Instrumentation and Process Con ‘The performance of the chemical process is monitored by measuring the values of, eb ieee pressures, flow rates, concentrations etc.) Certain, This is the widely measured and frequently controlled process variable. The Tate chemical reactions increases with increase in temperature and in such processes the and control of temperature is of primary importance. At constant Pressure the boil re individual components of composite mixture are different and distillation of compogitg 1 done under controlled temperature. By temperature measurement gas flows are comet measurement of temperature is done for the protection of equipments. In rotating % as turbo-generators, electrical motors, compressors etc. the temperature measurement ‘ige, the running of these within permissible upper limit of temperature. Skin temperature of ky various vessels, brick wall of furnance, furnane tubes is measured to prevent the fain equipment and fire hazard thereof. Various methods of measurement of temperature are 1. Glass thermometers, bimetallic and filled system thermometers 2. Resistance thermometers, thermocouples etc. 3. Radiation and optical pyrometers 4. Thermistors 9.1.1.Mercury in Glass Thermometer Tnis works on the principle of volumetric expansion of mercury with increase in temperte The calibration of the scale is not exactly linear, but the variation from linearity is very smal. 9.1.2. Bimetallic Thermometer o re : ; 3 don tube arrangement. The Bourdon tube ode signal to a position change through a Pointer on dial. The position of the pointer is 2% gs nie well is provided along with the thermometer bulb t0 PO ral well sa rosion. Various materials of the bulb are copPe?: id used in the bulb are mereurs s made up of copper, nickel, brass, monel and cost methyl chlorid 9.1.4. Thermocouples =depends on the tem 7 erature difference between the two yee in the tt Napa cold). The generation of e d ‘homson effect. ; "fn and 7 ae 'y explained by See beck effect, ’ quples are used for measurement of tem, shertating, controlling and recording instrumente, These? 1600°C in conjunction with ‘€ manufactured with stainless # lai . ing and " ied thermo and their ranges mond &¥¢ available in various lengths, The most -constan| oa Copper tan 100 to 600° (panel 0 to 600°¢ (ain onrome” sauna : 300 i tina platintm 13%) + rhodium to 100°C ipnesistance Thermometer 600 to 1600°C stance thermometer works on the principle of change of electrical resist ith istance wi This is used as a sensing element it dge for indicating, are suitable for accu: ature : in conjunction with cross coil instrument and bri controlling and a as eats eeasurcueat ar ate temperatures. The resistance mipesgeseous media, These are available with two emperatures between — 50 to 500°C in 4 a different working lengths. The industrial peepee reer cs rel bance of most of the metals increases with increase in tonponcene There i anathe Se ere dears! Theos ss Gas ga merease in temperature: There is another i accuracy af seca of metals. In these resistance decreases with pure 2 istance thermometers is-+ 0.25%, which sam pouples and expansion thermometers, Clana 416.Radiation Pyrometers ‘this instrument is used for the measurement of temperatures in thi 1 sansasure temperature continuously. It is used in furnaces, reactors Sent eae ‘The functioning of radiation pyrometers is based on the Stefan-Boltzmann law. In the radiation 1 the radiation of the body tested is focussed by means of an optical system on a small area ‘ithe body absorbing the radiation, the later being heated up. From its temperature that of the ‘i ested can be deduced. The radiation pyrometers are adapted for the measurement of black ‘ny temperature. An emissivity correction is applied for the true temperature of real bodies. ‘Theradiation pyrometer consists of optical system, electrical system and measuring device. The ‘astm consists ofa lens, diaphragm limiting the volume of light falling from the abject under ‘ten the thermo-battery, colour filter and ocular. As a temperature sensor a thermo-battery has ‘pled, Hot terminals of the thermo-battery are arranged on blackened platinum sheet leaves. The ‘umo-battery generates e.m.f. in millivolts based on the amount of radiation falling on it. The ‘aurng device is an electro-magnetic panel millivoltmeter of inner resistance of approximately has and a range of 12 millivolts, calibrated in °C. The error is less than 1%. The telescope of radiation pyrometer is placed at a distance of 0.5 to 1.5 meters from the nt hole. The platinum plate observed through the ocular be completely visible against ‘Stement hole hackground. The colour filter is used to absorb a portion of radiation to protect ers yelight during high temperature measurement. al Optical pyrometers i tegatital monochromatic pyrometer is a kind of subjective photometer in which a mono- "wing ttt beam is used for measuring purposes (usually @ red light beam at 0.65 um ‘engttD! The temperature measurement consists of ubservation of the radiation visible Swell i ight source. The 8 its comparison to a standard lig : Viuat® f radiation is the heated body whose temperate © tobe measure. The pewean led inside the i i andard light source. The bea the instrument is used as a 5470 Chemical Eagineeng i ; i " ina telescope. The hot body brilliance is compared to fh niente of the emp Blame ee . inside the instrument in the telescope ld. 1 lament Mey, ale de ra aoe an myn ee ae i liance in the visual field. The pyrometer lamp is connected to one fthe ye tigearna! Sait the temperatury meter is connected with the bridge diogonal. The Then serves also as a switch is installed in the supply circuit. Ei hi ‘When the rheostat knob is turned, the value of filament current intensity Cither jn, decreases, Both the filament tompergture and resistance are changed dus tothe eur The bridge becomes unbalanced due tothe resistance change and the meter nesdle ent range from 0 to 800°C is cut off because of lack of visible radiations. The pyromes temperature measurement ranges : from 800 to 1200°C and from 1200 to 2000°¢, The measurement range is obtained by means of an absorbing filter put on the objective Tens. Thep” is not used for the temperature range of 800 to 1200°C. The distance between the pyron. heated body under test should exceed 0.6 m. Emissivity correction is done at get 0 a temperature of the object. Pressure is primarily measured in the process industry to ensure safety of the equipment Fre vessel is pressure tested and it is absolutely essential that this safety limit is not exceeded Iie fluid is to be bransferred from one elevation to another elevation, pressure is to be measinj, ensure enough head for transferring the fluid. The commonly used pressure measuring instrina, are : 1. Manometers 2. Pressure gauges 3. Load cells For local indication of pressure, pressure gauges are used having Bourdon as the sexy element. When transmission or control is required, Pressure transmitters are used hiny diaphragm or Bourdon as the sensing element. In diaphragm type transmitters a force beamistsi to the diaphragm which deflects when pressure is applied. This deflection is transmitted i flapper. The flapper nozzle gap varies and hence the back pressure. This change in back pres changes the output of the relay which in turn position the flapper back to its original post through a feedback bellow. The output taken from the relay is a measure of the pressured! system. To measure very low pressure like furnace draft, capsule type pressure gauge is ws has Liquid level is a process variable of key importance in industrial instrumentation for 1. Proper process operation 2. Cost accounting 3. Safety of equipment and personnel pois For direct, visual observation of liquid levels in tanks and process vessels hers ot Transmission of level and control, level trol and level differential pressure transmitter [evel trol works on the principles of variable displacement. The weight of the disple! S410 heavier than that of the liquid displaced at full immersion. Depending upon the a0" tet displacer is immersed and this linear movement of digplacer is teenemived throul? tae angular displacement to the pointer. The deflection of the point is calibrated in term, set remote transmission is required then angular movement of the torque tube is £iVe 5, je! which works in conjunction with a nozzle. The flapper nocche gap varies depending > he