Lecture #2

A Tale of Two Technologies:

WiMAX vs. LTE

Dr. Kun Yang

University
y of Essex, UK

17th March 2009 @ NII

Agenda

Wireless LAN (Local Area Networks)

Wireless MAN: WiMAX
Mobile Cellular Systems
3GPP LTE (Long Term Evolution)
Femto Cell and Mobility
Q&A

Some slides here pay courtesy to J. He, & D. Hunter.

2

1
 IEEE 802 (LAN) vs OSI

‰ IEEE 802 reference model

‰ Lower layers of OSI model

ƒ Physical

ƒ Media access control (MAC)

ƒ Logical link control (LLC)

•IEEE
IEEE 802
802.11
11
•IEEE 802.15
•IEEE 802.16
•IEEE 802.21

IEEE 802.11 Version Summary

2
 Comparison: infrastructure vs. ad-hoc
networks
infrastructure
network

AP: Access Point

AP

AP wired network
AP

ad hoc network
ad-hoc

802.11 - Architecture of an
infrastructure network
802.11 LAN
802.x LAN
Station (STA)
ƒ terminal with access mechanisms
STA1 to the wireless medium and radio
contact to the access point
BSS1
Portal Basic Service Set (BSS)
Access
Point ƒ group of stations using the same
radio frequency
Distribution System
Access Point
Access
ESS Point ƒ station integrated into the wireless
LAN and the distribution system
BSS2 Portal
ƒ bridge to other (wired) networks
Distribution System
STA2 802.11 LAN STA3 ƒ interconnection network to form
one logical network (EES:
Extended Service Set) based
on several BSS 6

3
 802.11 - Architecture of an ad-hoc network
802.11 LAN
Direct communication
STA1 within a limited range
g
BSS1 STA3 ƒ Station (STA):
terminal with access
mechanisms to the
STA2 wireless medium
ƒ Basic Service Set (BSS):
group of stations using the
same radio frequency
BSS2

STA5

STA4 802.11 LAN

ETSI - HIPERLAN
ETSI standard
ƒ European standard, cf. GSM, DECT, ...
ƒ Enhancement of local Networks and interworking with fixed networks
ƒ integration of time-sensitive services from the early beginning
HIPERLAN family
ƒ one standard cannot satisfy all requirements
• range, bandwidth, QoS support
• commercial constraints
ƒ HIPERLAN 1 standardized since 1996

higher layers

medium access g
logical link
network layer
control layer control layer
channel access medium access
data link layer
control layer control layer

physical layer physical layer physical layer

HIPERLAN layers OSI layers IEEE 802.x layers

8

4
 802.11 - MAC layer I - DFWMAC
Traffic services
ƒ Asynchronous Data Service (mandatory)
• exchange of data packets based on “best-effort”
• support off broadcast
b d and
d multicast
li
ƒ Time-Bounded Service (optional)
• implemented using PCF (Point Coordination Function)
Access methods
ƒ DFWMAC-DCF CSMA/CA (mandatory)
• collision avoidance via randomized „back-off“ mechanism
• minimum distance between consecutive packets
• ACK packet for acknowledgements (not for broadcasts)
ƒ DFWMAC-DCF w/ RTS/CTS (optional)
• Distributed Foundation Wireless MAC
• avoids hidden terminal problem
ƒ DFWMAC- PCF (optional)
• access point polls terminals according to a list
9

802.11 - MAC layer II

Priorities
ƒ defined through different inter frame spaces (IFS)
ƒ no guaranteed, hard priorities
ƒ SIFS (Short
(Sh t Inter
I t Frame
F Spacing)
S i )
• highest priority, for ACK, CTS, polling response
ƒ PIFS (PCF IFS)
• medium priority, for time-bounded service using PCF
ƒ DIFS (DCF, Distributed Coordination Function IFS)
• lowest priority, for asynchronous data service

DIFS DIFS
PIFS
SIFS
medium busy contention next frame
t
direct access if
medium is free ≥ DIFS
10

5
 802.11 - CSMA/CA access method I
contention window
DIFS DIFS (randomized back-off
mechanism)

medium busy next frame

direct access if t
medium is free ≥ DIFS slot time
ƒ station ready to send starts sensing the medium (Carrier
Sense based on CCA, Clear Channel Assessment)
ƒ if the medium is free for the duration of an Inter-Frame
p
Space ((IFS),
) the station can start sending
g (IFS
( depends
p on
service type)
ƒ if the medium is busy, the station has to wait for a free IFS,
then the station must additionally wait a random back-off
time (collision avoidance, multiple of slot-time)
ƒ if another station occupies the medium during the back-off
time of the station, the back-off timer stops (fairness) 11

802.11 - competing stations - simple version

DIFS DIFS DIFS DIFS
boe bor boe bor boe busy
station1

boe busy
station2

busy
station3

boe busy boe bor

station4

boe bor boe busy boe bor

station
t ti 5
t

busy medium not idle (frame, ack etc.) boe elapsed backoff time

packet arrival at MAC bor residual backoff time

12

6
 802.11 - CSMA/CA access method II
Sending unicast packets
ƒ station has to wait for DIFS before sending data
ƒ receivers acknowledge
g at once ((after waiting
g for SIFS)) if the
packet was received correctly (CRC)
ƒ automatic retransmission of data packets in case of
transmission errors

DIFS
data
sender
SIFS
ACK
C
receiver
DIFS
other data
stations t
waiting time contention

13

802.11 - DFWMAC
Sending unicast packets
ƒ station can send RTS with reservation parameter after waiting for DIFS
(reservation determines amount of time the data packet needs the medium)
ƒ acknowledgement via CTS after SIFS by receiver (if ready to receive)
ƒ sender can now send data at once, acknowledgement via ACK
ƒ other stations store medium reservations distributed via RTS and CTS

DIFS
RTS data
sender
SIFS SIFS
CTS SIFS ACK
receiver

NAV (RTS) DIFS

other NAV (CTS) data
stations t
defer access contention

14

7
 Fragmentation

DIFS
RTS f 1
frag f 2
frag
sender
SIFS SIFS SIFS
CTS SIFS ACK1 SIFS ACK2
receiver

NAV (RTS)
NAV (CTS)
NAV (frag1) DIFS
other NAV (ACK1) data
stations t
contention

15

DFWMAC-PCF I

t0 t1
SuperFrame

medium
di b
busy PIFS SIFS SIFS
D1 D2
point
coordinator SIFS SIFS
U1 U2
wireless
stations
stations‘ NAV
NAV

At the beginning of the contention-free period, the AP transmits a beacon

frame (not shown above –see later)
ƒ This announces the maximum duration of the contention-free period
ƒ All stations use this duration to set their NAVs

16

8
 DFWMAC-PCF II

t2 t3 t4

PIFS SIFS
D3 D4 CFend
point
coordinator SIFS
U4
wireless
stations
stations‘ NAV
NAV contention free period contention t
period

17

802.11 - Frame format

Types
ƒ control frames, management frames, data frames
Sequence
q numbers
ƒ important against duplicated frames due to lost ACKs
Addresses
ƒ receiver, transmitter (physical), BSS identifier, sender (logical)
Miscellaneous
ƒ sending time, checksum, frame control, data
bytes 2 2 6 6 6 2 6 0-2312 4
Frame Duration Address Address Address Sequence Address
Data CRC
Control ID 1 2 3 Control 4

version, type, fragmentation, security, ...

18

9
 MAC address format

scenario to DS from address 1 address 2 address 3 address 4

DS
ad-hoc network 0 0 DA SA BSSID -
i f t t
infrastructure 0 1 DA BSSID SA -
network, from AP
infrastructure 1 0 BSSID SA DA -
network, to AP
infrastructure 1 1 RA TA DA SA
network, within DS

DS: Distribution System

AP: Access Point
DA: Destination Address
SA: Source Address
BSSID: Basic Service Set Identifier
RA: Receiver Address
TA: Transmitter Address

19

802.11 - MAC management

Synchronization
ƒ try to find a LAN, try to stay within a LAN
ƒ timer
i etc.
Power management
ƒ sleep-mode without missing a message
ƒ periodic sleep, frame buffering, traffic measurements
Association/Reassociation
ƒ integration into a LAN
ƒ roaming, i.e. change networks by changing access points
ƒ scanning, i.e. active search for a network
MIB - Management Information Base
ƒ managing, read, write

20

10
A bit info on MANET (Mobile Ad hoc
Networks) ….

21

MANET Introduction
Mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) are basically peer-to-peer
multihop mobile wireless networks that
ƒ have neither fixed communication infrastructure
ƒ nor any base stations (BSs).
(BSs)
Control is more complex due to its ad hoc nature and mobility.
ƒ Unlike the typical Internet, which has dedicated nodes for basic
network operations such as authorization, routing, packet forwarding,
and network management, all these functions should be performed by
all MNs themselves in MANETs.
Efficient routing of packets is a primary MANET challenge.
MANETs
M N s use multihop
u t op rather
at e tthan
a ssingle-hop
g e op routing
out g to de
deliver
ve
packets to their destination.

22

11
 Routing
Conventional networks typically rely on distance-vector or link-
state algorithms, which depend on periodic broadcast
advertisements of all routers to keep routing tables up-to-date.
I some cases, MANETs
In MANET also l use ththese algorithms,
l ith which
hi h ensure
that the route to every host is always known.
However, this approach presents several problems:
ƒ periodically updating the network topology increases bandwidth
overhead;
ƒ repeatedly awakening hosts to receive and send information quickly
exhausts batteries;
ƒ the propagation of routing information,
information which depends on the
number of existing hosts, causes overloading, thereby reducing
scalability;
ƒ redundant routes accumulate needlessly;
ƒ communication systems often cannot respond to dynamic changes in
the network topology quickly enough.
23

On-demand Routing Algorithms

Rather than relying on periodical broadcasts of

available routes, called p
proactive, a re-active algorithm
g
discovers routes is needed.
Because the route to every mobile node is not known at
any given time, these algorithms must build and
maintain routes.
Two representative MANET re-active algorithms:
ƒ DSR: data source routing
g
ƒ AODV: ad-hoc distance vector

24

12
 Bluetooth

Why Bluetooth
ƒ 1994 – Ericsson study on a wireless technology to link mobile
phones and accessories
ƒ Lets replace all those ugly wires with a short range low data
rate wireless system.
ƒ Basically to standardise wireless keyboards and mice
• And add a few more on the way

Main references:
ƒ IEEE Std 802.15.1, “Information Technology — Telecommunications and
Information Exchange between Systems — Local and Metropolitan Area
Networks — Specific Requirements Part 15.1: Wireless Medium Access
Control (MAC) and Physical Layer (PHY) Specifications for Wireless
Personal Area Networks (WPANs),” 2002.
25

Bluetooth

Bluetooth is a standard for wireless communications.

Bluetooth is an infrastructure less short-range wireless
system intended
d d to replace
l the
h cable
bl between
b electronic
l
user terminals with RF links.
The devices can also be used for communications
between portable computers, act as bridges between
other networks, or serve as nodes of ad hoc networks.
This range of applications is known as wireless personal
area network (WPAN).
Bluetooth devices use the 2.4 GHz band, which is
unlicensed in most countries.

26

13
 Piconet
The Bluetooth topology is a star network where a master node can
have up to seven slave nodes wirelessly connected to it to form a
piconet.
Piconet
Pi t is
i the
th simplest
i l t configuration
fi ti off a Bluetooth
Bl t th network.
t k
Each piconet uses a centrally assigned time-division multiple
access (TDMA) schedule and frequency hopping pattern.
Transmission power is typically around 20 dBm and the
transmission range is on the order of tens of meters.

27

Scatternet
Piconets may be connected together, thus forming a scatternet.
A scatternet supports multihop.
ƒ i.e., two nodes can communicate with each other even if there is no
direct connection between them by using other nodes as relays.
relays
Two piconets can communicate by means of a common node
belonging to both of them. A node can be a master in one piconet
at most and a slave in several others.

28

14
Bluetooth vs. IEEE 802.11 (1)

29

Bluetooth vs. IEEE 802.11 (2)

30

15
 Agenda

Wireless LAN (Local Area Networks)

Wireless MAN: WiMAX (IEEE 802.16)
ƒ WiMAX PHY/MAC/QoS Features
ƒ Comparison with IEEE 802.11
Mobile Cellular Systems
3GPP LTE (Long Term Evolution)
Femto Cell and Mobility
Q&A
31

IEEE 802.16
WiMAX is the commercialization of the IEEE 802.16 standard,
ƒ Started at the National Institute of Standards and Technologies (NIST) in
1998 and then transferred to the IEEE to form Working Group 802.16.
ƒ In June 2004, the
h working
k group won approvall for
f the
h llatest 802.16
standard for fixed wireless access, known as IEEE 802.16-2004.
ƒ In December 2005, an extension that addresses mobility also won approval
as IEEE 802.16e-2005.
Specifies the air interface, including the medium access control layer
(MAC) and physical layer (PHY), of fixed point-to-multipoint (PMP)
and Mesh broadband wireless access systems providing multiple
services
services.
The standard includes a particular physical layer specification broadly
applicable to systems operating between 10 and 66 GHz, and below
10GHz.

WiMAX: Worldwide Inter-operability for Microwave Access

32

16
 The WiMAX Forum
Comprises a group of industry leaders (Intel, AT&T, Samsung,
Motorola, Cisco, and others), has closely supported and promoted
the technology.
The group’s workforce is divided along multiple working groups
that focus on technical, regulatory, and marketing aspects.
Loads of live discussion about technical details of WiMAX and its
simulation and implementation.

High Performance Radio Metropolitan Area Network

((HiperMAN),
p ) the European
p Telecommunications Standards
Institute’s MAN standard, share the same physical layer (PHY)
and medium access control (MAC) layer specifications.

33

Standard History
• First standard based on proprietary implementations of DOCSIS/HFC       
architecture in wireless domain

802.16 • Original fixed wireless broadband air Interface for 10 – 66 

(Dec 2001) GHz: Line‐of‐sight
GHz: Line of sight only, Point
only, Point‐to‐Multi‐Point
to Multi Point applications
applications

802.16c • 802.16 Amendment WiMAX System Profiles 10 ‐ 66 GHz, 

(2002) line‐of‐sight

• Extension for 2‐11 GHz: Targeted for non‐line‐of‐sight, 
802.16a
Point‐to‐Multi‐Point applications like “last mile” 
(Jan 2003) broadband access

802.16d
(802.16-2004) • Adds WiMAX System Profiles and Errata for 2‐11 GHz
(Oct 2004)

802.16e • MAC/PHY Enhancements to support subscribers 
(802.16-2005) moving at vehicular speeds
(Dec 2005) 34

17
 Other versions

802.16f-2005 — Management Information Base (MIB)

802.16g-2007 — Management Plane Procedures and Services
802 16k 2007 — Bridging of 802.16
802.16k-2007 802 16 (an amendment to 802.1D)
802 1D)
802.16h — Improved Coexistence Mechanisms for License-Exempt
Operation
802.16i — Mobile Management Information Base
802.16j — Multihop Relay Specification
802.16Rev2 — Consolidate 802.16-2004, 802.16e, 802.16f, 802.16g
and possibly 802.16i into a new document.
802.16m — Advanced Air Interface. Data rates of 100 Mbit/s for
mobile applications and 1 Gbit/s for fixed applications.

Source: wikipedia

35

Services
Deliver both fixed and mobile wireless broadband services
Two forms of wireless service:
ƒ Desirable Non-line-of-sight (NLOS) service
• Small antenna
• 2 – 11 GHz
• Up to 8 km radius (cell phone zone)
ƒ Line-of-sight (LOS)
• Fixed antenna; strong and stable connection
• 10 – 66 GHz
• Up to 50 km radius
Applications
ƒ B
Broadband
db d on-demand
d d
• Fast deployment of WLAN hotspots
ƒ Residential broadband
• Hard competition with DSL, cable and fiber
ƒ Cellular Backhaul
ƒ Underserved areas
ƒ Emergency communication systems 36

18
 Reference Model

37

Protocol Stack

Upper
Layers

Service specific convergence sublayer

Data Link
MAC sublayer common part Layer
Security sublayer
Transmission convergence sublayer
Physical
Physical medium dependent sublayer Layer
(QPSK | QAM-16 | QAM-64)

38

19
 PHY Considerations

Broadband channels
ƒ Wide channels ((20, 25, or 28 MHz))
ƒ High capacity – Downlink AND Uplink
Multiple access
ƒ TDM/TDMA
ƒ High rate burst modems
Adaptive burst profiles on uplink and downlink
Duplex scheme
ƒ Time-Division Duplex (TDD)
ƒ Frequency-Division Duplex (FDD) [including Burst FDD]
Support for half-duplex terminals (cheaper)

39

Adaptive PHY

Channel Symbol Bitrate (Mbit/s) Num. of PSs

Width Rate QPSK 16- 64-QAM (Phy. slots)
(MHz) (M
(Msym/s)
/) QAM (1ms frame)
20 16 32 64 96 4000
25 20 40 80 120 5000
28 22.4 44.8 89.6 134.4 5600
40

20
 Adaptive Burst Profiles

Burst profile
ƒ Set of parameters that describe the uplink or downlink
transmission properties associated with an interval usage code
(IUC)
ƒ Each profile contains parameters such as modulation type, forward
error correction (FEC) type, preamble length, guard time, etc.
Dynamically assigned according to link conditions
ƒ Burst by burst, per subscriber station
ƒ Trade-off between capacity
p y vs. robustness in real time
Burst profile for downlink broadcast channel is well known
ƒ All other burst profiles could be configured “on the fly”

41

TDD Frame

Frame duration: 1 ms    Physical Slot (PS) = 4 symbols

42

21
TDD Downlink Subframe

DIUC: Downlink Interval Usage Code

TTG: Transmit Transition Gap
43

Burst FDD Frame

44

22
 FDD Downlink Subframe

TDMA portion: transmits data to some half-duplex

SSs (the ones scheduled to transmit earlier in the
frame than they receive). Need preamble to re-
sync (carrier phase) 45

Typical Uplink Subframe (TDD or FDD)

SSTG : Subscriber Station Transition Gap

UIUC: Uplink Interval Usage Code

46

23
 Air Interfaces Specifications
Designation Applicability MAC Duplexing
WirelessMAN-SC 10-66 GHz Basic TDD, FDD,
Licensed HFDD
WirelessMAN-SCa 2-11 GHz Basic, (ARQ), TDD, FDD
Licensed (STC), (AAS)
2-11 GHz Basic, (ARQ), TDD, FDD
Licensed (STC), (AAS)
WirelessMAN-
OFDM 2-11 GHz License- Basic, (ARQ), TDD
exempt (STC), (DFS),
(MSH), (AAS)
2-11 GHz Basic, (ARQ), TDD, FDD
Licensed (STC), (AAS)
WirelessMAN-
OFDMA 2-11 GHz License- Basic, (ARQ), TDD
exempt (STC), (DFS),
(MSH), (AAS)

47

MAC Requirements

Provide Network Access

Address the Wireless environment
ƒ e.g., very efficient use of spectrum
Broadband services
ƒ Very high bit rates, downlink and uplink
ƒ A range of QoS requirements
ƒ Convergence layers to ATM, IP, Ethernet, ...
Likelihood of terminal being shared
ƒ Base Station may be heavily loaded
Security
Support PHY alternatives
ƒ Adaptive mod, TDD/FDD; single-carrier, OFDM/OFDMA, etc.
48

24
 MAC layer architecture
IP/Ethernet/VLAN ATM
Packet convergence sub‐layer ATM convergence sub‐layer
MAC (classify, connection, QoS,  (classify, connection, QoS, 
bandwidth allocation) bandwidth allocation)
Layer
Basic  Primary 
Secondary  Other connects
connection connection Traffic 
connection (Initial access
(RLC and short, (authentication, connection
(DHCP, TFTP,  Broadcast
Time‐critical  Connection  (data)
SNMP..) Multicast)
MAC msg) setup)
Fragmentation Packing
Grant management subheader
Management connections Mesh subheader
subheader subheader
MAC (G
MAC (Generic or bandwidth request) Header (6 bytes=48 bits)
i b d idth t) H d (6 b t 48 bit )
Basic connection:
short, time-urgent msg Transmission Convergence sub‐layer 
Primary connection:
PHY
Long, delay-tolerant msg 10‐66 GHz PHY 2‐11 GHz
Secondary connection:
Delay-tolerant standard-based msg

49

QoS Support

QoS support is critical for the support of commercial

applications
Defines
f 4+1 class
l off services, associated
d with
h connections
– ref. next slide
Scheduling Services Parameters
ƒ Maximum sustained traffic rate
ƒ Minimum reserved traffic rate
ƒ Maximum latency
ƒ Tolerated jitter
ƒ Traffic priority
ƒ Request/transmission policy
Bandwidth request and grant mechanisms
50

25
 Classes of Service

Unsolicited Grant Services (UGS)

ƒ for constant bit-rate (CBR) or CBR-like service flows (SFs), e.g.
T1/E1
Real-time Polling Services (rtPS)
ƒ for rt-VBR-like SFs such as MPEG video
Non-real-time Polling Services (nrtPS)
ƒ for nrt SFs with better than best effort service such as bandwidth-
intensive file transfer
B t Effort
Best Eff t (BE)
ƒ for best-effort traffic

51

Mandatory QoS service flow parameters

ƒ Maximum sustained traffic rate (MSTR)

ƒ Minimum reserved traffic rate (MRTR)
ƒ Maximum latency (ML)
ƒ Tolerated jitter (TJ)
ƒ Traffic priority (TP)
ƒ Request/transmission policy (RTP)

Service MSTR MRTR ML TJ TP RTP

UGS Yes Optional Yes Yes No Yes

rtPS Yes Yes Yes No No Yes

nrtPs Yes Yes No No Yes Yes

BE No No No No Yes Yes

52

26
 Bandwidth Request and Allocation
SSs make bandwidth requests to the BS in many ways:
ƒ Implicit requests (UGS): No actual messages, negotiated at
connection setup p
ƒ Send a standalone MAC message called ”BW request” in an
allready granted slot (allocated via polling service).
ƒ Use the ”contention request opportunities” interval, e.g., upon being
polled by the BS (multicast or broadcast poll).
ƒ Piggyback a BW request message on a data packet.

BS grants/allocates bandwidth in one of two modes:

ƒ Grant Per Subscriber Station (GPSS)
ƒ Grant Per Connection (GPC)
Decision based on requested bandwidth and QoS
requirements vs the available resources at BS.
Grants are realized through the UL-MAP.
53

Unicast Polling

BS SS
1.BS allocates space for the SS in
the uplink subframe (using UL-
Poll
MAP)
Request
2. SS uses the allocated space to
Allocate
send a bw request.
Data 3. BS allocates the requested space
for the SS if available ((using
g UL-
MAP
4. SS uses allocated space to send
scheduling
data.

54

27
 Agenda

Wireless LAN (Local Area Networks)

Wireless MAN: WiMAX (IEEE 802.16)
ƒ WiMAX PHY/MAC Features
ƒ Comparison with IEEE 802.11
Mobile Cellular Systems
3GPP LTE (Long Term Evolution)
Femto cell and Mobility
Q&A
55

802.11 vs. 802.16: Spectrum

UNII

International International
US
Licensed ISM Licensed
Japan ISM
Licensed Licensed

802 16
802.16

802.11

1 2 3 4 5 GHz

802.16a has both licensed and license-exempt options

ISM: Industrial, Scientific & Medical Band – Unlicensed band
U-NII: Unlicensed National Information Infrastructure – Unlicensed band,
by FCC, mainly for 802.11a.
J. Orr of Proxim
56

28
 Channel Performance

Channel Maximum Maximum

Bandwidth Data Rate bps/Hz

802.11a 20 MHz 54 Mbps ~2.7 bps/Hz

10, 20 MHz;
802.16a 1.75, 3.5, 7, 14 MHz; 63 Mbps ~5.0 bps/Hz
3, 6 MHz

Scalability:
802 11 MAC d
802.11a designed
i d to
t supportt 10’s
10’ off users whereas
h
802.16 to support thousands of users

802.16 is designed for metropolitan performance

J. Orr of Proxim 57

QoS
IEEE 802.11 IEEE 802.16a

ƒ Contention-based MAC ƒ Grant-request

q MAC
(CSMA/CA) => poor ƒ QoS mechanism is part of the
performance under heavy load. standard
ƒ No guaranteed QoS ƒ Designed to support Voice
ƒ No differentiated service and Video
on a per-user basis QoS ƒ Supports 5
ƒ TDD only – asymmetric differentiated service
ƒ 802 11 Q
802.11e: QoS
S iis prioritization
i iti ti levels
only ƒ TDD/FDD – asymmetric
or symmetric
ƒ AMC: Adaptive Modulation
and Coding

58

29
 Range
802.11 802.16a
Optimized for ~100 meters Optimized for up to 50 Km

No “near-far” compensation Designed to handle many users spread out over

kilometers

Designed to handle indoor multi-path Designed to tolerate greater

(delay spread of 0.8μ seconds), multi-path delay spread up to 10.0μ seconds,
optimized for indoor optimized for outdoor NLOS performance

Optimization centers around PHY PHY andd MAC designed

d i d with
ith multi-mile
lti il range
and MAC layer for 100m range in mind

Range can be extended by increasing

trans. Power - may be non-standard Standard MAC

802.16a is designed for distance 59

IEEE 802.11 vs 802.16: Summary

802.11 and 802.16 both gain broader industry

acceptance through conformance and
interoperability by multiple vendors

802.16 complements 802.11 by creating a

complete MAN-LAN solution

• 802.11 is mainly optimized for license-exempt LAN

operation
• 802.16
802 16 iis mainly
i l optimized
ti i d ffor licensed
li d MAN
operation.

J. Orr of Proxim 60

30
 Agenda

Wireless LAN (Local Area Networks)

Wireless MAN: WiMAX (IEEE 802.16)
Mobile Cellular Systems
3GPP LTE (Long Term Evolution)
Femto cell and Mobility
Q&A

61

Motivation

Radio spectrum is very limited,

ƒ we have only 10-25MHz dedicated to wireless communication.
Such
h narrow bandwidth
b d d h allows
ll 100-400 channels
h l off
reasonable quality,
ƒ which is not rational and commercially not profitable to
develop network for such small number of mobile subscribers.
Then the cellular idea: division of the whole
geographical area to relatively small cells, and each cell
may
ma reuse the same frequencies b by reducing power of
transmission.
Each cell has its own antenna (base station), and all
base stations are interconnected using microwave or
cable communication.
62

31
 A bit of history
Once upon a time there was analog cellular
communication
ƒ didn’t support
pp encryption,
yp compression,
p and ISDN
compatibility;
ƒ in addition each country (company) developed its own system,
which was incompatible with everyone else’s in equipment
and operation.
So, in early 80s Europeans realized that pan-European
public mobile system should be developed. The new
system had to meet certain criteria:
ƒ Good subjective speech quality
ƒ Low terminal and service cost
ƒ International roaming
ƒ ISDN compatibility
ƒ Digital 63

Cellular Network Organization

Areas divided into cells

ƒ Each cell served by its own
base station consisting of
transmitter, receiver, and
control unit,
ƒ Cells set up such that
antennas of all neighbors are
equidistant (hexagonal
pattern)

64

32
 Frequency Reuse

Adjacent cells are assigned different frequencies to

avoid interference or crosstalk
Objective
b is to reuse ffrequency in nearby
b cells
ll
ƒ 10 to 50 frequencies assigned to each cell
ƒ Transmission power controlled to limit power at that
frequency escaping to adjacent cells.
ƒ The issue is to determine how many cells must intervene
between two cells using the same frequency.

65

Examples

N=4 N=7

66

33
 Frequency reuse

Reuse Distance (D): minimum distance between

centres of cells that use the same band of frequencies
(co-channels)

67

Increasing Capacity

Adding new channels

Frequency borrowing – frequencies are taken from
adjacent
d cells
ll by
b congested d cells
ll
Cell splitting – cells in areas of high usage can be split
into smaller cells
Cell sectoring – cells are divided into a number of
wedge-shaped sectors, each with their own set of
channels. Directional Antennas must be used in this case.
Microcells – a decrease in cell size results in a
reduction of the radiated power levels.

68

34
 Example: Microcells
Area: 213 km2 , Bandwidth: 336 channels per cluster, cells per
cluster: N=7
ƒ Number of channels per cell is 336/7=48
If cell radius R=1.6 km,, then 32 total cells
ƒ Total channel capacity is 48 x 32 = 1536
If cell radius R=0.6 km, then 128 cells
ƒ Total channel capacity is 48 x128 =6144 channels

Total cells: 32 Total cells: 128 69

Architecture of the GSM system

GSM is a PLMN (Public Land Mobile Network)

ƒ several providers setup mobile networks following the GSM
standard within each country
ƒ components
• MS (mobile station)
• BS (base station)
• MSC (mobile switching center)
• LR (location register)
ƒ subsystems
• RSS (radio subsystem): covers all radio aspects
• NSS (network and switching subsystem): call forwarding,
handover, switching
• OSS (operation subsystem): management of the network

70

35
 GSM: overview
OMC, EIR,
AUC
HLR
GMSC
NSS fixed network
with OSS

VLR MSC MSC

VLR

BSC

BSC

RSS

71

GSM: system architecture

radio network and fixed
subsystem switching subsystem partner networks

MS MS
ISDN
PSTN
Um MSC

BTS Abis
BSC EIR
BTS
SS7

HLR

BTS VLR
BSC ISDN
BTS MSC PSTN
A
BSS IWF
PSPDN
CSPDN 72

36
 Agenda

Wireless LAN (Local Area Networks)

Wireless MAN: WiMAX (IEEE 802.16)
Mobile Cellular Systems
3GPP LTE (Long Term Evolution)
Comparison and Mobility
Q&A

73

Cellular Networks: Generations

Once upon a time there was analog cellular communication – 1st G
2nd Generation (2G): digital, early 80s, GSM
2.5G or GPRS: 140.8 kb/s in theory, 56 kb/s in practice
2.75G or E-GPRS or EDGE (Enhanced Data Rates for GSM
Evolution): 180 kbps effective
3G:
ƒ UMTS using WCDMA supports 14Mbps in theory. 384 kbps, or 3.6
Mbps for HSDPA handsets;
• O2, 3, Orange, AT&T, HK, Taiwan, etc.
• Different countries use diff. frequencies, thus diff. handsets
ƒ CDMA-2000: (2.5G+3G), e.g., China Unicom
ƒ TD-SCDMA at China; to avoid patent fees
3.5G: UMTS is being upgraded to High Speed Downlink Packet
Access (HSDPA): up to 7.2 Mb/s.
3.99G/4G: the 3GPP Long Term Evolution (LTE) project plans to
move UMTS to 4G: 100 Mb/s downlink and 50 Mb/s uplink, using
OFDM.
74

37
 3GPP: 3rd Generation Partnership Project

Established in Dec. 1998, 3GPP is a collaboration

between g groups
p of telco associations from across the
world, such as ETSI (Europe), ARIB/TTC (Japan),
China, North America, South Korea, etc.
Its aim it to make a globally applicable 3G mobile
phone system specification within the scope of the
ITU’s International Mobile Telecommunications (IMT)-
2000 project.
It evolves current GSM systems.
Note: different from 3GPP2, which is another 3G
technology based on IS-95 (CDMA), commonly known
as CDMA2000.
75

Standard Releases
Version Released Description
at

Release 98 1998 This and earlier releases specify

p yppre-3G GSM networks

Release 99 2000 Q1 Specified the first UMTS 3G networks, incorporating a

CDMA air interface

Release 4 2001 Q2 Added features including an all-IP Core Network

Release 5 2002 Q1 Introduced IMS and HSDPA

Release 6 2004 Q4 Integrated operation with Wireless LAN networks
Release 7 2007 Q4 Performance improvement

Release 8 Mar. 2009 LTE, All-IP Network (SAE).

Release 9 Dec. 2009 SAES Enhancements, Wimax and LTE/UMTS
Interoperability
Release 10 In LTE Advanced
progress 76
From wikipedia

38
 LTE-advanced Proposals

Various concepts for Relay Nodes

UE Dual TX antenna solutions for SU-MIMO and diversity MIMO
Scalable system bandwidth exceeding 20 MHz,
MHz Potentially up to
100MHz
Local area optimization of air interface
Nomadic / Local Area network and mobility solutions
Flexible Spectrum Usage
Cognitive Radio
Automatic and autonomous network configuration
g and operation
p
Enhanced precoding and forward error correction
Interference management and suppression
Asymmetric bandwidth assignment for FDD
Hybrid OFDMA and SC-FDMA in uplink
UL/DL inter eNB coordinated MIMO
From wikipedia 77

LTE vs WiMAX: Air interface

LTE WiMAX
FDD and TDD TDD primary profile but
Duplexing method
b FDD focus
but f FDD specified
ifi d too
MIMO mode Diversity/SM/CSM Diversity/SM/CSM
System Bandwidth Scalable: 1.25 ~ 20 MHz Scalable: 3.5 ~ 10 (20) MHz
Modulation 64QAM/16QAM/QPSK 64QAM/16QAM/QPSK
FFT 128 ~ 2048 points 128 ~ 1024 (2048) points
Downlink Access OFDMA OFDMA
Uplink Access SC-FDMA OFDMA
Frame Length 0.5ms 5 ms

Source: D. Pulley of Picochip

78

39
 Less obvious at first glance

Mobile WiMAX 20MHz is coming!

LTE has two TDD modes with different frame structures:
ƒ pressure is on to reduce on a single one “TDSCDMA
TDSCDMA successor mode”
mode
ƒ this may pre-empt natural selection and resultant could go head to
head with WiMAX TDD profile
SC-FDMA in the Uplink?
ƒ WiMAX OFDMA has a peak-mean ratio of approx 10dB
ƒ LTE SC-FDMA has lower peak-mean ratio: approx 5dB
∴ LTE terminal battery life should be better
High speed packet data rate claims:
ƒ regardless of air interface, divide the theory or marketing by 3 for
deployable peak base station throughputs for wide area coverage

Source: D. Pulley of Picochip

79

Over the next 5 years

HSPA builds on existing 2G/3G deployments, licenses and
roaming, and will account for majority of mobile wireless
networks
Mobile WiMAX can capture niche market dependent on
spectrum availability, proof of performance (Sprint-Nextel)
Initial coverage limited deployments give HSPA advantage in
CAPEX and OPEX and therefore capital required for launch
and NPV
Lower cost of equipment will not be significant factor
Important to consider other areas such as mobility, latency,
services to be offered,
offered revenue streams,
streams and overall “eco
eco-
system”

80

40
 Longer Term Perspective
Improvements in technology performance and resulting link
budget (e.g. 802.16m) can give advantage to WiMAX particularly
for Greenfield operators – but LTE will have advantage of 3GPP
h i
heritage
Later capacity limited scenarios are more favourable to mobile
WiMAX and LTE – mainly in urban areas – but greater
competition from e.g. WiFi hotspots
3GPP and 3GPP2 networks migrate towards OFDMA technology
(e.g. LTE, CDMA Rev. C)
This may lead to further market consolidation, depending on
speed
d off LTE/Rev.
LTE/R C andd success off current mobile
bil WiMAX
deployments

Who will eventually win? Who knows!

81

Comparison
WiMAX

Net o k
Network
Large
Simplicity
Coverage

WiFi
Broad
Band

Full 
Security QoS
Mobility

3G /HSDPA
82

41
 Wireless Technology Positioning

Mobility / Range

High Speed
Vehicle

Vehicular
Rural Flash‐OFDM 
Vehicular GSM WiMAX with 
Urban GPRS UMTS limited mobility
Pedestrian
Walk

HSDPA
EDGE
W

Nomadic IEEE
802.16e
Fixed urban
Fixed

Indoor DECT
WLAN IEEE
Personal Area Bluetooth (IEEE 802.11x) 802.16d Data rates Mbps
0.1 1 10 100
Capacity

83

Agenda

Wireless LAN (Local Area Networks)

Wireless MAN: WiMAX (IEEE 802.16)
Mobile Cellular Systems
3GPP LTE (Long Term Evolution)
Femto cell and Mobility
Q&A

84

42
 Smartphones

Windows Mobile Based: 12% of the market, supports

UMTS, WiFi.
Symbian Based: 65% of the market, Nokia, Sony
Ericsson, support 3G.
RIM OS Based: 11% of the market, Blackberry (not
currently 3G capable to save battery, with the small
exception)
Mac OS
OS-like
like iPhone
iPhone-OS
OS Based: 7% of the market.
market
Apple's iPhone (using EDGE)

85

Femto Cell
Also called Access Point Base Station
No dual-mode handset needed, existing handset is fine.
A femto cell is a small cellular base station, typically for indoors,
especially where access would otherwise be limited or unavailable.
The femtocell incorporates the functionality of a typical base station
but extends it to allow a simpler, self contained deployment
Although much attention is focussed on UMTS, the concept is
applicable to other network technologies, such as GSM, CDMA2000,
TD-SCDMA, WiMAX.
Attractions to mobile operators:
p to improve
p both coverage
g and
capacity, especially indoors.
ƒ There may also be opportunity for new services and reduced cost.

86

43
 Femto Cell Network Arch.

Femto Cell BS

Macro Cell BS

Broadband Router Macro Network

Internet

Tunnel 
Mobile Operator
Core Network
87

Example Scenario

Nation Wide City Wide

Network Network
(Cellular) (WiMAX)

Home Office Network

Network (Multiple WiFis
WiFis))
(WiFi)

Switch automatically and seamlessly

from one network to another 88

44
 Contact, Q&A

Dr Kun Yang
School of Comp. Science & Electronic Engineering (CSEE),
University of Essex, Wivenhoe Park, Colchester,
CO4 3SQ, UK
Email: kunyang@essex.ac.uk
http://privatewww.essex.ac.uk/~kunyang/

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45