8 Introduction “Weld dent of the sateen century, the Spais-bwn Hern CIS iiss row a numberof gos rama of thi Kind SERGE RS SS Sree some weer desma. An amin rend SOOT Mc [Ena Bae se Sewn] te nly 0 ‘Siow ply by hi to ave survive Soe ate crinthoa andi: PEST Aboogh te congprrs fen ed the imapiaos TESS erase ahogh he ed ofthe sect centry sm Teer fate rec ant protege noel in Spi, no clon SEE cppearelin the eet igi of Oars er ta he Maesee sf novel ino he ind was fridden by royal dees, AEDT tang been ipod inorder to pots the pita | egy ofthe nopconvee nds A191, ance Rey mentioned the ove of chile Amat de Gatland ecdiaat wn cad pee for dhe Indian and something wih REMIT go wel fe thom o be concerned vo ad’! Dept the TEERG Sar rts novel ind te way int he clonic SEES he bokspounoed by a architect who wa roe ROBY By ae nqustion n Mnco fe the event entry 1 CL jane and Quer Vale def Buc, bh weben0¥n Sere noveh? The embargo on te iporation of rove cold Beer lcdee bea reson for the dea of Spmih- Ameren es Tsing unecnovel coud beobisine despe the embargo. Lack SPTESE aad te ity of pling works of Son we Sirah Imporanr detente Crsive tent these as et aE did arpete wring. ul nln had to be channeled into moe imar gees Bren soy boot ere gored CY {GEOG “Sipe appcaced fisonl marten shige (aitisr of maith A hates chronic, known at Here {The Sheep] (1636) written by the Colombian, Joan Rodriguez Freile Coser cece cord of Calman sory but hi Seed Sad gp in can face. The author's digi in lic Spada, lic love afin and orders not oly ake Frarntstca thes prsotyy ofthe yew pros bt reve the Kind Erle dat nigh wel har fille lin thelist velo the Peete plato ory. note sventent entry work whic DSBs Shr to tho ofthe novel Ls iron de Ao ME Tae ugvnme of lon Roni) an account ofthe wao- etags fs shiporec clo, writen bythe Mecano, Cis $e Seine 9 engors (tus). The sory was poepoely ‘The seventeenth century 9 tld Sg y Gngor by Also Ramesh bby 20 tea a ts anu, Sigs y Ginga hs ne thn 2 ade tena geo steelers a ore pth aie he tout of his ptgon hs giving he le fee abd sta Sy, He delaras chaser stbough he shows + cea gow proc apis be rocaancp Dib ale ed para i dy mde toy peda ‘tantos alos, el que sélo en el condestble Nicpat y en Dick Fame CRIES Lian consent ‘Eagan emp vne exme brnn ‘como en bueoas palabes, com que me exhortban a la paciencis 2 Foueaieaiindan seas eer Inde the hte, croniden and rates of the soni pet tee incon bes owe png eo By the seventeenth centr, the Span cong were wel ore, prosperous, over-protected and wholly cat off from ouside influences, swhether cultural or ecotiomic. Trade was enticely with the mother “Teme, he th aque cal matched ont the oedory “icin Tcl ee el Gini : so rembled noting 0 much hotsowe prfong Gecyaureeed oomsinhighiprepuatedcndivons “The rte nyle of ths prod tthe Hoque hace by serrate element bythe we SF caved token ins © Gap and alas of New Wotd churches cui go soe a _ Risin nd gen on cml of mete guns cons cctodoery 0 pine somes i Teg Ratan nd cea Rive spre te bane $e ieoratve month poll ns eae wich sound a geal ingenuity exercised for is owm sake, inthe piling on of images Salat slking cs: Ceca te poor sabre se amero [Jovey faa and competons show an inctening emp on agents Compl soiled vee heey ord reine wih ene wnat we se ASI ie Ea tae ny py eal aooanoe ay Sconce es Uae ua ceyaee ng ott Sy sey Use dered ees sou Sed orl SRE Rites7 Introduction rexd backwards ot forwards show «desperate seach fics fet only ‘Rel by moder advertising agencies dn the following poem, the ‘hievemcarf the complicated vertl echoes ils ny posible mean- ing Sia Ato mgr ile Fa Troy oe eit “in gare go ia ie Bebo mages pment ‘Ba act was not simply a mechanic exec, even the hgh of shetarogee Outanding teat there wer, andthe boldly ied che confit inherited 1 ‘Sal aly be dimly aware dha outside the Spanish Empire atoning SSrelecualrevlatfons bad Becured to chasge mas conection of ins ratio to his envronment. They theres knew lite of con- ‘Rhporary mathemateal dicovere and sientifc inventions. Thee a stig red heavily on kaming by hea on the weight of ‘lind ther at on sete invesegaton. Even o, i both Pees td Mexico, ative-born waters inteingly dicovered di uit Dewan the nscowmnest of thei edgation and the breadth ‘ftir experence, Lex wr ne comider to sventeeth-centry Mexicans, Ctlos sipecer-y. sng (645-170) abd Sor Joana In de ia Cruz Git op both of wontemexed religious order, both of whom were (roller cao to be pte a home thee. Sghens y (Geigos was tind a Jet but son lee he ode. A fsa ‘Satlbmarcnn ie eld a Chur of Matemacs Sont xan besides ‘Jar Chief Conmopaphc of the Res, zd Chie Examiner of Gan- Tone wis an winged poet, xidoe of Prinees ind [Indio “Gig pra ofthe dakekinned Vigin of Gossip, ba was a reek te of arava bit Ifo de Ale Rees show's. ‘Bar sigue y Gongon's very geet lent tne with one seout Clacle—the erod andthe society he ved in. fs genies poured ke water in nd Helene the Indian langage and ponerse the Tenly of pe-Colinbian sce only to come up syst lack of oc his work The fis of tse inveigaions have been Beatie for nowy on Indians which be dipped into the pages of omminooed works. A biti wotk on postcongoes: Mexico ‘Ser 3 simular fae, Lod sie of bis chronicles of contemporary Hivhave survived tough oe ofthese teas etx devin the Inn con oof 1652had to await publicason uml 193,Petaps ‘The seventeenth cenury x es too advanced fo the Mexico of his ine, Cerin his Lia orice fies (te), reves 3 thoroughly modern spit of ‘Sretiuon This ork wos weten st efitation ofthe view ofthe Joni onary, Frther Kino, who had sustained that comet were {ines of ev I oppostion to thi, Siena y Gingora demonstrates thatthe ciation of suthorseshas no pla ia sence: ey poi ert te Rereene nor ny ther matbenaicn ren ithe Psemy hin, setup dogmas inthe ino, Beate atigy no stem sa burly rot nd demorateon* ‘ack of funds prevented hin from publishing this article for ten years ‘His extant work, writen alnst in the teeth of the society in which he lived, reveals « personality and a scholar who, had he been born in Europe, ighthave been Newton or Leib. ‘One of Siena y Géngors's Ginds was the non, Sor Juana Inds de a Groza witty and learned lady who was loin conc with society. ‘A ladyin wating at the Viceegal cout in her ten, she s00n took ‘he vel not beeatse duappointed in love as some fanciful biographers Inve sutsined, but simply because the costes provided a rafe and ‘omnforeble environment in which to parsue her genuine and con Sierable intllecoal interes She was to achieve an enviable reputation | “in colonial socery, bing: known throughout the Spanispenking 4 word a the ‘Décima Mas (Tenth Mise. Butthe very vain of het 4 Gapur pethaps reveds her own sncersingy a5 eo where her true ‘Pexpesion lay. She wrote pic poe, mtaphycal poems sch at the Sucis [Dream] in which he examined and disused the ature of| Faratns, plays both raced and profane, and she even tumed her and thcologial polemic: Her fondness Yor sel letters eed her the Freproof ofthe Bishop of Puebla ad a eis of ara disasters which ook Mexico City in the 16901 and which began with an edie of the followed by storms and firming, sem © have increséd her fel sags of gui and anguith. In 1694, se signed + ceafiemation of er In her own blood wid the words, Sister Juana Inés de la Cruz, ‘worst in the world’, Soon afterwards she died, afer nusing the i daring an epidemic, apparently weakened by selfmortifcaion. Eve. ths brief biography indicates ares mindy and the story of is unsval and tented woman ha inspzed numerous biographies, lading a Freudian interpreation of ber fe and peconality by fig Pfsndl who diagnoses her as a neurti, a natisist with a ation and 2 compulsive desire to compete with men in their2 Introduction peel proces, Wher we accept Pd gpa or nt it se Su So Jn wo» vied el 2 tht hr dvon Bain cn speed with axing cites is er wen on pure vile STi enfin: Sheaes ime Susana sgh te ens iron os fe Se hah be a etn fo feces aa rn rons a Ca re arg some evs) angers a Cie warn te en of pe Seclceaecdom: es eee, und, ie? Se eles fen cada weet oiieen re Splint ge? oso etna wc sey “re a et een ronan ‘Yo no eno masa qs, wei, Shisplo co des eas, ‘Seiguen ie ogreds etia ‘eee da Sea ce tot ike iis y Conger So una wantonly omy his conf tik Sie oeSEccce and her pion for faig but ao teenie mya prietpnnend e See eo pny ain i oid eine temelon/or rr dsh eoeayiger em! epee enter danke snp denoyeoy an ‘The seventeenth century 4 ‘erween two kinds of sholartip—the old method of tras 10 tories and the new pragmatic methods, One est, indeed, sae ‘ais with some plasty thatthe Fabior and Silvis (he names of her supposed lovers inher Irie poetry) are persoifcations of his intel fecal ilemma,* Certainly the fllowing poem can be read ether ava conventional love diem in which the ad ig pursued by the man ‘he does not love and pursues in her surn a man who is indiferent to ber; on the other hand, ie can aso be read asthe ilezama of the fun who fee desheler ofthe Chugch in order to pursue the harsher truth of inte knowledge: Al gue ington ds bac ase flgue ate me se, eo grat, Comat dor uen maar ma ‘eats gue amor bce cna, [que tata de aoe hl dia Y y Samente ue ded mes: ila que vere que mes ats gun re qe ver tant, Sia epg, pee eos ‘frag ago mt pundonr eno {ieesmambes odor fe mere eo yo or major pio jo te quent que rte emp, {ede qin no me gure, dso Perhaps poctey war only second best for Sor Juana, a wes inte, which, for want of tite sable containers ae hid to pop her itllecua problems. Her most ambitious poca. Prine Sue [Fit Dream] has Sometimes compared to Gongors's Soledad; but in ict, apart rom © Guctal ticks of spl, there it le tesemblance between Gingor# oem. hich expres the poe’ delight in the yaiety and sensnouness ‘rake natural world andthe neler argument of or una’ poem in '+ He whofe etry prmt wo lng alo i tel tec lr hw sing lve 08 spur i wh enn) samy 7 TTS ey lve ed bad dame nin a wh seh sinew ry ao ma a i tw gy en. my de le with chr my i a "Dur chome a the bce prt be he mage objec of him dnt lovee ‘hate orem poihf ene bo bv mr he