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Ei 1541 PDF
Ei 1541 PDF
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PERFORMANCE REQUIREMENTS FOR PROTECTIVE COATING SYSTEMS
USED IN AVIATION FUEL STORAGE TANKS AND PIPING
EI STANDARD 1541
FIrst edition
July 2009
Published by
ENERGY INSTITUTE, LONDON
The Energy Institute is a professional membership body incorporated by Royal Charter 2003
Registered charity number 1097899
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The Energy Institute (EI) is the leading chartered professional membership body supporting individuals and organisations across
the energy industry. With a combined membership of over 13 500 individuals and 300 companies in 100 countries, it provides an
independent focal point for the energy community and a powerful voice to engage business and industry, government, academia and
the public internationally.
As a Royal Charter organisation, the EI offers professional recognition and sustains personal career development through the
accreditation and delivery of training courses, conferences and publications and networking opportunities. It also runs a highly valued
technical work programme, comprising original independent research and investigations, and the provision of EI technical publications
to provide the international industry with information and guidance on key current and future issues.
The EI promotes the safe, environmentally responsible and efficient supply and use of energy in all its forms and applications. In fulfilling
this purpose the EI addresses the depth and breadth of energy and the energy system, from upstream and downstream hydrocarbons
and other primary fuels and renewables, to power generation, transmission and distribution to sustainable development, demand side
management and energy efficiency. Offering learning and networking opportunities to support career development, the EI provides a
home to all those working in energy, and a scientific and technical reservoir of knowledge for industry.
This publication has been produced as a result of work carried out within the Technical Team of the EI, funded by the EI’s Technical
Partners. The EI’s Technical Work Programme provides industry with cost-effective, value-adding knowledge on key current and future
issues affecting those operating in the energy sector, both in the UK and internationally.
The EI gratefully acknowledges the financial contributions towards the scientific and technical programme
from the following companies
No part of this book may be reproduced by any means, or transmitted or translated into
a machine language without the written permission of the publisher.
The information contained in this publication is provided as guidance only and while every reasonable care has been taken to ensure
the accuracy of its contents, the Energy Institute cannot accept any responsibility for any action taken, or not taken, on the basis of
this information. The Energy Institute shall not be liable to any person for any loss or damage which may arise from the use of any of
the information contained in any of its publications.
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IMPORTANT: This file is subject to a licence agreement issued by the Energy Institute, London, UK. All rights reserved. It may only be used in accordance with
the licence terms and conditions. It must not be forwarded to, or stored or accessed by, any unauthorised user. Enquiries: e: pubs@energyinst.org.uk t: +44 (0)207 467 7100
PERFORMANCE REQUIREMENTS FOR PROTECTIVE COATING SYSTEMS USED IN AVIATION FUEL STORAGE TANKS AND PIPING
CONTENTS
Page
Legal notices and disclaimers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iv
Foreword . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . v
Acknowledgements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vi
Annex A Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Annex B Abbreviations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Tables:
Table 1 Test fluids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
III
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PERFORMANCE REQUIREMENTS FOR PROTECTIVE COATING SYSTEMS USED IN AVIATION FUEL STORAGE TANKS AND PIPING
IV
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PERFORMANCE REQUIREMENTS FOR PROTECTIVE COATING SYSTEMS USED IN AVIATION FUEL STORAGE TANKS AND PIPING
FOREWORD
This publication has been prepared by the EI Aviation Committee. It is intended to provide guidance
on performance requirements for protective coating systems that may be used in aviation fuel storage
tanks and piping.
Users of this publication shall be aware that due consideration shall be given to the effect of any
unusual or abnormal circumstance, on which it is not possible to generalise within the scope of this
publication. Specialist advice shall be sought in these cases.
In addition, in some areas local or national statutory regulations also apply (e.g. German Institute
of Building Technology requirement for tank coatings which result in a grey colour). This publication
is intended to be complementary to these established controls and practices.
The EI is not undertaking to meet the duties of employers to warn and equip their employees,
and others exposed, concerning health and safety risks and precautions, nor undertaking their
obligations under local and regional laws and regulations.
Nothing contained in any EI publication is to be construed as granting any right, by implication
or otherwise, for the manufacture, sale, or use of any method, apparatus, or product covered by
letters patent. Neither shall anything contained in the publication be construed as insuring anyone
against liability for infringement of letters patent.
This publication is intended to assist those involved in the storage of aviation fuel. Every effort
has been made by the EI to ensure the accuracy and reliability of the data contained herein; however,
the EI makes no representation, warranty, or guarantee in connection with this publication and
hereby expressly disclaim any liability or responsibility for loss or damage resulting from its use or for
the violation of any local or regional laws or regulations with which this publication may conflict.
Suggested revisions are invited and should be submitted to the Technical Department, Energy
Institute, 61 New Cavendish Street, London, W1G 7AR (e: technical@energyinst.org).
Issued under license to Phillips 66 branded aviation customers only. Not for further circulation.
IMPORTANT: This file is subject to a licence agreement issued by the Energy Institute, London, UK. All rights reserved. It may only be used in accordance with
the licence terms and conditions. It must not be forwarded to, or stored or accessed by, any unauthorised user. Enquiries: e: pubs@energyinst.org.uk t: +44 (0)207 467 7100
PERFORMANCE REQUIREMENTS FOR PROTECTIVE COATING SYSTEMS USED IN AVIATION FUEL STORAGE TANKS AND PIPING
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The preparation of this publication was undertaken by Mr. J. Thurston, Air BP, with input from
technical representatives of the following companies:
Air BP Limited
Air TOTAL International
AFS Aviation Fuel Services GmbH
Chevron
ConocoPhillips
ExxonMobil Aviation International Ltd.
ExxonMobil Fuels Marketing Company
ExxonMobil Research & Engineering
International Paint Ltd
Kuwait Petroleum International Aviation Company Ltd.
Marathon Petroleum Company LLC
Shell Aviation Ltd.
Shell Global Solutions
Shell Oil Products
VI
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PERFORMANCE REQUIREMENTS FOR PROTECTIVE COATING SYSTEMS USED IN AVIATION FUEL STORAGE TANKS AND PIPING
1.1 INTRODUCTION
The use of protective coating systems for the coating of interior metal1 surfaces of
aviation fuel (jet fuel and aviation gasoline) storage tanks and piping is an important
tool in the prevention of corrosion on these metal surfaces, to ensure the integrity of
containment as well as protecting aviation fuel from contamination by rust during storage
and distribution. There are many issues to consider when planning to use a protective
coating system such as:
−− determination of the effect of the coating on the aviation fuel;
−− determination of the effect of aviation fuel on the coating;
−− selection of the appropriate coating system;
−− surface preparation, and
−− correct application.
1.2 SCOPE
1.3 RETROACTIVITY
The provisions of this standard are intended for application to new storage tanks and
piping or existing storage tanks that are undergoing coating replacement.
1It
should be noted that the use of stainless steel or aluminium may preclude the need for the use of a protective
coating.
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PERFORMANCE REQUIREMENTS FOR PROTECTIVE COATING SYSTEMS USED IN AVIATION FUEL STORAGE TANKS AND PIPING
When a protective coating is used to line the interior surface of storage tanks and/or
piping, the coating shall not have an effect on the aviation fuel. To determine this, the
coating material shall meet the requirements of one of the internationally recognised
specifications listed below and in addition the requirements described in 2.2 of this
standard:
For coatings that are qualified to DEF STAN 80-97, MIL-PRF-23236 and MIL-PRF-4556
additional determination of the effect of the coating material on the aviation fuel and
the effect of sea water on the coating shall be obtained by undertaking the laboratory
testing described in 2.2.1. Only if the results of the coating testing are acceptable, as
described in 2.2.2, should the system be considered acceptable for use as a coating in
aviation fuel service.
2.2.1 Procedure
2.2.1.1 Properly prepare and apply the coating material under test to six steel Test Pieces, each
measuring 115 mm (± 5 mm) x 25 mm (± 5 mm) x 3 mm (± 1 mm) in accordance with
the coating manufacturer’s instructions.
2.2.1.3 Obtain test fluids as described in Table 1. Test fluids shall be stored in sealed approximately
5 litre epoxy coated metal (as described in ASTM D 4306) or uncoated stainless steel
containers.
2.2.1.5 Measure the Existent Gum (mg/100 ml) by IP 540/ASTM D 381 of Test Fluid B.
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PERFORMANCE REQUIREMENTS FOR PROTECTIVE COATING SYSTEMS USED IN AVIATION FUEL STORAGE TANKS AND PIPING
2.2.1.7 Measure the JFTOT breakpoint (highest temperature divisible by 5°C with a visual tube
rating <3 and pressure drop less than 25 mm of Hg) of Test Fluid B. Note that a jet fuel
having stable JFTOT performance must be used for this testing or the coating will appear
to fail in 2.2.2.5. It is not permitted to compensate the results in 2.2.2.5 for unstable jet
fuel.
2.2.1.8 Prepare at room temperature, five wide mouth Borosilicate Glass (as described in ASTM
D 4306) jars or stainless steel containers. Fill two with Test Fluid A, two with Test Fluid B
and one with Test Fluid C. Details of the Test Fluids and the required volume of each, are
given in Table 1.
2.2.1.9 Completely immerse one Test Piece in each of the five containers of test fluid. Seal each
container.
2.2.1.10 Store the five containers at room temperature in a location where they will not be
disturbed for a period of 30 days.
2.2.1.11 Test Fluid A: measure Existent Gum, by IP 540/ASTM D 381 of the fluid in each
container.
2.2.1.12.1 Measure Existent Gum (mg/100 ml) by IP 540/ASTM D 381 of the fluid for each of the
two containers.
2.2.1.12.3 Measure for electrical conductivity by IP 274/ASTM D 2624 of the fluid in each of the two
containers.
2.2.1.12.4 Measure the oxidative thermal stability by IP 323/ASTM D 3241 of the test fluid in each
of the two containers at the test temperature of 5 °C less than the breakpoint measured
in 2.2.1.7.
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PERFORMANCE REQUIREMENTS FOR PROTECTIVE COATING SYSTEMS USED IN AVIATION FUEL STORAGE TANKS AND PIPING
2.2.1.13 Test Fluid C: remove, rinse with petroleum, dry and visually inspect the test piece.
2.2.2 Results
2.2.2.1 The results obtained from the two Test Fluid B containers from step 2.2.1.12.3 shall be
compared with the result obtained in step 2.2.1.6. These results shall be considered
acceptable if both results are within the repeatability of the test method as compared
with the result obtained in 2.2.1.6.
2.2.2.2 The results obtained from the two Test Fluid A containers from step 2.2.1.11 shall be
compared with the result obtained in step 2.2.1.4. These results shall be considered
acceptable if both results are within the repeatability of the test method as compared to
the result obtained in 2.2.1.4.
2.2.2.3 The results obtained from the two Test Fluid B containers in step 2.2.1.12.1 shall be
compared with the result obtained in step 2.2.1.5. These results shall be considered
acceptable if both results are within the repeatability of the test method as compared to
the result obtained in 2.2.1.5.
2.2.2.4 The results obtained from the two Test Fluid B containers in step 2.2.1.12.2 shall be
considered acceptable if both results are within the limits prescribed in the relevant jet
fuel specification (either ASTM D 1655 or DEF STAN 91-91).
2.2.2.5 The results obtained from the two Test Fluid B containers in step 2.2.1.12.4 shall be
considered acceptable if both tests give VTR <3 and pressure drop less than 25 mm.
2.2.2.6 The results obtained from the inspection of the Test Piece from the one Test Fluid C
container from step 2.2.1.13 shall be considered acceptable if the Test Piece appears
essentially identical to the control sample in step 2.2.1.2.
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PERFORMANCE REQUIREMENTS FOR PROTECTIVE COATING SYSTEMS USED IN AVIATION FUEL STORAGE TANKS AND PIPING
3.1 Coatings used in aviation fuel service shall have a white or light colour to assist in routine
inspection of the storage tank and shall have a smooth surface to promote drainage.
3.2 Coatings used to line the interior of piping used in aviation fuel service shall pass a lining
burn back test as prescribed in 3.2.1 to 3.2.2.
3.2.1 Two sample plates, of dimensions 200 ±5 mm x 150 ±5 mm x 6 ±2 mm, shall be coated
on one side only, then each shall be bevelled along one 150 mm edge to an angle of 45
degrees. The plates shall then be arc welded together along the length of the bevelled
edge forming a butt weld.
3.2.2 After welding in accordance with 3.2.1 the piece shall be visually inspected. To be
considered an acceptable result there shall be no visual sign of the coating having burned
off, peeled or removed in any other way for a distance greater than 20 mm from the
extremities of the weld. There should be minimal loss of adhesion in the adjoining coating
and coating discoloration should not be widespread. Any discoloration of the coating
should be reported.
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IMPORTANT: This file is subject to a licence agreement issued by the Energy Institute, London, UK. All rights reserved. It may only be used in accordance with
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PERFORMANCE REQUIREMENTS FOR PROTECTIVE COATING SYSTEMS USED IN AVIATION FUEL STORAGE TANKS AND PIPING
The selection of an appropriate coating system, the preparation of the surface to be coated,
coating application, and inspection of the coating after application are essential steps to
ensure the coating will prevent corrosion of the metal surface, prevent contamination of
aviation fuel, promote water removal by being smooth and be long lasting. Additional
information on applying coatings can be found in:
The purchaser of the coating should advise the coating manufacturer of the aviation
fuels including any fuel additives that will come in contact with the coating. The coating
manufacturer shall then confirm in writing that the coating supplied is fit-for-service and
that it meets the requirements set out in sections 2 and 3 of this standard. The purchaser
of the coating material shall adhere to the coating manufacturer’s recommendations for
surface preparation, application, and thickness, number of applications and inspection
of the coating.
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IMPORTANT: This file is subject to a licence agreement issued by the Energy Institute, London, UK. All rights reserved. It may only be used in accordance with
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PERFORMANCE REQUIREMENTS FOR PROTECTIVE COATING SYSTEMS USED IN AVIATION FUEL STORAGE TANKS AND PIPING
ANNEX A
BIBLIOGRAPHY
ASTM D 130 Standard test method for corrosiveness to copper from petroleum products
by copper strip test
ASTM D 1141 Standard practice for the preparation of substitute ocean water
ASTM D 1655 Standard specification for aviation turbine fuels
ASTM D 2624 Standard test method for electrical conductivity of aviation and distillate
fuels
ASTM D 3241 Standard test method for thermal oxidation stability of aviation turbine
fuels (JFTOT procedure)
ASTM D 4306 Standard practice for aviation fuel sample containers for tests affected by
trace contamination
UK Ministry of Defence Works Functional Standard Spec. 032 Internal coating of aviation
fuel storage tanks
UK Ministry of Defence Standard 80-97 Paint, system, for the interior of bulk fuel tank
and fittings, two packs
UK Ministry of Defence Standard 91-91 Turbine fuel, aviation kerosene type, Jet A-1
NATO Code: F35, Joint service designation: AVTUR
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PERFORMANCE REQUIREMENTS FOR PROTECTIVE COATING SYSTEMS USED IN AVIATION FUEL STORAGE TANKS AND PIPING
ANNEX B
ABBREVIATIONS/UNITS
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Global aviation fuel handling publications
The Energy Institute is the provider of the following portfolio of equipment standards and operational
recommended practices to facilitate the safe and efficient handling of aviation fuel, particularly at airports.
They are available for use internationally. The titles include those that were developed jointly with the API.
These are available through the EI from either www.energypublishing.org or Portland Customer Services
(t: +44 (0)1206 796 351). The two API titles can be obtained from www.global.ihs.com. For further information
on the EI aviation fuel handling portfolio please contact technical@energyinst.org.
General
Filtration equipment
EI 1550 Handbook on equipment used for the maintenance and delivery of 1st 978 0 85293 574 3
clean aviation fuel
EI 1581 Specification and qualification procedures for aviation jet fuel filter/sepa- 5th 978 0 85293 575 0
rators
EI 1582 Specification for similarity for EI 1581 aviation jet fuel filter/separators 1st 978 0 85293 576 7
EI 1583 Laboratory tests and minimum performance levels for aviation fuel 5th 978 0 85293 527 9
filter monitors
EI 1590 Specifications and qualification procedures for aviation fuel microfilters 2nd 978 0 85293 577 4
EI 1596 Design and construction of aviation fuel filter vessels 1st 978 0 85293 578 1
EI 1599 Laboratory tests and minimum performance levels for aviation fuel 1st 978 0 85293 579 8
dirt defence filters
EI Research report Electrostatic discharges in 2-inch fuel filter monitors 1st 978 0 85293 388 6
EI Research report Electrostatic discharges in 2-inch aviation fuel filter monitors Phase 2: 1st 978 0 85293 408 1
Properties needed to control discharges
EI Research report Investigation into the effects of lubricity additives on the performance 1st 978 0 85293 395 4
of filter/water separators
API 1543 Documentation, monitoring and laboratory testing of aviation fuel 1st A154301
during shipment from refinery to airport
API 1595 Design, construction, operation, maintenance, and inspection of avia- 1st A159501
tion pre-airfield storage terminals
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IMPORTANT: This file is subject to a licence agreement issued by the Energy Institute, London, UK. All rights reserved. It may only be used in accordance with
the licence terms and conditions. It must not be forwarded to, or stored or accessed by, any unauthorised user. Enquiries: e: pubs@energyinst.org.uk t: +44 (0)207 467 7100
Energy Institute This publication has been produced as a result of
61 New Cavendish Street work carried out within the Technical Team of the
London W1G 7AR, UK Energy Institute (EI), funded by the EI’s Technical
Partners. The EI’s Technical Work Programme
t: +44 (0) 20 7467 7100 provides industry with cost effective, value adding
f: +44 (0) 20 7255 1472 knowledge on key current and future issues
e: pubs@energyinst.org affecting those operating in the energy sector,
www.energyinst.org both in the UK and beyond.