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Brain Waves and Biofeedback Training
Brain Waves and Biofeedback Training
6&
BIOFEEDBACK
TRAINING
NEW WAYS OF EXTENDING
THE INFLUENCE OF
THE MIND OVER THE BODY
BY MITCHELL WAITE
HIGH in the Himalavas, the monks of Ti- there. Most subjects could, in a small
bet have practiced a remarkable initia- amount of time, learn to influence the tem-
tion ritual for thousands of years. On the perature of different parts of their bodies
coldest days of winter, candidates go to by using the mformation transmitted by the
spend the night by frozen lakes clad only electronic measurement circuit.
in their thin orange robes. Symbolic white Similar to the monks, his subjects were
robes are dipped into the icy water and using their minds to generate heat energy
draped around their naked bodies. The at a particular area of their body. Ten de-
number of robes a candidate can melt in a grees is a long way from melting frozen
single night symbolizes the level of his spir- robes but scientists are finding that people
itual achievement. can influence all kinds of body processes,
Eastern mystical teachings have a for- hitherto believed beyond the range of con-
mula that anyone can follow to achieve such scious control.
spectacular body control: years devoted to
meditation, complex visualizations, and sex- Closing the Loop. Traditionally, Western
ual continence. medicine considered certain regulatOlY rune-
Characteristically, however, Western tech-
nology is encroaching on this formerly East-
Editor's Note: In response to many requests
ern monopoly with electronic devices that
from readers for articles on alpha brain waves,
demand neither sacrifice nor discomfort.
we are presenting two stories. This month, we
Elmer Green at the Menninger Founda- cover the general principles of biofeedback
tion in Topeka, Kansas, has taught subjects training as well as the various types of wave·
to lower the temperature of their hands ten forms generated by the brain. Next month, we
degrees by using a Simple device which in- will have an alpha-wave monitor construction
dicates body temperature increases by project for those who want to do some experi-
movement of a meter. Subjects were told menting.
to move the indicator up-scale and hold it
DECEMBER 1972 33
tions of the body such as skin temperature
and heart rate as outside the domain of will-
ful control. This assumption seems to have
helped shape the self-concept most of us
have of being at the mercy of our involun-
tary nervous system. The self-regulating Ze
':'These descriptors are from a Clyde Mood Adjective checklist following one 60-minute
feedback session with the eyes open.
"'''This last band is a recent Russian discovery. It could be revolutionary in the brain-wave
field. In terms of just information content, these signals could contain over a billion
times more data than the slower brain waves produce.
Kamiya and researchers like him seem to Corporation is exploring the feasibility of
feel that this is one way of reducing ten- brain-wave training in helping employees
sion and increasing awareness by dealing relax and get their strength back after hard
with it in an internal and self-motivated business meetings.
",ray. It may be possible, says Kamiya, to Besides mapping consciousness, brain-
use the descriptors of biopotential signals wave research is giving science more in-
(frequency, magnitude, direction, origin) to sight into different philosophies and their
discover how to reproduce altered states of objective biophysical correlations.
awareness. The classical experiments that started this
Already various groups are following exploration were set up to record the brain
brain-wave biofeedback research and pre- waves of both students and masters of Yoga
senting it to the public in more palatable and Zen. Kasamatsu and Hirai in 1966
form. Some of the interest is in providing found a highly positive correlation between
verbal instruction and exercises in produc- the EEG pattern and the number of years
ing the desired brain-wave states. There is of Zen meditation. They reported as the
some skepticism voiced that these different years of study of Zen increased: (1) the
groups have over-inflated claims and they brain-wave rhythm which was predomin-
are using mass suggestion. However, no one ately alpha lowered in frequency toward
has tested the brain waves of these people theta by up to three hertz; (2) the per-
or how they control them so it is still to centage of alpha in the occipital areas
be proved. The brain waves of people with (back of the head) decreased while alpha
ESP powers have been studied and they activity in the frontal (front of the head)
show a definite abundance of the alpha increased; (3) there was an increase in av-
wave just prior to the ESP experience. erage brain-wave amplitude; (4) there was
Some companies are producing brain- alpha activity with the eyes open (some-
wave monitors which allow anyone to safely thing that is particularly rare in most peo-
experiment in feedback training. The Xerox ple's EEG's); and (5) when an external
DECEMBER 1972 37
stimulus (such as a loud click) was deliv- which records brain waves from many areas
ered, the alpha activity of the Zen student of the scalp and sends them into a spe-
was blocked for constant 2-to-3-second peri- cially programmed computer. From there
ods. Normal subjects, that is those with non- the brain waves are analyzed and displayed
Eastern type philosophies, block alpha but on a cathode ray tube. The result is a pic-
the blocking interval decreases as the ex- ture of the brain waves-a contour map of
ternal stimulus occurs more often. the peaks and troughs of electrical activity
When Anand, et al., studied the brain as "seen" through the top of the subject's
waves of Yoga masters, they found "in- head.
creased alpha activity (magnitude and per- Each picture is photographed and used
cent occurance) and absolutely no blocking to make a movie. Two movies have been
on an external stimulus"! - made, each a minute long, representing the
How can the difference in alpha block- brain-wave activity in a quarter of a second
ing between the Zen, Yoga, and non-medi- -but slowed down 250 times.
tator be explained? In the case of the nor- By studying various subjects, Fender and
mal subjects (non-meditators) the more the Kavanagh have discovered a simultaneous
stimulus occurs, the less interference there sound and light-flash stimulus causes activ-
is in alpha production. The subject adapts itv in three distinct locations of the brain.
to the stimulus and eventually does not hear One area analyzes visual images, the second
it. On the other hand, the Yoga student sound patterns, and the third seems to de-
(no alpha blocking) apparently is totally cide if the sound and light come from the
screening out stimuli from the outside world same place. They have discovered these lo-
while the Zen meditator (constant alpha cations by increasing the number of elec-
blocking interval) is reacting to every stim- trode positions to 49 and plotting the locus
uli in an equal manner. of the neuron emissions with the powerful
For psychology and philosophy, these computer program. The computer gives an
results help to organize a division between accurate reading of exact positions of the
subjective reporting of conscious states ac- brain-wave sources rather than just the fre-
cording to a particular world view and their quency and niagnitude. By studying these
measureable physiological correlates. The brain-wave movies, scientists are bridging
follower of Buddhism (who uses Yoga as the gap between single neuron· firing and
an exercise) believes the sensory world to the functioning of groups of neurons work-
be illusory and attempts to withdraw from ing together.
it. The practicer of Zen, however, believes During this project Fender .discovered
the world is not illusion and tries to remain that the best subjects for his brain-wave
awake and fullv sensitive to it. From the studies were waitresses. Most people either
point of view ~f the average subjects, the produced fast surface level beta waves or
world is simply related to him in a self- just went to sleep. Waitresses however
centered manner. He explores the stimulus were just right. They were quick-minded so
with a "What's in it for me" attitude and, they didn't fall asleep and industrious
if satisfied it offers nothing, stops paying enough to concentrate on the light-flash
attention to it. stimulus. And they weren't too nosy about
what was going on or too preoccupied with
Biofeedback in the Future. Interpreting some other problem.
brain-wave patterns is helping scientists un- As computers become more powerful with
derstand the general activity level of moods, faster and larger memories, Fender's pro-
feelings and mental attitudes. To under- grams might reveal creative brain-wave
stand the actual mechanisms of thinking and patterns and possibly provide a means of
reasoning a closer look at the brain is need- utilizing biofeedback to stimulate these
ed. However the countless chemical reac- types of thinking.
tions of the brain occur at such high As biofeedback techniques become more
speeds and low magnitudes that direct ob- effective, we might begin to see their use
servation reveals little. in therapeutic techniques. Ancient teach-
.
Nevertheless, Derek Fender, professor of ings have constantly pointed to using the
biology and applied science, and his gradu- mind to prevent disease and eliminate in-
ate assistant Robert Kavanagh, have found fection. We may one day see doctors pre-
some beginning answers to how the brain scribing biofeedback methods instead of
works. They have constructed a machine ~~.
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