ (Multi path)‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬J  ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  (Receiver Clock Drift)
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬  (Unhealthy Satellite)
 ‫א‬




- 86 -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
GPS‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬J 4
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬G.P.S‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 W‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 1J 4
 KEL1, L2F‫א‬EL1F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J
 K‫א‬‫א‬J
 W‫א‬‫א‬J 2J 4
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ 
 KEF‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 3J 4
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 KE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬J 4J 4
‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬J J 4J 4
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬J
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J
 KELLF‫א‬
 KELLF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J
 W‫א‬J J 4J 4
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J
 K‫א‬‫א‬J
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 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
GPS‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 KEKKKKKJ ‫א‬J ‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬J

 KE‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J
 KE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J
 W‫א‬‫א‬J 5J 4
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J
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 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
GPS‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K1
 WEGPSF
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 (Selective Availability )‫א‬‫א‬ J
 (Satellite Clock Drift)‫א‬‫א‬ J
 W‫א‬‫א‬ •
 (Ionospheric Delay)‫א‬‫א‬ J
 W(Tropospheric Delay)‫א‬ J
 W‫א‬ •
 (Multi path Error)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
 ‫א‬‫ א‬J
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 ‫א‬‫א‬ K2
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K3

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 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
GPS‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
E4FW‫א‬‫א‬
 WW‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬J 1
 K‫א‬KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKJ 2
 WW‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 EF  K6‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 1
 EF     K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 2
 EF  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 3
 EF K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫( هﺪﻓﻪ‬S/A)‫א‬‫א‬J 4
 EF K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 5
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬











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 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
GPS‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E F،‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K1
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ K2
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ K3
‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K4
‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬? ???‫א‬،
K‫א‬

- 91 -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
GPS‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  4   3   2   1  W‫א‬W ‫א‬
 10
 K‫א‬٪80W‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬٪100W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K1
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ K2
 ‫א‬‫א‬ K3
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K4
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬

- 92 -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
GPS‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
EF
- 93 -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
GPS‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 EF
- 94 -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬ W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K1
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K2
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K3
K‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K4
 K‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬ K5
 ٪90‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K1
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K2
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K3
 E12FW‫א‬‫א‬

14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1  ‫א‬
              ‫وﻗﺖ اﻟﺘﺪرﻳﺐ‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K1
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K2
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K3

- 95 -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 WJ 1
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،(GPS )‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬(G P S )‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(GPS)‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(GPS)‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(GPS)‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(GPS)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W
 WGPS‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 2
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 1-2
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J 2-2
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 3-2
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 4-2
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
KE‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 5-2

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 6-2
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬(GPS)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 7-2

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 8-2
K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 9-2
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
















 GPSWE1J 5F
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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬(GPS)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 3
 W‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬
J J
‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K  K
‫א‬J ‫א‬‫א‬J  ‫א‬
 ،‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬J ‫א‬‫א‬J
 K‫א‬‫א‬ E 30F‫א‬
‫א‬J  KE120
 F
‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬J
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 1  K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬J 2
 K‫א‬‫א‬J 3
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬J
‫א‬‫א‬  0‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬J ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 K  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬J ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬J  ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
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 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 4
EGPSF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬،‫א‬W  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 1-4
 K‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬W ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 2-4
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬W   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 3-4
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬W ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 4-4
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬W ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 J 5-4
 KE‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬W ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 6-4
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬W  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 7-4
 K‫א‬‫א‬


 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 5
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬ J 1-5
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 2-5
 K‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 3-5
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 4-5
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 5-5
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 6
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
(Ain Alabd) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ (WGS84)‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬(parameters)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
4 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 1-6
K‫א‬‫א‬3‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 2-6
‫א‬ E‫א‬F‫א‬ J 3-6
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 K
K‫א‬ J 4-6
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 5-6
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 6-6
K‫א‬‫א‬
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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J 7-6

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 8-6
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF J 9-6
 ‫א‬‫א‬E1J F
 WJ 7
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 1J 7
 K20‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 12Z6C2Z‫א‬‫א‬
 6ZE1J 3FD12Z‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬120Z6C20Z‫א‬‫א‬
 E
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 2J 7
 W‫א‬
 12Z6C2Z‫א‬‫א‬
 4ZE1J 4FD12Z‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬80Z4C20Z‫א‬‫א‬
 E
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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬15‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 2J 7
 K20‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 30Z15C2Z‫א‬‫א‬
 8Z7.5ZE1J 5FD30Z‫א‬
 E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬160Z8C20Z‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 
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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 8
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬(lat, lon, Hgt)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬WK‫א‬(MIN SV)‫א‬ J
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W(ELV. MASK)‫א‬ J
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬
 xE2J 5F‫א‬‫א‬z‫א‬
، ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  (INTVL)‫א‬ J
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
KxE3J 5F‫א‬‫א‬z‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
Z‫א‬ J 
15Z‫א‬ J ‫ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺔ‬

K‫א‬‫א‬20Z‫א‬ J
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- 103 -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

‫ﺣﺎﺟﺰ اﻻرﺗﻔﺎع‬


‫زاوﻳﺔ اﻻرﺗﻔﺎع‬

‫א‬ WE2J 5F 

‫ﻓﺎﺻﻞ زﻣﻨﻲ آﺒﻴﺮ‬


‫ﻓﺎﺻﻞ زﻣﻨﻲ ﺻﻐﻴﺮ‬ 

‫א‬‫א‬ WE3J 5F 

- 104 -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 W‫א‬J 9
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ J 1-9
 ‫א‬ J 2-9
 W‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬J 1J 9
،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬(reference)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ EE4J 5F‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬
(reference)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EroverF
KEE5J 5F‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ WE4J 5F 
- 105 -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫ﻧﻘﻄﺔ‬
‫ﻧﻘﻄﺔ‬ 
( 5) ‫رﻗﻢ‬
( 6 ) ‫رﻗﻢ‬
‫ﻧﻘﻄﺔ‬
( 4 ) ‫رﻗﻢ‬ 

‫ﻧﻘﻄﺔ‬ ‫ﻧﻘﻄﺔ‬
( 7 ) ‫رﻗﻢ‬ ( 3 ) ‫رﻗﻢ‬
‫اﻟﻮﺣﺪة اﻟﺜﺎﺑﺘﺔ‬ 
‫ﻧﻘﻄﺔ‬
(2) ‫رﻗﻢ‬ 
‫اﻟﻮﺣﺪة اﻟﻤﺘﺤﺮآﺔ‬
‫اﻟﻮﺣﺪة اﻟﻤﺘﺤﺮآﺔ‬ ( 1 ) ‫ﻧﻘﻄﺔ رﻗﻢ‬ 
( 8 ) ‫ﻧﻘﻄﺔ رﻗﻢ‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WEJ 5J 5F 
‫ﻧﻘﻄﺔ‬
‫ﻧﻘﻄﺔ‬
( 5 ) ‫رﻗﻢ‬ 
( 6 ) ‫رﻗﻢ‬
‫ﻧﻘﻄﺔ‬
( 4 ) ‫رﻗﻢ‬ 
‫اﻟﻮﺣﺪة اﻟﻤﺘﺤﺮآﺔ‬

‫ﻧﻘﻄﺔ‬ ‫ﻧﻘﻄﺔ‬
( 7 ) ‫رﻗﻢ‬ ( 3 ) ‫رﻗﻢ‬
‫اﻟﻮﺣﺪة اﻟﺜﺎﺑﺘﺔ‬ 
‫ﻧﻘﻄﺔ‬
( 2 ) ‫رﻗﻢ‬ 
‫ﻧﻘﻄﺔ‬ 
(8 ) ‫رﻗﻢ‬
‫ﻧﻘﻄﺔ‬
( 1 ) ‫رﻗﻢ‬ 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WEJ 5J 5F
- 106 -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 W‫א‬J 2J 9
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(reference)E1F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E2F‫א‬
،EroverF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EE6J 5F ‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
3  K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
2
4 5
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 3{2،1‫א‬‫א‬ J
‫א‬ J
1
6
 E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F
‫א‬‫א‬WEJ 6J 5F
3

2 4
5 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
1 6
 4‫א‬‫א‬1‫א‬‫א‬ J
‫א‬WEJ 6J 5F  ‫א‬ J
- 107 -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
4 
3
5  W‫א‬‫א‬
2
 1‫א‬‫א‬3‫א‬‫א‬ J
 ‫א‬ J
1 6 
‫א‬WEJ 6J 5F
 
3 
4
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
5
2
 3‫א‬‫א‬2‫א‬‫א‬ J
 ‫א‬ J

1 6
‫א‬WEJ 6J 5F  
5 
3
6 
2
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 6‫א‬‫א‬3‫א‬‫א‬ J
1 6  ‫א‬ J
‫א‬WEJ 6J 5F

- 108 -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
5
3 4 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
2
 5‫א‬‫א‬1‫א‬‫א‬ J
 ‫א‬ J
1 6

‫א‬WEJ 6J 5F


5
3
4 
2  W‫א‬‫א‬
 1‫א‬‫א‬6‫א‬‫א‬ J
 ‫א‬ J
1 6

‫א‬‫א‬WEJ 6J 5F

- 109 -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 WEGPSF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 10
 W‫א‬‫א‬(GPS)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 W
 ‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K1
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬50000W1‫א‬ K2
KEF‫א‬‫א‬
KE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K3
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K4
 KEF‫ א‬K5
KE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬ K6
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K7
KE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 ‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K1
E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬ K2
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K3
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K4
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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K5
K‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K6
K‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K7
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬ K1
 K‫א‬‫א‬ K2
 K‫א‬‫א‬ K3
 E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K4
 ‫א‬ K5
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K6

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬

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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 11
 ‫א‬‫א‬J 1J 11
‫א‬‫א‬
 EF‫א‬  ‫א‬ EF‫א‬
 GDOP
 30J 10  6  4  1<
 60J 30  6  4  5J 1
 90J 60  6  4  10J 5
 120J 90  6  4  20J 10
 3J 2  6  4  50J 20
 3  6  4  100J 50
 4  6  4  100
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 2J 11
‫א‬‫א‬
 EF‫א‬  ‫א‬ EF‫א‬
GDOP
 5  5  4  1<
 10J 5  5  4  5J 1
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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 15J 10  5  4  10J 5
 30J 10  5  4  20J 10

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 12
‫א‬
    ‫א‬
‫א‬
0.2 5J 1 10J 5 10  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- 113 -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
(ASHETECH Z12)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K K1
 K‫א‬‫א‬ K2
7  K‫א‬ K3
4  K‫א‬‫ א‬K4
3  K‫א‬ K5
6
2  K‫א‬‫א‬ K6
5  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K7
1  K K8


8 


‫ ﺻﻮرة ﻷﺟﺰاء ﺟﻬﺎز اﺷﺘﻚ‬: (7-5) ‫ﺷﻜﻞ رﻗﻢ‬ 
‫א‬
   ‫א‬K‫א‬ ‫א‬
 KEF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 Z12‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫ א‬K1
 ‫ א‬K2
 ‫א‬‫ א‬K3
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬J 1
‫א‬14.5‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬J 2
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬8‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬ J 
‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬ J 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  e  ‫א‬W  ‫א‬‫א‬ J 
 K  c  ‫א‬‫א‬
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
(ASHTECH Z12)‫א‬WE8J 5F
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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬11EZ12F
 ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  e  
 SKY SEARCH INFO.EFJ 1
‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 SKY SEARCH INFO.
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ SVS
12 ‫א‬ CHAN
‫א‬ PRN
‫א‬ STAT

EL1-L2 F‫א‬ PL
 ‫א‬ SN
 ‫א‬‫א‬ LK
  EF‫א‬‫א‬ GMT
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 EF WE9J 5F 
- 116 -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ORBIT INFORMATION0E1FJ 2

 
 KKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
ORBIT INFORMATION0
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
99 ‫א‬‫א‬ CNT
50
‫א‬ ‫א‬W‫א‬ S/N

90‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ELV

361 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ AZN 1
‫א‬‫א‬
E8F
‫א‬‫א‬ URA
8

‫א‬ HEL
‫א‬‫א‬ AGE
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 E1F WE10J 5F 
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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 NAVIGATION INFORMATIONE2FJ 3
‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬GPS‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
NAVIGATION INFORMATION
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ LAT
‫א‬ LON
‫א‬ ALT
 Course over ground
COG
‫א‬‫א‬
 Speed over ground
SOG
‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬E1F
FIGURE OF MERIT  2
‫א‬E9F FOM
‫א‬‫א‬ 

DILUTION OF PRECISION

 ‫א‬‫א‬
PDOP
E6F E03D F
‫א‬‫א‬
HDOP
E2D)‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
VDOP

‫א‬‫א‬
TDOP
 



- 118 -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 E2( F2
) ‫ﺷﺎﺷﺔ رﻗﻢ‬WE:11
(11
J -5F) 
‫ﺷﻜﻞ رﻗﻢ‬
 TRACKING INFORMATIONE3FJ 4

 
‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬5‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
TRACKING INFORMATION










E3F WE12J 5F 


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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

 MODE CONTROLE4FJ 5
‫א‬ 
 
  ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬
 00000 B{A‫א‬
MODE CONTROL
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
POS
WGS 84‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ INTVL
3 
 MIN SV
E4F
ELV
15 ‫א‬
MASK
‫א‬
RNGR
‫א‬
 ‫א‬ POSITION
‫א‬ DIFFERN
 TL 4
10 ‫א‬ SESSION
PORT (A-
‫א‬
B-C-D)
EXT
‫א‬
FREQ

PULSE

GEN
‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ DATUM
A/B ‫א‬‫א‬ MODEM
SUBCMD
E8F
S

- 120 -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬









E4F WE13J 5F 

 DIFFERENTIAL INFORMATIONE5FJ 6
EKinamaticF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
REMOTE MODE,BASE MODE‫א‬‫א‬
DIFFERENTIAL INFORMATION

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
E5F WE14 J 5F   

- 121 -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

 WAYPOINT CONTROLE6FJ 7
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
WAYPOINT CONTROL

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 E6FWE15J 5F 
 SATELLITE SELECTION CONTROLE7FJ 8
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Auto Selection
 SATELLITE SELECTION CONTROL
- 122 -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 SYSTEM CONTROLE8FJ 9
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 SYSTEM CONTROL
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
9‫א‬ E4F‫א‬‫א‬ SITE
‫א‬‫א‬ EQHR
8
‫–א‬‫א‬ WN-D
‫א‬ TIME
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 E8FWE17J 5F 
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- 123 -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 SITE AND SESSION CONTROLE9FJ 10

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
SITE AND SESSION CONTROL

 ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ SITE
 ‫א‬ SESS
 ‫א‬ RCV#
E3F ‫א‬‫א‬ ANT#
‫א‬‫א‬ MMDD
E‫א‬
  F‫א‬‫א‬ OPR
E13F ‫א‬ CODE
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ HI
EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ T-DRY 9
EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ WET
‫א‬‫א‬ RH
EF‫א‬‫א‬ BP
‫א‬ BEF
‫א‬ AFT
‫א‬‫א‬ EPOCHS
‫א‬‫א‬
RECORD
EY/ N F
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- 124 -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

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 E9FWE18 J 5F 
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 ALL –IN-VIEW INFE10FJ 11
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
ALL –IN-VIEW INF.
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 E10F WE19 J 5F  
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- 125 -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 VISIBILITY INFE11FJ 12
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
VISIBILITY INF.
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 WE20 J 5F 
 E11F
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- 126 -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 Z12GPS‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬F ‫א‬
‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K1
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K2
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J
 E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F1510‫א‬ J
 W‫א‬‫א‬ K3
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
 ‫א‬‫ א‬-
E8F‫א‬‫א‬ K4
 EE21J 5F‫א‬‫א‬F
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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫أرﻗﺎم اﻷﻗﻤﺎر اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ‬

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‫اﺳﻢ اﻟﻤﺸﺮوع‬
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yasser okda
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‫اﻟﺘﻮزﻳﻊ اﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﻲ‬ ‫ﻋﺪد اﻷﻗﻤﺎر‬ 
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03
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‫اﻟﻄﺎﺋﻒ‬: ‫اﻟﻤﻮﻗﻊ‬ ‫ درﺟﺔ‬15 =‫ﺣﺎﺟﺰ اﻻرﺗﻔﺎع‬ :‫ﻓﺮق اﻟﺘﻮﻗﻴﺖ‬ ‫ﻣﻮاﻗﻊ اﻟﺮﺻﺪ اﻟﻤﺨﺰﻧﺔ‬ 
‫اﻹﺣﺪاﺛﻴﺎت اﻟﺠﻐﺮاﻓﻴﺔ‬ ‫ م‬2003/4/24 :‫ﺗﺎرﻳﺦ اﻟﺮﺻﺪ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﻋﺎت‬3 ‫ﻓﻲ ذاآﺮة اﻟﺠﻬﺎز‬


 ‫א‬‫א‬WE21J 5F
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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 WGPS‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K1
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ K2
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K3
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ K4
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ K5
 KE‫א‬‫א‬F
F‫א‬ K6
 Z12‫א‬WE23J 5F ‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E4F‫א‬ K7
،‫א‬،‫א‬ELat, Lon, hF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J
 K‫א‬
 EMINSVFW J
‫א‬‫א‬EELEV MASKFW‫א‬ J
 15
 ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EINTVLF‫א‬ J
 ‫א‬KE20J 15F‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E8F‫א‬‫א‬ K8
K‫א‬
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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 KE9F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K9
 KEF‫א‬‫א‬ J
 KEMM, DDF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 KEF‫א‬‫א‬ J
 K13‫א‬‫א‬ J
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬ J
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K10
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K11
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E2F‫א‬‫א‬ K12
E‫א‬FE2F‫א‬‫א‬ K13
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K14
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K1
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K2
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K3
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K4
 ‫א‬ K5
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K6

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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 Leica SR520‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫ א‬J 1
 ‫ א‬J 2
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J 3
 ‫א‬ J 4
 ‫א‬ J 5
  J 6
 ‫ א‬J 7
 ‫ א‬J 8
 ‫א‬ J 9
 ‫א‬ J 10
E1F
‫א‬WE23J 5F
 ‫א‬ J 11
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬


‫اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ‬
‫ﻟﻮﺣﺔ اﻟﺘﺤﻜﻢ‬  E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬J 1
 ‫א‬J 2
 ‫א‬J 3
 


 E1F
SR520‫א‬WE24J 5F 




‫א‬‫א‬E1 )
- 131 -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 W‫א‬J 1
 W‫א‬
 ‫א‬ J
 ‫א‬ J
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 SR530‫א‬‫א‬3E8 PINF K1
 ESR530‫א‬‫א‬F1 K2
‫א‬(5 PIN) K3
 ‫א‬ K4
PPS K5
 E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬ K6
2 K7
2(5 PIN) K8
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 E1F
‫א‬ K9
‫א‬WE25J 5F 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬1(8 PIN) K10

E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬ K11
 ‫א‬ K12





 ‫א‬‫א‬


- 132 -
‫א‪‬א‪ ‬‬ ‫א‪‬א‪ ‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬
‫א‪‬א‪‬א‪‬‬ ‫א‪‬א‪‬א‪‬א‪ ‬‬ ‫א‪ ‬‬
‫‪W ‬א‪‬א‪ W‬‬

‫‪‬א‪‬א‪‬א‪‬א‪ W‬‬
‫‪‬א‪ ‬‬
‫‪‬א‪‬א‪ ‬‬
‫‪ ‬א‪‬א‪‬‬
‫ﻟﻤﺒﺔ اﻟﺒﻄﺎرﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻤﺒﺔ اﻷﻗﻤﺎر‬ ‫ﻟﻤﺒﺔ اﻟﺬاآﺮة‬

‫اﻟﻠﻤﺒﺎت ﻣﻄﻔﺄة‬ ‫اﻟﻠﻤﺒﺎت ﻣﻄﻔﺄة‬ ‫اﻟﻠﻤﺒﺎت ﻣﻄﻔﺄة‬
‫ﻻ ﺗﻮﺟﺪ ﺑﻄﺎرﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﻻ ﺗﻮﺟﺪ أﻗﻤﺎر‬ ‫ﻻ ﻳﻮﺟﺪ آﺎرت ﺗﺨﺰﻳﻦ‬
‫ﻟﻤﺒﺔ اﻟﺬاآﺮة‬
‫اﻟﻠﻤﺒﺔ اﻟﺨﻀﺮاء‬ ‫ﻟﻤﺒﺔ اﻷﻗﻤﺎر‬
‫اﻟﻠﻤﺒﺔ اﻟﺨﻀﺮاء‬
‫ﻣﻀﺎءة‬ ‫اﻟﻠﻤﺒﺔ اﻟﺨﻀﺮاء‬
‫ﻣﻀﺎءة‬
‫اﻟﺒﻄﺎرﻳﺔ ﺟﻴﺪة‬ ‫ﺗﻮﻣﺾ ﻓﻼش‬
‫اﻟﺬاآﺮة ﻓﺎرﻏﺔ‬
‫أول ﻗﻤﺮ ﺗﻢ اﻟﺘﻘﺎﻃﻪ‬
‫ﻟﻤﺒﺔ اﻟﺬاآﺮة‬
‫اﻟﻠﻤﺒﺔ اﻟﺨﻀﺮاء‬ ‫ﻟﻤﺒﺔ اﻷﻗﻤﺎر‬ ‫اﻟﻠﻤﺒﺔ اﻟﺨﻀﺮاء‬
‫ﺗﻮﻣﺾ ﻓﻼش‬ ‫اﻟﻠﻤﺒﺔ اﻟﺨﻀﺮاء‬ ‫ﺗﻮﻣﺾ ﻓﻼش‬
‫اﻟﺒﻄﺎرﻳﺔ ﺿﻌﻴﻔﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻀﺎءة‬ ‫اﻟﺬاآﺮة ﺑﻬﺎ أآﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ف‬
‫ﻋﺪد اﻷﻗﻤﺎر آﺎ ٍ‬ ‫‪ % 75‬ﻣﻤﺘﻠﺌﺔ‬
‫‪E1F‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪ WE26 J 5F‬א‪‬א‪‬‬
‫‪- 133 -‬‬

‫א‪‬א‪ ‬‬ ‫א‪‬א‪ ‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬
‫א‪‬א‪‬א‪‬‬ ‫א‪‬א‪‬א‪‬א‪ ‬‬ ‫א‪ ‬‬
‫‪J 2‬א‪ W‬‬
‫أزرار اﻟﻮﻇﺎﺋﻒ اﻟﻤﺘﻐﻴﺮة‬

‫ﻳﻘﻮم آﻞ زرار ﺑﻮﻇﻴﻔﺔ‬
‫ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺗﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺑﺎﺧﺘﻼف‬
‫اﻟﺒﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ‬ ‫زرار اﻹﻟﻐﺎء واﻟﻤﺴﺢ ‪CE‬‬
‫ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪم ﻟﻤﺴﺢ أي ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎت ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺸﺎﺷﺔ‬
‫زرار اﻟﻬﺮوب أو اﻟﺘﺮاﺟﻊ‬
‫ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪم ﻟﻠﺘﺮاﺟﻊ ﻋﻦ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ‬
‫زرار ‪ CAPS‬اﻟﻜﺎﺑﻴﺘﻞ‬
‫أو أﻣﺮ‬
‫ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪم ﻟﻠﺘﺤﻮﻳﻞ ﺑﻴﻦ اﻟﺤﺮوف‬
‫اﻟﺼﻐﻴﺮة واﻟﻜﺒﻴﺮة‬
‫زرار اﻹدﺧﺎل ‪ENTER‬‬
‫زرار ﺗﻬﻴﺌﺔ اﻟﺠﻬﺎز وإﻋﺪادﻩ‬
‫ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪم ﻹدﺧﺎل اﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎت إﻟﻰ‬
‫ﻟﻠﺮﺻﺪ‬
‫اﻟﺠﻬﺎز‬
‫زرار اﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ‪STATUS‬‬
‫ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪم ﻹﻇﻬﺎر ﺣﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﺠﻬﺎز‬
‫زرار ‪F7‬‬
‫ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪم ﻹﻇﻬﺎر ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت ﻋﻦ‬
‫اﻷﻗﻤﺎر اﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ‬
‫أزرار اﻟﺤﺮآﺔ‬
‫ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪم ﻟﺘﺤﺮﻳﻚ اﻹﺷﺎرة‬
‫اﻟﻤﻀﻴﺌﺔ ﻓﻲ أي اﺗﺠﺎﻩ‬
‫زرار ‪F8‬‬ ‫زرار اﻟﺘﺸﻐﻴﻞ‬

‫ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪم ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﺮﺻﺪ‬ ‫ﻟﻔﺘﺢ وﻏﻠﻖ اﻟﺠﻬﺎز‬
‫اﻟﻤﺘﺤﺮك‬
‫زرار ‪F10‬‬
‫ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪم ﻹﻇﻬﺎر ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت ﺣﺎﻟﺔ‬
‫زرار ‪F9‬‬ ‫اﻟﺒﻄﺎرﻳﺎت وآﺎرت اﻟﺘﺨﺰﻳﻦ‬
‫ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪم ﻹﻇﻬﺎر إﺣﺪاﺛﻴﺎت‬
‫اﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ‬
‫‪‬‬
‫‪ WE27 J 5F ‬א‪‬א‪ ‬‬
‫‪- 134 -‬‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 W Leica SR 520‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
2F 
 ‫א‬J 1


E1F





E1F
‫א‬‫א‬WE28J 5F 

 ‫א‬J 2







E1F
‫א‬‫א‬WE29J 5F


‫א‬E1)
- 135 -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬J 3
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 








‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE30J 5F 
E1F
 W‫א‬‫א‬EPoleF‫א‬‫א‬J 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬











E1F
‫א‬‫א‬WE31J 5F
- 136 -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬J 4

 ‫א‬ON/OFF‫א‬ -1
 K‫א‬‫א‬


W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ config. -2

yasser fathey
 ‫א‬‫א‬ -3
 ‫א‬ cont‫א‬ -4
ST- YASSER  E ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F
 

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(NEW)  F2 ‫א‬  -5
 (Yasser)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -6
yasser
STATIC
 (static)J
 (yasser fathey)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J
YASSER FATHEY



 ‫א‬ cont‫א‬ -7

 ELF‫א‬‫א‬ -8
 cont‫א‬‫א‬ -9
 ‫א‬

- 137 -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -10
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬



 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  cont‫א‬ -11

‫א‬‫א‬ -12
 EKKKKKKKL5.0L1.0L0.5L0.1F
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J


 ‫א‬ cont‫א‬ -13

‫א‬‫א‬ -14
Eng.:yasser 06 . 10 . 03
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  F1 (CONT)



- 138 -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 E‫א‬‫א‬F F2‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -15
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J
Eng.:yasser okda  (TAIF)‫א‬J
TAIF (HAWYA)‫א‬‫א‬J
HAWYA  ‫א‬‫א‬J
 E ‫א‬F
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ F1 (CONT )‫א‬ -16
 ‫א‬‫א‬J
 (E, N, H) / (N, E, H)
 ‫א‬‫ א‬‫א‬‫א‬J
 (Lat., Lon. , Hgt) / (Lon., Lat., Hgt)
 ‫א‬‫א‬J
L‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬J
 E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬ F1 (CONT )‫א‬ -17
‫א‬‫א‬J
 
15J 10F‫א‬J
 E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬J
 K‫א‬
 ‫א‬ F1 (CONT )‫א‬ -18
 F‫א‬‫א‬J
 E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J
‫א‬F
 E stop‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- 139 -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ F1 (CONT )‫א‬ -19

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 5
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -1
 E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -2

‫א‬‫א‬ -3
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬ -4
KE‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬





‫א‬WE32J 5F
ON/OFF‫א‬ -5
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬



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

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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬


survey‫א‬‫א‬ -6
ST-yasser
 F1 (CONT )‫א‬
TRY-1
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -7
E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬
‫א‬ Enter‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -8
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
ECONTF F1 ‫א‬ -9
‫א‬‫א‬
Eng.: yasser 06 .10 . 03 
SESSION 1 03 .11 . 03
TRY 1 14 .11 . 03 


 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -10
 E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬ -11
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -12
 WE9،8،7،6F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 F2NEW -6
 (SESSION 2)‫א‬‫א‬ -7
SESSION 2  (AREA 3)‫א‬‫א‬ -8

AREA 3 (YASSER FATHEY)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -9
yasser fathey
‫א‬ -10

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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬ F1 (CONT )‫א‬ -11
55  ‫א‬ J
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 ‫א‬‫א‬ J
 E8F

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ F1 (OCUPY )‫א‬ -12

55 ‫א‬‫א‬ -13
‫א‬



 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -14
 E‫א‬F‫א‬ -15
 F1 (STOP )‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -16
 ‫א‬ F1 (STOR ) ‫א‬ -17
 SHIFT + QUIT (F6)‫א‬‫א‬ -18
ON/OFF‫א‬‫א‬ -19
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -20
 K‫א‬
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- 142 -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K1
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K2
 K‫א‬‫א‬(SKI Pro)‫א‬‫א‬ K3
K‫א‬‫א‬ K4
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K5

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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
‫א‬GPS‫א‬GPS‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 1
 ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 2
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 3
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 4
 ‫א‬‫• א‬
 ‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 5
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 6
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬J 7
‫א‬(Ashetech z12)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
‫א‬ELeica SR520F‫א‬‫א‬ •




- 144 -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
E5FW‫א‬‫א‬
 WW‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬J 1
 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬J 2
 ‫א‬J 3
KKKKKKKKKKKKKK ‫א‬‫א‬KKKKKKKKKKKKKK ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 WW‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 EF   K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 1
 EF    K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 2
 EF K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 3
 EF    K‫א‬‫א‬30J 4
 EF K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 5
 EF    K‫א‬J 6
 EF  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 7
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EÃF،‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K1
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K2
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K3
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ K4
‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K5
‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬? ???‫א‬،
K‫א‬
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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  4   3   2   1  W‫א‬W ‫א‬
 10
 K‫א‬٪80W‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬٪100W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K1
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K2
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K3
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ K4
‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K5

‫א‬
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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
EF

- 148 -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 EF
- 149 -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
  J 1
 ‫א‬ J 2
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 3
 J 4
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬٪90‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 1
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 2
 K‫א‬‫א‬ J 3
 W‫א‬‫א‬

14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1  ‫א‬
              ‫وﻗﺖ اﻟﺘﺪرﻳﺐ‬

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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 WJ 1
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،(GPS )‫א‬‫א‬
،(GPS ) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬،(GPS ) ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،(G P S )‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،(GPS)‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ (G P S ) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬،
  K1
  K2
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K3
GPS‫א‬ K4
‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬

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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 (GPS)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 
14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1  ‫א‬
             ‫وﻗﺖ اﻟﺘﺪرﻳﺐ‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 (GPS)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 1

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(GPS)‫א‬‫א‬J 1



W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 Z‫א‬ J 
15Z‫א‬ J 
‫א‬10Z‫א‬ J 



‫א‬{‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 


- 152 -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 {GPS)F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬}‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K1
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬ K2
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E
 ‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬ K3
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬ K1
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K2
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K3
 K{E1F}‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K4
KK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K5
KE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K6
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K7
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K8
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬ K1
 K‫א‬‫א‬ K2
 KE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K3
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K4
KE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F(SPP)

‫א‬‫א‬ERTKF‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺔ‬ 
- 153 -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 GPS‫א‬‫א‬
 EF
 KK...................KW‫א‬ K....................KW‫א‬ .....................................................KW‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬  W‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ...........KW‫א‬KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKW‫א‬‫א‬
 K............................................. W‫א‬ LLW‫א‬‫א‬142LLW‫א‬

  .............................................W‫א‬‫א‬      W‫א‬
 K.............................................W‫א‬ .......................WE‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
.....................KWE‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬
 W‫א‬  W‫א‬
 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKW‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬    KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKW‫א‬‫א‬
 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKW‫א‬‫ א‬KKKKKKKKKKKKKW‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKW‫א‬‫א‬
 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKW‫א‬‫א‬  KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKW‫א‬
 (PDOP) 
 W
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
(1) ‫ﻧﻤﻮذج رﻗﻢ‬
- 154 -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 (GPS)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 E9F

14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1  ‫א‬
             ‫وﻗﺖ اﻟﺘﺪرﻳﺐ‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 1
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 2
 ‫א‬‫א‬J 3

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K(GPS)‫א‬‫א‬ K1
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K2
 K‫א‬ K3




‫א‬‫א‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻤﺪرب‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬




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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 {(GPS)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬}‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫ א‬K1
(Reference)
KEF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(Rovers)‫א‬‫א‬ K2

 ‫א‬ K3
EF‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K4
 EF‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K5
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K6

 ‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K1
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K2
 EE2FF‫א‬‫א‬ K3
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K4
 ،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K5
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K6
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K7
‫א‬‫א‬

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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 K(Rovers, Reference)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K1
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K2
 KE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K3
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K4
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K5

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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 GPS‫א‬‫א‬
 E‫א‬F
 KK...................KW‫א‬ K....................KW‫א‬ .....................................................KW‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬  W‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ............KW‫א‬KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKW‫א‬‫א‬
 K............................................. W‫א‬ Rover Reference W‫א‬

 .............................................W‫א‬‫א‬      W‫א‬
 K.............................................W‫א‬  LL‫א‬‫א‬142LLW‫א‬
.......................WE‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
 .....................KWE‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬
 W‫א‬  W‫א‬
 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKW‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬    KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKW‫א‬‫א‬
 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKW‫א‬‫א‬  KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKW‫א‬
 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKW‫א‬‫א‬ KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKW‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKW‫א‬‫א‬
 (PDOP) 
 W
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
- 158 -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
(GPS)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 K‫א‬EF

14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1  ‫א‬
              ‫وﻗﺖ اﻟﺘﺪرﻳﺐ‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 1
 KE‫א‬
 KE‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 2

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 (RTK)‫א‬(GPS)‫א‬‫א‬ K1
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K2



‫ﻟﻠﻤﺪرب‬ 

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


- 159 -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
(GPS)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬}‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 {‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫ א‬K1
K(Reference)
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K2
(Rover)‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬ K3
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
KE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ K4
KEF‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K5
K
 ‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K1
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K2

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K3
KE2F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K4
KE‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
 KEE3FF‫א‬‫א‬ K5
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K6
K‫א‬‫א‬
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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 K(Rovers, Reference)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K1
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K2
 KE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K3
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K4
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K5
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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 GPS‫א‬‫א‬
 K...................KW‫א‬ K....................KW‫א‬ .....................................................KW‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬  W‫א‬
 ....................KKW‫א‬‫א‬  KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKW‫א‬‫א‬
.........................W‫א‬  .......................KW‫א‬
.................................:‫א‬‫א‬  LLW‫א‬‫א‬142LLW‫א‬
KKKKKKKZ‫א‬    W‫א‬‫א‬      W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬  E‫א‬‫א‬FW‫א‬
  KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKZ‫א‬
  KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKZ‫א‬‫א‬
  KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKZ‫א‬
 9  8  7  6  5  4  3  2  1 
         ‫א‬‫א‬
         ‫א‬
          ‫א‬
 W
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
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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 (GPS)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 ‫א‬EF
14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1  ‫א‬
              ‫وﻗﺖ اﻟﺘﺪرﻳﺐ‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 K(GPS)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 1
 K(GPS)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 2

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K(RTK)(GPS)‫א‬‫א‬ K1
K‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K2
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K3
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‫ هـ‬1419 ‫ ط‬- ‫ ﻣﻜﺘﺒﺔ اﻟﻌﺒﻴﻜﺎن‬- ‫ اﻟﺠﻤﻌﻴﺔ اﻟﺠﻐﺮاﻓﻴﺔ اﻟﺴﻌﻮدﻳﺔ‬- ‫( دﻟﻴﻞ اﻟﻤﻮاﻗﻊ اﻟﺠﻐﺮاﻓﻴﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﻤﻠﻜﺔ‬1)
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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 {(GPS)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬}‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬(Reference)‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K1
‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K2
E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ K3
EF‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K4
 ‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K1
،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K2
E‫א‬‫א‬F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K3
 EE4FF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K4
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K5
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
E2F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E1F‫א‬‫א‬ K6
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬E2F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E1F‫א‬‫א‬ K7
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬E2F‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬

- 164 -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 (Rovers, Reference)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K1
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K2
 E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K3

 W
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 1
 (X=4521691.198, y=3857227.125, z=2311030.253)W(WGS84)

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E2FESL0315F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 2
 (N=2355718.171, E=647237.28)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ( λ = 40 25' 09.7480", φ =21 17' 49.4465")
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E2FESL0415F‫א‬‫א‬
 (N=2355998.402, E=647112.150)‫א‬
 ( λ = 40 25' 05.4939", φ =21 17' 58.5956")

 ‫א‬‫א‬E2FESL0415F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 3



‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ‫ﻟﻠﻤﺪرب‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -




‫( دﻟﻴﻞ آﺮوت وﺻﻒ ﻧﻘﺎط اﻟﺜﻮاﺑﺖ اﻷرﺿﻴﺔ ﻟﻤﺪﻳﻨﺔ اﻟﻄﺎﺋﻒ‬2)
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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 GPS‫א‬‫א‬
 K...................KW‫א‬ K....................KW‫א‬ .....................................................KW‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬  W‫א‬
 ....................KKW‫א‬‫א‬ KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKW‫א‬‫א‬
.....................:‫א‬‫א‬ .................W‫א‬ .......................KW‫א‬
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKW‫א‬    W‫א‬‫א‬ LLW‫א‬‫א‬142LLW‫א‬
 E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬FW‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 7  6  5  4  3  2  1  ‫א‬‫א‬ 
        ‫א‬
        ‫א‬‫א‬
         ‫א‬
 W
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
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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E F،‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
    

    W(GPS)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKK ‫א‬ J 1
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKK ‫א‬ J 2
     
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKK ‫א‬ J 3
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKK  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  J 4


‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬? ???‫א‬،
K‫א‬

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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  4   3   2   1  W‫א‬ W‫א‬
 10
 K‫א‬٪80W‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬٪100W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ J 1
(GPS)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 2
 ‫א‬ J 3
 ‫א‬ J 4
‫א‬‫א‬ J 5
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 J 6

‫א‬
 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKW


- 168 -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
EF

- 169 -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 EF

- 170 -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫ א‬
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WEF b
a
WGS-84:‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
• Equatorial Radius (a) = 6378137.0

• Flattening (f) = 1/298.257223563
∆ a = (a WGS-84 –a local)
∆ f = (f WGS-84 –f local) X 104
Reference Ellipsoid, Equatorial Radius (a) , Reciprocal Flattening (1/f), Delta a, Delta f (*10^4)
Airy, 6377563.396, 299.3249646, 573.604, 0.11960023
Australian National, 6378160.0, 298.25, -23.0, -0.00081204
Bessel 1841, 6377397.155, 299.1528128, 739.845, 0.10037483
Bessel 1841 (Nambia), 6377483.865, 299.1528128, 653.135, 0.10037483
Clarke 1866, 6378206.4, 294.9786982, -69.4, -0.37264639
Clarke 1880, 6378249.145, 293.465, -112.145, -0.54750714
Everest, 6377276.345, 300.8017, 860.655, 0.28361368
Fischer 1960 (Mercury), 6378166.0, 298.3, -29.0, 0.00480795
Fischer 1968, 6378150.0, 298.3, -13..0, 0.00480795
GRS 1967, 6378160.0, 298.247167427, -23.0, -0.00113048
GRS 1980, 6378137, 298.257222101, 0.0, -0.00000016
Helmert 1906, 6378200.0, 298.3, -63.0, 0.00480795
Hough, 6378270.0, 297.0, -133.0, -0.14192702

- 171 -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
International, 6378388.0, 297.0, -251.0.0, -0.14192702
Krassovsky, 6378245.0, 298.3, -108.0, 0.00480795
Modified Airy, 6377340.189, 299.3249646, 796.811, 0.11960023
Modified Everest, 6377304.063, 300.8017, 832.937, 0.28361368
Modified Fischer 1960, 6378155.0, 298.3, -18.0, 0.00480795
South American 1969, 6378160.0, 298.25, -23.0, -0.00081204
WGS 60, 6378165.0, 298.3, -28.0, 0.00480795
WGS 66, 6378145.0, 298.25, -8.0, -0.00081204
WGS-72, 6378135.0, 298.26, 2.0, 0.0003121057
WGS-84, 6378137.0, 298.257223563, 0.0, 0.0
(1) Defense Mapping Agency. 1987b. DMA Technical Report: Supplement to Department of
Defense World Geodetic System 1984 Technical Report. Part I and II. Washington, DC: Defense
Mapping Agency
- 172 -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KE1419F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J 1
‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KE1417F‫א‬،‫ א‬J 2
 {‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E1420F،‫ א‬J 3
 K‫א‬E1983F، J 4
،K‫א‬‫א‬KE2002F‫א‬،K، J 5
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،K‫א‬‫א‬E1989F،KK،K، J 6
‫א‬،‫א‬
Trimble,Ashtech, Leica, J 7
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
1- Alfred Leick
GPS satellite Surveying , 1990, John Wiley &son,Inc.
2- Prof.DR.Bernhar Hofmann- Wellenhof,Dr.Herbert Lichtenegger

Global positioning System Theory and Practice,1992,Adolf
Horizhausens.nachfolger
3- David wells,
Guide To GPS Positioning,1986,Canadian GPS Associates Mohinder S.
4- Elliott Kaplan,
Understanding GPS: Principles and Applications, 1996. Artech
House,
5-Grewal, Lawrence R. Weill, Angus P. Andrews

Global Positioning Systems, Inertial Navigation, and Integration,
2001 John Wiley & Sons Publishing
- 173 -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
6- J. Spilker & B. Parkinson

Global Positioning System: Theory and Applications Vol. II,1993,
7- Simon McElroy
Getting Started with GPS Surveying,2001, the Texas Society of
Professional Surveyors,
8- leica
Technical Reference Manual V2.0 ,2001, Leica-geosystem
9- GPS World Magazine
10- leica
GPS Equipment User Manual V4.0 ,2001, Leica-geosystem

 W‫א‬‫א‬
www.usga.gov
www.navtechgps.com
www.aero.org
www.surveyhistory.org
- 174 -
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 
J 1‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 23
‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
 3    J 1
 5  EGPSF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J 2
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 7  J 3
 GPS
 8  W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J 4
J 4
 8  (Ranging –code differential)‫א‬
 J 1
J 4
 9  (Carrier phase F‫א‬‫א‬
 J 2
 10  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J 5
 11  GPS‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J 6
 12  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J 7
J 7
 12  EEarthF‫א‬
 J 1
J 7
 13  EGeoidF‫א‬
 J 2
J 7
 14  EEllipsoidF‫א‬
 J 3
 15 GPS‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J 8
J 8
 15  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 J 1
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
J 8
 17  E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 J 2
 18  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 19  E1FW‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬
J 24‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 39
‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
 26    J 1
 26  (GPS)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J 2
 27  (The Space SegmentsF‫א‬ J 1J 2
J 1J 2
 27  EGPSF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 J 1
 28  W( Control Segment ) ‫א‬‫א‬ J 2J 3
J 2J 3
 28  The Monitor Stations‫א‬‫א‬
 J 1
J 2J 2
 29  The Master Control Station‫א‬‫א‬
 J 2
J 2J 2
 29  The Ground Antennas‫א‬‫א‬
 J 3
 30  ( Receiver Segment )‫א‬‫א‬ J 3J 2
J 3J 2
 30  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 J 
J 3J 2
 30  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 J 
J 3J 2
 31  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 J 
 31  ‫א‬‫א‬  J 3
 32  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J 4
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 32  C/A-codeP-code ‫א‬  J 5
 34  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 35  E2FW‫א‬‫א‬
77J 40‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ 

 42  W  J 1
 42  (G P S )‫א‬‫א‬  J 2
1J 2
 43  EResectionF‫א‬‫א‬
 J
 44  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 2J 2
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 45 J 3J 2
 ‫א‬
 45  (GPS )‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J 3
 46  EAntennaF‫א‬‫ א‬J 1J 3
 47  (Receiver)‫ א‬J 2J 3
3J 3
 47  (Keyboard )‫א‬
 J
4J 3
 48  (Program)‫א‬‫א‬
 J
 53 (GPS )‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J 4
 54  (G P S )‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J 5
 54  ‫א‬C/A‫א‬ J 1J 5
 54  ‫א‬‫א‬ C/A J 2J 5
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 54  P-Code J 3J 5
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 56  J 6
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 57  J 7
 ‫א‬(G P S ) ‫א‬‫א‬
 58  (G P S )‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J 8
 59  K(Static)‫א‬‫ א‬J 1J 8
 60  K(Rapid Static)‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J 2J 8
 60  K(Kinematic)‫א‬‫ א‬J 3J 8
 62  KER T KF‫א‬‫ א‬J 4J 8
 63  K‫א‬‫א‬ J 5J 8
 63  (G P S )‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J 9
 63  K‫א‬‫א‬ J 1J 9
 64  ‫א‬‫ א‬J 2J 9
 65  ‫א‬  3J 9
 66  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J 10
 67 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J 11
 69  ‫א‬  J 12
J 12
 69  ‫א‬‫א‬
 J 1
J 12
 70  ‫א‬‫א‬
 J 2
 72  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 73  E3F‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 98J 78GPS‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬  ‫א‬  
 80    J 1
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 80  J 2
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 80  W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J 1J 2
 80  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J J J 1J 2
(Selective Availability ‫א‬‫א‬J J 1J 2
 81
 )  J 
(Satellite Clock ‫א‬‫א‬J
 81 –J 1J 2
 Drift)
 82  W‫א‬‫א‬  J 2J 2
Ionospheric ‫א‬‫א‬J
 82 J J 2J 2
 Delay
(Tropospheric ‫א‬J J 2J 2
 83
 WDelay)  J 
 84  W‫א‬  J 3J 2
(Multi path ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J J 3J 2
 84
 Error)  J
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J J 3J 2
 84
 ‫א‬‫א‬  J
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 85  J 4J 2
 ‫א‬
 85  ‫א‬‫א‬J J J 4J 2
J 4J 2
 88  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J
 J 
 89  ‫א‬‫א‬  J 3
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 91  ‫א‬  J 4
 92  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 94  E4FW‫א‬‫א‬
151J 99‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬  ‫א‬ 

 101    J 1
 101  GPS‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J 2
‫א‬GPS‫א‬
 103  J 3
 ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 104  J 4
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 105  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J 5
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 105  J 6
 ‫א‬
 106    J 7
 107  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J 8
 109  ‫א‬  J 9
 109  ‫א‬‫א‬J J 1J 9
 111  ‫א‬J J 2J 9
‫א‬‫א‬
 113  J 6
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 115  J 7
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 115  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J 8
 116  ‫א‬‫א‬  J 9
 116  (ASHETECH Z12)‫א‬‫א‬  1J 9
 129  Z12GPS‫א‬ 
 133  Leica SR520‫א‬‫א‬  2J 9
 138   Leica SR 520‫א‬ 
 146  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 147  E5FW‫א‬‫א‬
J 152‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 173
‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
 154    J 1
 155  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J 2
 157  GPS‫א‬‫א‬ 
 158  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J 3
 161  GPS‫א‬‫א‬ 
 162  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J 4
 165  GPS‫א‬‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 166  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J 5
 169  GPS‫א‬‫א‬ 
  
 174  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 176  ‫א‬ 

 178  ‫א‬
 


 ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬
1 ........................................................................................................... ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
2 .....................................................................................................................................................WJ 1
6 .......................................................................... WGPS‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 3
7 ..................................................................................................... W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 4
8 ........................................................................... W (Carrier phase differentialF‫א‬‫א‬J 2J 4
9 ................................................................................................................. ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 5
10 ................................................................................................... WGPS‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 6
11 .....................................................................................................................‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 7
12 ........................................................................................................................WEGeoidF‫א‬J 2J 7
13 .................................................................................................................. WEEllipsoidF‫א‬J 3J 7
14 .............................................................................. WGPS‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 8
14 ............................................................................................................... W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 1J 8
16 ............................................................................................ WE‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 2J 8
17 ........................................................................................................................ W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
18 ........................................................................................................................................ E1FW‫א‬‫א‬
23 ......................................................................................................... ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
24 ...................................................................................................................................................WJ 1
24 ..................................................................................................... (GPS)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 2
25 ........................................................................................... W (The Space Segments)‫א‬J 1J 2
26 ....................................................................................W( Control Segment ) ‫א‬‫א‬J 2J 2
28 ............................................................................... W( Receiver Segment ) ‫א‬‫א‬J 3J 2
29 ........................................................................................................ (G P S )‫א‬‫א‬J 3
30 ............................................................................................. W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 4
32 ....................................................................................................................... W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
33 ........................................................................................................................................ E2FW‫א‬‫א‬
38 ........................................................................................................................... ‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
39 ...................................................................................................................................................WJ 1
39 ........................................................................................................... (G P S )‫א‬‫א‬J 2
40 ...............................................................................................WEResectionF‫א‬‫א‬J 1J 2
41 ....................................................................................... W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 2J 2
42 .................................................................... W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 3J 2
43 .................................................................................................... W(GPS )‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 3
 ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
43 ...................................................................................................................... WEAntennaF‫א‬‫א‬J 1J 3
44 ................................................................................................................... :(Receiver)‫א‬J 2J 3
45 ....................................................................................................... W(Program)‫א‬‫א‬J 4J 3
50 ...................................................................................... (GPS )‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 4
51 ................................................................................................................ (G P S )‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 5
51 .......................................... (C\A Code Pseudo Range)‫א‬C/A‫א‬J 1J 5
51 .............................................. (C\A Code Carrier Phase)‫א‬‫א‬ C/AJ 2J 5
51 ....................................................................... (p- Code Carrier Phase) P-CodeJ 3J 5
52 ................................................................................. W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 6
54 ................................................ W‫א‬(G P S ) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 7
55 ...................................................................................................... W(G P S )‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 8
55 ................................................................................................................. W(Static)‫א‬‫א‬J 1J 8
56 ............................................................................................. W(Rapid Static)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 2J 8
56 ........................................................................................................ W(Kinematic)‫א‬‫א‬J 3J 8
58 ...................................................................... WEReal Time KinematicF‫א‬‫א‬J 4J 8
59 .................................................................................................................. W‫א‬‫א‬J 5J 8
59 .................................................................................................... WEG P SF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 9
59 .....................................................................................................................W‫א‬‫א‬J 1J 9
60 .............................................................................................................................. W‫א‬‫א‬J 2J 9
61 .................................................................................................................. W‫א‬J 3J 9
63 .............................................................................. W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 11
65 ................................................................................................................................ W‫א‬J 12
65 ...........................................................................................................................W‫א‬‫א‬J 1J 12
66 .......................................................................................................................... W‫א‬‫א‬J 2J 12
68 ....................................................................................................................... W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
70 ........................................................................................................................................ WE3F‫א‬‫א‬
75 ............................................................................................... GPS‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
76 ...................................................................................................................................................WJ 1
76 .................................................. WEGPSF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 2
76 ............................................................................... W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 1J 2
78 ................................................................................................... W‫א‬‫א‬J 2J 2
80 ............................................................................................................ W‫א‬J 3J 2
83 ...................................................................... ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 4J 2
86 ....................................................................................................... W‫א‬‫א‬J 3
87 ................................................................................................................................. ‫א‬J 4
 ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
89 ...................................................................................................................... W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
90 ........................................................................................................................................ E4FW‫א‬‫א‬
95 ............................................................................................................. ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
96 ...................................................................................................................................................WJ 1
96 ............................................................................................................... WGPS‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 2
99 ............................................................ W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 4
100 ............................................................................................ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 5
101 .......................................................................................................................................... WJ 7
103 ........................................................................................................... W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 8
105 .......................................................................................................................... W‫א‬J 9
105 ....................................................................................................................... W‫א‬‫א‬J 1J 9
107 .......................................................................................................................... W‫א‬J 2J 9
110 .......................................................................... WEGPSF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 6
112 .............................................................. W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 7
113 ................................................................................ W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 8
114 ............................................................................................ (ASHETECH Z12)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
114 ........................................................................................................................ W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
127 ................................................................................................................... Z12GPS‫א‬
131 ............................................................................................. Leica SR520‫א‬‫א‬
144 ................................................................................................................... W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
145 ...................................................................................................................................... E5FW‫א‬‫א‬
150 .............................................................................................................................. ‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
151 ................................................................................................................................................ WJ 1
152 ........................................................................................................................................ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
154 ............................................................................................................. GPS‫א‬‫א‬
155 ...................................................................................................................................... ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
159 ...................................................................................................................................... ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
162 ........................................................................................................... GPS‫א‬‫א‬
163 ....................................................................................................................................... ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
166 .......................................................................................................... GPS‫א‬‫א‬
171 .................................................................................................................................................. ‫א‬
171 .......................................................................................................... ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WEF
172 ........................................................................................................................................................... ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
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النظام الكوني لتحديد المواقع GPS PDF

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 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

W (Carrier phase differentialF‫א‬‫א‬J 2J 4

‫اﻟﻄﻮر اﻟـُﻤﺴﺘﻘـﺒﻞ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻘﻤﺮ‬

‫اﻟﻄﻮر اﻟـُﻤﻮﻟـّﺪ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ‬

‫( ﺻﻮرة ﻣﻦ ﺷﺒﻜﺔ اﻻﻧﺘﺮﻧﺖ‬1)

‫ﺳﻄﺢ اﻷرض اﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ‬

‫ﻳﻮﺿﺢ اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﻴﻦ اﻟﺠﻴﻮﺋﻴﺪ واﻻﻟﺒﺴﻮﻳﺪ وﺳﻄﺢ اﻷرض‬: (8-1) ‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬

‫ﺷﻜﻞ رﻗﻢ )‪ :(10-1‬ﻳﻮﺿﺢ اﻟﻔﺮق ﺑﻴﻦ ارﺗﻔﺎع اﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ واﻻرﺗﻔﺎع اﻻﻟﺒﺴﻮﻳﺪي‬

‫ﻳﻮﺿﺢ ﻣﻜﻮﻧﺎت اﻟﻨﻈﺎم اﻟﻜﻮﻧﻲ ﻟﺘﺤﺪﻳﺪ اﻟﻤﻮاﻗﻊ‬: (1-2) ‫ﺷﻜﻞ رﻗﻢ‬

 W (The Space Segments)‫א‬J 1J 2

 W( Control Segment ) ‫א‬‫א‬J 2J 2

 W( Receiver Segment ) ‫א‬‫א‬J 3J 2

154 × L1 C/A Code P- Code

‫ﻳﻮﺿﺢ ﺗﺮآﻴﺐ إﺷﺎرة اﻟﻘﻤﺮ اﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻲ‬: (6-2) ‫ﺷﻜﻞ رﻗﻢ‬

293,2 29,32 ‫א‬‫א‬

 W(Power Supply)J J 2J 3

 W‫א‬‫א‬W(Almanac)‫א‬‫א‬J J 4J 3

‫إﺣﺪاﺛﻴﺎت اﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺎرﻳﺦ‬ ‫اﻟﻔﺘﺮة‬

‫ ﺻﻮرة ﺗﻮﺿﺢ ﺣﺮآﺔ اﻷﻗﻤﺎر اﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ‬:( 9-3) ‫اﻟﺸﻜﻞ رﻗﻢ‬

 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

‫א‬ -  - C/A‫א‬

‫ أﺳﻠﻮب اﻟﺮﺻﺪ اﻟﻔﺮدي‬:( 14-3) ‫ﺷﻜﻞ رﻗﻢ‬

‫ ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ رﺻﺪ ﺷﺒﻜﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻨﻘﺎط‬: (16-3) ‫ﺷﻜﻞ رﻗﻢ‬

(b) (c) (d)

‫ إﺣﺪاﺛﻴﺎت) أ ( اﻟﻤﺤﺴﻮﺑﺔ‬- ‫ﻗﻴﻤﺔ اﻟﺘﺼﺤﻴﺢ = إﺣﺪاﺛﻴﺎت) أ ( اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺔ‬

‫א‬‫ א‬WE18J 3F 

‫ﻣﺪار اﻟﻘﻤﺮ اﻟﺨﻄﺄ‬

‫ﻣﺪار اﻟﻘﻤﺮ اﻟﺼﺤﻴﺢ‬

‫ ﻳﻮﺿﺢ أﺧﻄﺎء اﻟﻤﺪار‬: (1-4) ‫ﺷﻜﻞ رﻗﻢ‬

(b) ‫اﻟﻘﻤﺮ‬ ‫ث‬5

 ‫א‬    ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬

 KEKKKKKJ ‫א‬J ‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬J

‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬(GPS)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 7-2

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬J  ‫א‬ ‫א‬

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J 7-6

‫ﻓﺎﺻﻞ زﻣﻨﻲ آﺒﻴﺮ‬

‫ﻓﺎﺻﻞ زﻣﻨﻲ ﺻﻐﻴﺮ‬ 

‫א‬‫א‬ WE4J 5F 

 30J 10  6  4  1<

 60J 30  6  4  5J 1

 90J 60  6  4  10J 5

 120J 90  6  4  20J 10

 3J 2  6  4  50J 20

 3  6  4  100J 50

 4  6  4  100

 5  5  4  1<

 10J 5  5  4  5J 1

 15J 10  5  4  10J 5

 30J 10  5  4  20J 10

0.2 5J 1 10J 5 10  ‫א‬

12 ‫א‬ CHAN

 EF WE9J 5F 

 SITE AND SESSION CONTROLE9FJ 10

SITE AND SESSION CONTROL

 ‫א‬ SESS

 ‫א‬ RCV#

E3F ‫א‬‫א‬ ANT#

E13F ‫א‬ CODE

‫أرﻗﺎم اﻷﻗﻤﺎر اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬1(8 PIN) K10

‫‪W ‬א‪‬א‪ W‬‬