CHAPTER 12 @ Three-Phase Circuits IN THIS CHAPTER 12.1 Introduction 12.7 Instantaneous and 12.10 DESIGN 12.2 Three-Phase Voltages Average Power in a EXAMPLE—Power 12.3. The Y40-Y Circuit Balanced Three-Phase Factor Correction 124 The A-Connected Load 12.11 Summary Source and Load 128 Two-Wattmeter Problems 12.5. The Y-to-d Circuit Power Measurement Spice Problems 12.6 Balanced Three-Phase 12.9. How Can We Design Problems Circuits Check... ? 121 Introduction In this chapter, we will begin to analyze three-phase circuits. These circuits consist of three parts: a three-phase source, a three-phase load, and a transmission line. The three-phase source consists of either three Y-connected sinusoidal voltage sources or three A-connected sinusoidal voltage sources. Similarly, the circuit elements that comprise the load are connected to form either a Y or 2A, The transmission line is used to connect the source tothe load and consists of either three or four ‘wires, These circuits are described using names that identify the way in which the source and the load are connected. For example, the circuit shown in Figure 12,3-1 has a Y-connected three-phase source and a Y-connected load, The circuit in Figure 12,3-1 is called a Y-0-Y circuit, The circuit in Figure 12.5-1 has @ Y-connected three-phase source and a A-connected load, The circuit in Figure 12.5-1 is called a Y-t0-A circuit. Notice that the Y-t0-Y circuit in Figure 12.3-1 has been represented in the frequency domain, using impedances and phasors. This is appropriate because the three voltage sources that comprise a three-phase source are sinusoidal sources having the same frequency. Analysis of three-phase cireuits using phasors and impedances will determine the steady-state response of the three-phase circuit Before beginning our analysis of three-phase circuits, itis helpful to recall why itis advantageous. to use phasors to find the steady-state response of linear circuits to sinusoidal inputs. Circuits that ‘contain capacitors oF inductors are represented by differential equations in the time domain, We can solve these differential equations, but itis alot of work, Impedances and phasors represent the eircuit in the frequency domain. Linear cicuts are represented by algebraic equations inthe frequency domain, ‘These algebraic equations involve complex numbers, but they are still easier to solve than the differential equations. Solving these algebraic equations provides the phasor corresponding to the ‘output voltage or current. We know that the steady-state output voltage or current willbe sinusoidal and. ‘will have the same frequency as the input sinusoid. The magnitude and phase angle of the phasor corresponding to the output voltage or current provide the magnitude and phase angle of the output, sinusoid, ‘We will be particularly interested in the power the three-phase source delivers to the three- phase load. Table 12.1-1 summarizes the formulas that can be used to calculate the power delivered. to an element when the element voltage and current adhere to the passive convention. Table 12.1-1 568, also provides the equations for the sinusoidal element current and voltage. In the table, Jy, and Vy,www.elsolucionario.net Table 12.1-1. Frequency Domain Power Relationships RELATIONSHIP USING RELATIONSHIP USING auanty PEAK VALUES RMS VALUES. UNITS lement votge, 110) = Va 98 (0+) 0) = Vom V3 608 0+ Oy) v lemeot cute, ) Jn 08 (at + 0h) A) = ew 2 08 (0 +0) A Complex power, 8 = Yale cosy — 9) 8 Veal 28 (Oy ~ 8) va + iV sin (y — 81) Apparat power, 8 va Average power, P P= Vann 08 (Oy — 04) w Vala 7 Reactive power. = Ya sin — 0) 2 = Vinlam sin (8 — 0) var are the magnitudes of the sinusoidal current and voltage, whereas Ime and Vong are the corresponding effective values of the current and voltage. Notice that the formulas for power in terms Of Jig, and Ving are simpler than the corresponding formulas in terms of fy, and Vj. In contrast, the equations giving the sinusoidal voltage and current are simpler when fy and Viy are used, When engineers are interested primarily in power, they ate likely 10 US€ Jans aNd Vane ‘On the other hand, when engineers are interested primarily in the sinusoidal currents and voltages, they are likely t0 use Jy) and Vp. In this chapter, we are interested mainly in power and will use effective values. 122 Three-Phase Voltages ‘The generation and transmission of electrical power are more efficient in. polyphase systems ‘employing combinations of two, three, or more sinusoidal voltages. In addition, polyphase circuits and machines possess some unique advantages. For example, the power transmitted in a three-phase circuit is constant or independent of time rather than pulsating, as itis ina single-phase circuit. In addition, three-phase motors start and run much better than do single-phase motors. The most ‘common form of polyphase system employs three balanced voltages, equal in magnitude and differing in phase by 360°/3 = 120°. ‘An elementary ac generator consists of @ rotating magnet and a stationary winding, The tums of the winding are spread along the periphery of the machine. The voltage generated in each turn of the winding is slightly out of phase with the voltage generated in its neighbor because it is cut by maximum magnetic flux density an instant earlier or later. The voltage produced in the first winding is var. If the fist winding were continued around the machine, the voltage generated in the last um would be 180° out of phase with that in the fist, and they would cancel, producing no useful effet. For this reason, one winding is commonly spread! over no more than one-third of the periphery: the ‘other two-thirds of the periphery can hold two more windings used 10 generate two other similar voltages. A simplified version of three windings around the periphery of «cylindrical drum is shown in Figure 12.2-La. The three sinusoids (Sinusoids are obtained with a proper winding distribution and magnet shape) generated by the three similar windings are shown in Figure 12.2-1b. Defining var as the potential of terminal a with respect to terminal a’, we describe the voltages aswww.elsolucionario.net Phase Circuits se gear a r a (a) (b) * b FIGURE, 122-1 () The thee windings ona eylindial rum used to obtain hee phase JURE 122-2 Generator with six ‘lags (end view), (Balanced thee pase volges teins. vay = Vo 608 ct sy = Ve 608 (cot ~ 120°) (122-1) var = Vn 605 (ot = 240°) ‘where Vi. is the peak value, A three-phase circuit generates, distributes, and uses energy in the form of three voltages equal in magnitude and symmetric in phase. Ye The three similar portions of a three-phase system are called phases. Because the boo. voltage in phase a’ reaches its maximum firs, followed by that in phase bb’ and then by that, in phase ec’, we say the phase rotation is abe. This isan arbitrary convention; for any given Bo generator, the phase rotation may be reversed by reversing the direction of rotation, The six- terminal ac generator is shown in Figure 12.2-2 Using phasor notation, we may write Eq. 12.2-1 as Me FIGURE 12.23 Phasor Var = Vu Loe representation . 2 ote poate phase Vw = Vm Z=120" (1222) sequence ofthe balanced Vee = Vn L=240° = Vy £1202 three-phase voltages, vy The three voltages ae said to be balanced voltages because they have identi Vy and frequency « and are out of phase with each other by exactly 120°. The phasor diagram of the balanced three-phase voltages is shown in Figure 12.2-3. Examining Figure 12.2-3, we find 120 Var + Vay + Veo = 0 (12.2.3) vf For notational ease, we henceforth use Vas FIGURE 122-4 The Voltages. negative phase sequence “The positive phase sequence is abc, as shown in Figure 12.2-3. The sequence ach Is tcbinthe Y connection, called the negative phase sequence, as shown in Figure 122-6 1 Vase = Voy and Vow = Ve as the three