The direction of deflection depends on the value of Potential ifference between b and d. When the value of potential at b and dis same, then no current will ow through galvanometer, This condition is known as the Condition of balanced bridge or null deflection Condition. This situation can be obtained by choosing suitable values of the resistances. Thus, in null election state, we have or 0 Siritarly or LR =ER, i) (On aividing equation (i by (i), we get UR, igRs RyRy Re Re % RR, Equation (i) states the condition of balanced bridge. Thus, in null deflection condition the ratio of ‘sistances of adjacent arms ofthe bridge are same The resistor of unknown resistance is usually connected in one of the arm of the bridge. The resistance of one of the remaining three arms is adjusted such that the galvanometer shows zero deflection. Ifresistance of unknown resistor is R. Then Re R= LE For better accuracy of the bridge one should choose resistances R, RR, and R, of same order [GALVANOMETER) Galvanometer is a simple device, used to detect the Current, to find drection of current and also to compare the currents, With the help of galvanometer we make two important devises knownas Ammeter and voltmeter as discussed below. . (a) Ammoter : ‘Ammeter is an electrical instrument which measures. the strength of curent in ‘ampere’ in a circuit. Ammeter is a pivoted coll galvanometer which is always Connected in sores in circuit so that total curent (tobe measured) may pass through it. For an ammeter of ‘900d quality the resistance of its coll should be very ‘ow so that it may measure the strength of current accurately (without affecting the current passing through the circuit), The resistance ofan ideal ammeter is zero (practically it should be minimum). So, to minimize the effective resistance of an ammeter, a low value resistance (shunt) as per requirement is ‘connected in parallel to the galvanometer to convert it to ammeter of desired range. In electric circuit, the positive terminal of an ammeter 's connected to postive plate and negative terminalis connected to negative plate of battery, Desired value of shunt depends on the range (measurable maximum current) of ammeter converted from galvanometer If pivoted galvanometer of resistance G is to measure ‘current i (as an ammeter) then from figure i,G=-1)s Where i, is an amount of current required for full {deflection in galvanometer. By using a low value of resistance S (shunt) in parallel to the galvanometer (resistance G), the effective resistance of cs converted ammeter R, = 7, gy becomes very low. Note: Shunt : If anyhow, the flowing current through galvanometer becomes more than its capacity the coil has possibility of burning due to heat produced by flowing current. Secondly, its pointer may break up due to impact with ‘stop pin’ as its proportional deflection {a8 per amount of flowing current In order to minimize these possiblities a low resistance wie (or stip) is connected in pelle with galvanometer, Which Is known as shunt. (b) Voltmeter : Itis an electrical instrument which measures the potential difference in ‘volt’ between two points of electric circuit i's construction is similar as that of ‘ammeter. The only difference between ammeter and voltmeter is that ammeter has its negligible (approximately zero) resistance so thatit may measure Current of circuit passing through it more accurately ving the deflection accordingly, while the voltmeter passes negligible current through itself so that potential ‘iference developed due to maximum current passing rrr