Available online at www.sciencedirect.

com

ScienceDirect
Procedia Engineering 171 (2017) 957 – 964

6XVWDLQDEOH&LYLO(QJLQHHULQJ6WUXFWXUHVDQG&RQVWUXFWLRQ0DWHULDOV6&(6&0

6KHDUDQGIOH[XUDOFDSDFLW\RIUHLQIRUFHGFRQFUHWHPHPEHUVZLWK
FLUFXODUFURVVVHFWLRQ
5HQG\7KDPULQD 5XGG\.XUQLDZDQD$QQLVD3ULWD0HOLQGDD
a
Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Andalas University, Padang, 25163, Indonesia

$EVWUDFW

$Q H[SHULPHQWDO VWXG\ RI WKH VKHDU DQG IOH[XUDO EHKDYLRU RI UHLQIRUFHG FRQFUHWH PHPEHUV ZLWK VROLG FLUFXODU FURVV VHFWLRQV LV
SUHVHQWHG7KHWHVWZDVFDUULHGRXWRQVL[VSHFLPHQV7KUHHZHUHFRQILQHGZLWKFLUFXODUKRRSVDQGWKUHHKDGQRFRQILQHPHQW$OO
WHVWHG VSHFLPHQV ZHUH VXEMHFWHG WR WZR SRLQW PRQRWRQLF ORDGV 7KH DPRXQW RI ORQJLWXGLQDO UHLQIRUFHPHQW ZDV XVHG DV D WHVW
YDULDEOH7KHRUHWLFDOVKHDUVWUHQJWKZDVFDOFXODWHGXVLQJHTXDWLRQVSUHVHQWHGLQOLWHUDWXUHDQGWKHQFRPSDUHGWRWKHVKHDUVWUHQJWK
REWDLQHG H[SHULPHQWDOO\ &RPSDULVRQ EHWZHHQ WHVW UHVXOWV DQG WKHRUHWLFDO VKHDU FDSDFLW\ VKRZV WKDW HTXDWLRQV FRQVHUYDWLYHO\
HVWLPDWHVKHDUVWUHQJWKRIWKHVSHFLPHQV$QDO\WLFDOVWXG\ZDVDOVRFRQGXFWHGWRREWDLQWKHIOH[XUDOUHVSRQVHRIWKHVSHFLPHQV
WKURXJKDOOUDQJHVRIHODVWLFDQGSRVWSHDNORDG$QDO\WLFDOSUHGLFWLRQFRPSDUHVZHOOZLWKWKHWHVWUHVXOW
‹7KH$XWKRUV3XEOLVKHGE\(OVHYLHU/WG
© 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license
3HHUUHYLHZXQGHUUHVSRQVLELOLW\RIWKHRUJDQL]LQJFRPPLWWHHRI6&(6&0
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
Peer-review under responsibility of the organizing committee of SCESCM 2016.
Keywords:6KHDUDQGIOH[XUDOFDSDFLW\VROLGFLUFXODUFURVVVHFWLRQUHLQIRUFHGFRQFUHWHFLUFXODUKRRSV

,QWURGXFWLRQ

0RVW RI WKH UHVHDUFK FDUULHG RXW RQ VKHDU DQG IOH[XUDO EHKDYLRU RI UHLQIRUFHG FRQFUHWH PHPEHUV LV IRFXVHG RQ
UHFWDQJXODUVHFWLRQV+RZHYHUUHLQIRUFHGFRQFUHWHPHPEHUVZLWKVROLGFLUFXODUVHFWLRQDUHIUHTXHQWO\XVHGLQFLYLO
HQJLQHHULQJFRQVWUXFWLRQIRULQVWDQFHDVSLOHIRXQGDWLRQVFROXPQVRIUHLQIRUFHGFRQFUHWHEXLOGLQJVDQGEULGJHSLHUV
>@6KHDUEHKDYLRURIUHLQIRUFHGFRQFUHWHPHPEHUVZLWKDFLUFXODUFURVVVHFWLRQGLIIHUVIURPWKDWRIPHPEHUVZLWK
UHFWDQJXODUFURVVVHFWLRQ+HQFHGLIIHUHQWVKHDUGHVLJQSURYLVLRQIRUWKLVW\SHRIFURVVVHFWLRQLVQHHGHG


&RUUHVSRQGLQJDXWKRU7HOID[
E-mail address:UHQG\WKDPULQ#JPDLOFRP

1877-7058 © 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
Peer-review under responsibility of the organizing committee of SCESCM 2016.
doi:10.1016/j.proeng.2017.01.400
958 Rendy Thamrin et al. / Procedia Engineering 171 (2017) 957 – 964

6WXGLHV UHODWHG WR WKH VKHDU DQG IOH[XUDO EHKDYLRU RI UHLQIRUFHG FRQFUHWH PHPEHUV ZLWK VROLG FLUFXODU FURVV
VHFWLRQV DUH UHYLHZHG EULHIO\ EHORZ >@ $QJ HW DO >@ DQG 3ULHVWOH\ HW DO >@ HYDOXDWHG $&,  GHVLJQ
SURYLVLRQ IRU VKHDU DQG SUHVHQWHG DQ HTXDWLRQ IRU WKH VKHDU VWUHQJWK RI UHLQIRUFHG FRQFUHWH PHPEHUV VXEMHFWHG WR
F\FOLF ORDG ,Q DQRWKHU SDSHU :RQJ HW DO >@ UHSRUWHG WHVW UHVXOWV RQ UHVSRQVH RI FLUFXODU UHLQIRUFHG FRQFUHWH
FROXPQVGXHWRVHLVPLFGLVWXUEDQFH&ODUNHDQG%LUMDQGL>@SURSRVHGVRPHPRGLILFDWLRQWR%6RU%6WR
FDOFXODWHWKHVKHDUFDSDFLW\RIUHLQIRUFHGFRQFUHWHPHPEHUVZLWKFLUFXODUVHFWLRQ)HOWKDP>@FULWLTXHG&ODUNHDQG
%LUMDQGL¶VVSHFLPHQDQGVXJJHVWHGWKDWPRUHYDOXHVRIVKHDUUHLQIRUFHPHQWQHHGWREHLQYHVWLJDWHGWRYDOLGDWHWKH
VKHDU UHVLVWDQFH SURYLGHG E\ VSLUDO OLQN 'DQF\JLHU >@ DQG .LP DQG 0DQGHU >@ SURSRVHG PRGLILFDWLRQV WR WKH
SUHVHQW FRGH IRUPXODWLRQV IRU HYDOXDWLQJ WKH VKHDU VWUHQJWK FDUULHG E\ WUDQVYHUVH UHLQIRUFHPHQW $ VHULHV RI WHVWV
GHVLJQHGWRVWXG\WKHGLIIHUHQFHEHWZHHQVKHDUVWUHVVGLVWULEXWLRQRQVROLGDQGKROORZFRUHFLUFXODUFURVVVHFWLRQV
ZHUH FDUULHG RXW E\ 7XUPR HW DO >@ &RVHQ]D HW DO >@ DQG 5RVVL DQG 5HFXSHUR >@ SURSRVHG D PRGHO IRU WKH
XOWLPDWHDQDO\VLVDQGGHVLJQRIVROLGFLUFXODUFURVVVHFWLRQVXEMHFWHGWRFRPELQHGD[LDODQGIOH[XUDOORDG5HFHQWO\
0iUTXH] HW DO >@ GLVFXVVHG DQG SUHVHQWHG WZR GLIIHUHQW H[SUHVVLRQV V\PPHWULF UHLQIRUFHPHQW DQG DV\PPHWULF
UHLQIRUFHPHQWIRUHVWLPDWLQJWKHHIIHFWLYHDUHDLQWHQVLRQ/DWHO\&DLHWDO>@SURSRVHGDFRPSOHWHVHLVPLFVKHDU
VWUHQJWKPRGHOWRHYDOXDWHVKHDUVWUHQJWKRIUHLQIRUFHGFRQFUHWHFROXPQVZLWKVROLGFLUFXODUFURVVVHFWLRQV
6RIDUVRPHFRGHVGRQRWIXOO\FRYHUWKHSURYLVLRQRIVKHDUDQGIOH[XUDOFDSDFLW\RIUHLQIRUFHGFRQFUHWHPHPEHUV
ZLWK VROLG FLUFXODU FURVV VHFWLRQ 7KH SXUSRVH RI WKLV VWXG\ LV WR DGG WR WKH GDWD RQ WKLV WRSLF E\ IRFXVLQJ RQ WKH
FRQWULEXWLRQRIWKHFRQFUHWHDQGWKHDPRXQWRIORQJLWXGLQDOUHLQIRUFHPHQWWRWKHVKHDUVWUHQJWKRIVSHFLPHQV7KH
HIIHFWRIWKHORQJLWXGLQDOUHLQIRUFHPHQWUDWLRWRWKHVKHDUFDSDFLW\DQGWKHJURZWKRIIOH[XUDODQGVKHDUFUDFNVZHUH
H[DPLQHG GXULQJ WHVWLQJ $YDLODEOH WKHRUHWLFDO HTXDWLRQV IRU VKHDU VWUHQJWK SURYLGHG E\ FRQFUHWH SUHVHQWHG LQ
OLWHUDWXUH ZHUH XVHG DQG WKHQ FRPSDUHG WR WKH VKHDU VWUHQJWK REWDLQHG H[SHULPHQWDOO\ $QDO\WLFDO VWXG\ EDVHG RQ
WKHRUHWLFDO PRPHQWFXUYDWXUH GHWHUPLQDWLRQ ZDV DOVR FRQGXFWHG $ FRPSXWHU SURJUDP FRPELQHG WRJHWKHU ZLWK D
XVHUIULHQGO\LQWHUIDFHZDVGHYHORSHGWRREWDLQWKHIOH[XUDOUHVSRQVHRIWKHVROLGFLUFXODUFURVVVHFWLRQVWKURXJKDOO
UDQJHVRIHODVWLFDQGSRVWSHDNORDG

1RPHQFODWXUH
a  VKHDUVSDQOHQJWK Vf  FDOFXODWHGIOH[XUDOFDSDFLW\
Av  HIIHFWLYHDUHDRIFRQILQHPHQWOHJV Vm  PD[LPXPIOH[XUDOH[SHULPHQWDOORDG
bw  ZLGWKRIUHLQIRUFHGFRQFUHWHFURVVVHFWLRQ Vn  QRPLQDOVKHDUVWUHQJWK
c  QHXWUDOD[LVGHSWK Vs  VKHDU VWUHQJWK SURYLGHG E\ FRQILQHPHQW
d  HIIHFWLYHGHSWK yi  PRPHQWDUPIRUiWKHOHPHQW
Dc  GLDPHWHURIVROLGFLUFXODUFURVVVHFWLRQ Hcm  PD[LPXPFRPSUHVVLYHVWUDLQRIFRQFUHWH
fc'  UHVXOWDQWVWUHVVRIFRQFUHWHLQFRPSUHVVLRQ Hi  VWUDLQLQiWKHOHPHQW
fyt  \LHOGVWUHQJWKRIFRQILQHPHQW Ho  D[LDOVWUDLQ
N  QXPEHURIWHQVLOHORQJLWXGLQDOUHLQIRUFHPHQW Ib  GLDPHWHURIORQJLWXGLQDOUHLQIRUFHPHQW
s  VSDFLQJRIVKHDUUHLQIRUFHPHQW Is  GLDPHWHURIVWLUUXS
Vc  VKHDUVWUHQJWKSURYLGHGE\FRQFUHWH M  FXUYDWXUH
Vce  H[SHULPHQWDOVKHDUFUDFNLQJORDG O  PRGLILFDWLRQIDFWRUIRUFRQFUHWH

([SHULPHQWDOVWXG\

)UHVK FRQFUHWH ZLWK WKH WDUJHW FRPSUHVVLYH VWUHQJWK RI  03D ZDV RUGHUHG IURP WKH UHDG\ PL[ FRQFUHWH
FRPSDQ\ XVLQJ PD[LPXP DJJUHJDWH VL]H RI  PP 6L[  [ PP FRQFUHWH F\OLQGHUV VSHFLPHQV IRU
FRPSUHVVLRQ WHVWLQJ ZHUH FDVW WR GHWHUPLQH WKH FRPSUHVVLYH VWUHQJWK RI WKH FRQFUHWH DW DJH  GD\V 7KH DYHUDJH
FRQFUHWHFRPSUHVVLYHVWUHQJWKREWDLQHGIURPFRPSUHVVLRQWHVWVZDV03D7KHUHLQIRUFHGFRQFUHWHVSHFLPHQV
ZLWKVROLGFLUFXODUFURVVVHFWLRQZHUHFDVWYHUWLFDOO\LQ]LQFVKHHWPRXOGVKHOGULJLGZLWKWLPEHUIRUPZRUN
7ZRW\SHVRIVSHFLPHQZHUHWHVWHGDVVKRZQLQ)LJFRQVLVWLQJRIWKUHHVSHFLPHQVZLWKRXWFRQILQHPHQWDQG
WKHRWKHUVZLWKFRQILQHPHQW7KHFRQILQHPHQWXVHGZDVPPGLDPHWHUFLUFXODUKRRSVZLWKD\LHOGVWUHQJWKRI
03D7KHGLDPHWHUVRIORQJLWXGLQDOUHLQIRUFHPHQWVZHUHPPPPDQGPPZLWKWKH\LHOGVWUHQJWKRI
03D03DDQG03DUHVSHFWLYHO\)RUDOOVSHFLPHQVWKHFOHDUVSDQZDVPPWKHGLVWDQFHEHWZHHQ
 Rendy Thamrin et al. / Procedia Engineering 171 (2017) 957 – 964 959

WZRSRLQWORDGVZDVPPWKHVKHDUVSDQOHQJWKZDVPPWKHHQGDQFKRUDJHOHQJWKEH\RQGWKHVXSSRUWZDV
 PP DQG FURVV VHFWLRQ GLDPHWHU RI  PP 7KH FRQFUHWH FRYHUV ZHUH  PP 0RUH GDWD UHODWHG WR WKH
VSHFLPHQVLVWDEXODWHGLQ7DEOH
7KHVSHFLPHQVZHUHWHVWHGKRUL]RQWDOO\DVVKRZQLQWKHVFKHPDWLFGLDJUDP)LJ7KHVSHFLPHQVZHUHORDGHG
PRQRWRQLFDOO\ ZLWK WZR SRLQW ORDGV XVLQJ D  N1 FDSDFLW\ K\GUDXOLF MDFN 7ZR HTXDO SRLQW ORDGV ZHUH DSSOLHG
IURP WKH K\GUDXOLF MDFN WKURXJK D VWHHO VSUHDGHU EHDP DQG IRXU RI VWHHO VDGGOHV ZHUH XVHG DW ORDGLQJ SRLQWV DQG
VXSSRUWSRVLWLRQV7KHORDGSURGXFHGE\WKHK\GUDXOLFMDFNZDVPHDVXUHGXVLQJDORDGFHOOSODFHGRQWKHWRSVXUIDFH
RIWKHVWHHOVSUHDGHUEHDP7KUHHGLVSODFHPHQWWUDQVGXFHUVSODFHGDWPLGVSDQDQGDWORDGLQJSRLQWVDVLOOXVWUDWHGLQ
)LJZHUHXVHGWRPHDVXUHGHIOHFWLRQVRIWKHVSHFLPHQ$GDWDORJJHUZDVXVHGWRUHFRUGWKHGDWDIURPWKHORDG
FHOODQGDOOGLVSODFHPHQWWUDQVGXFHUV
 

D





E




)LJ7\SHVRIVSHFLPHQDZLWKRXWFRQILQHPHQWEZLWKFRQILQHPHQW


)LJ6FKHPDWLFYLHZRIWHVWDUUDQJHPHQWGLPHQVLRQDQGHTXLSPHQWXVHG
960 Rendy Thamrin et al. / Procedia Engineering 171 (2017) 957 – 964

7DEOH6SHFLPHQGDWDDQGFDSDFLW\
&DOFXODWHG6KHDU &DOFXODWHG ([SHULPHQWDO
/RQJLWXGLQDO 7UDQVYHUVDO
6SHFLPHQV'DWD &DSDFLW\$&, )OH[XUDO )LUVW 'LDJRQDO 0D[
UHLQIRUFHPHQW UHLQIRUFHPHQW
0 &DSDFLW\ &UDFN &UDFN /RDG
6SHFLPHQV fc' Dc d a a/d Ib N Is s Vc Vs Vn Vf V ce Vm
,' 03D PP PP PP PP PP PP N1 N1 N1 N1 N1 N1 N1
%6       
%6         
%6       
   
%)         
%)            
%)          

$QDO\WLFDOVWXG\

$QDO\VLV RI WKH UHLQIRUFHG FRQFUHWH PHPEHUV ZLWK VROLG FLUFXODU FURVV VHFWLRQ ZDV EDVHG RQ WKH WKHRUHWLFDO
PRPHQWFXUYDWXUHGHWHUPLQDWLRQSUHVHQWHGE\3DUNDQG3DXOD\>@,QWKLVPHWKRGWKHUHLQIRUFHGFRQFUHWHFURVV
VHFWLRQLVVHSDUDWHGLQWRDILQLWHQXPEHURIFRQFUHWHDQGUHLQIRUFHPHQWOD\HUVDVVKRZQLQ)LJ7KHORQJLWXGLQDO
UHLQIRUFHPHQWDQGVXUURXQGLQJFRQFUHWHDUHDVVXPHGWREHSHUIHFWO\ERQGHG7KHUHIRUHWKHVWUDLQGLVWULEXWLRQFDQEH
DVVXPHGOLQHDUDORQJWKHKHLJKWRIFURVVVHFWLRQDVFDQEHVHHQLQ)LJ,QDGGLWLRQWKHHIIHFWRIVKHDURQEHQGLQJ
LVQHJOHFWHGLQWKHFDOFXODWLRQSURFHGXUH
7KHVWUDLQGLVWULEXWLRQIRUHDFKVWHSRILQFUHPHQWDOFXUYDWXUHLVGHWHUPLQHGXVLQJDJLYHQYDOXHRIFXUYDWXUHWKHQ
WKHLQWHUQDOIRUFHVLQHDFKLQGLYLGXDOHOHPHQWFDQEHFDOFXODWHGIURPWKHFRUUHVSRQGLQJVWUHVVLQWKDWHOHPHQW7KLVLV
REWDLQHGIURPWKHFDOFXODWHGVWUDLQGLVWULEXWLRQDQGWKHDVVXPHGVWUHVVVWUDLQODZRIPDWHULDOV7KHHTXLOLEULXPRI
LQWHUQDO IRUFHV LQ WKH FLUFXODU FURVV VHFWLRQ LV REWDLQHG WKURXJK DQ LWHUDWLYH SURFHGXUH 2QFH WKH HTXLOLEULXP
FRQGLWLRQ LV VDWLVILHG WKH PRPHQWFXUYDWXUH UHODWLRQVKLS FDQ EH REWDLQHG DQG WKH ORDGGHIOHFWLRQ FXUYH FDOFXODWHG
IURPWKHPRPHQWFXUYDWXUHUHODWLRQVKLS
7KLV PHWKRG ZDV LPSOHPHQWHG XVLQJ WKH FRPSXWHU SURJUDP 5HLQIRUFHG &RQFUHWH &URVV 6HFWLRQ $QDO\VLV
5&&6$ VRIWZDUH ZLWK D XVHUIULHQGO\ PRGLILFDWLRQ WR WKH LQWHUIDFH >@ 5&&6$ FDOFXODWHV WKH FDSDFLW\ RI
UHLQIRUFHGFRQFUHWHFURVVVHFWLRQRIEHDPVFROXPQVDQGVODEV7KLVVRIWZDUHPRGHOVWKHIXOOUHVSRQVHRIWKHFURVV
VHFWLRQ GXH WR PRQRWRQLF DQG F\FOLF ORDGV DQG SUHVHQWV LW LQ WHUPV RI PRPHQWFXUYDWXUH $ VFUHHQVKRW RI WKH
5&&6$LQWHUIDFHLVVKRZQLQ)LJ
7KH VWUHVVVWUDLQ ODZ RI FRQFUHWH LQ FRPSUHVVLRQ XVHG LQ WKLV VWXG\ LV DGRSWHG IURP OLWHUDWXUH >@ 7KH WHQVLOH
VWUHVVRIFRQFUHWHLVFRQVLGHUHGWRREWDLQWKHRFFXUUHQFHRIWKHILUVWFUDFNLQFURVVVHFWLRQ7KHVWUHVVVWUDLQODZRI
FRQFUHWHLQWHQVLRQXVHGLVOLQHDUXSWRWKHWHQVLOHVWUHQJWKZLWKRXWFRQVLGHUDWLRQRIWKHWHQVLRQVWLIIHQLQJHIIHFW7KH
VWUHVVVWUDLQODZIRUVWHHOEDUVXVHGLQWKLVVWXG\LVELOLQHDU


 
)LJ6ROLGFLUFXODUFURVVVHFWLRQZLWKHOHPHQWVDQGVWUDLQGLVWULEXWLRQ )LJ7KHLQWHUIDFHSDJHRI5&&6$VRIWZDUH
 Rendy Thamrin et al. / Procedia Engineering 171 (2017) 957 – 964 961

7HVWUHVXOWVDQGGLVFXVVLRQ

)OH[XUDODQGVKHDUFUDFNVZHUHLQVSHFWHGYLVXDOO\ZLWKWKHQDNHGH\H&UDFNSDWWHUQVRIWKHVSHFLPHQVDWIDLOXUH
DUHVKRZQLQ)LJDQG)LJ,WZDVREVHUYHGWKDWWKHORDGFRUUHVSRQGLQJWRWKHILUVWIOH[XUDOFUDFNZDVDERXWHTXDO
IRUDOOWHVWHGVSHFLPHQV7KHILUVWFUDFNZDVRFFXUUHGLQWKHFRQVWDQWPRPHQW]RQHDWDQDYHUDJHORDGOHYHORI
N1DVOLVWHGLQ7DEOH7KHQDVWKHORDGLQFUHDVHGWKHILUVWVKHDUFUDFNZDVLQLWLDWHGLQWKHVKHDUVSDQ]RQHDWDQ
DYHUDJHORDGYDOXHRIN17KHVKHDUFUDFNLQJORDGSRLQWZDVGHWHUPLQHGE\REVHUYLQJZKHQWKHIOH[XUDOFUDFN
LQWKHVKHDUVSDQEHFDPHGLDJRQDOO\LQFOLQHGDURXQGWKHPLGSRLQWRIWKHVSHFLPHQV


%6





%6





%6




)LJ&UDFNSDWWHUQVRIWKHVSHFLPHQVZLWKRXWFRQILQHPHQW


%)





%)





%)




)LJ&UDFNSDWWHUQVRIWKHVSHFLPHQVZLWKFRQILQHPHQW

7ZR IDLOXUH PRGHV ZHUH REVHUYHG )LUVW VKHDU IDLOXUH GLDJRQDO WHQVLRQ IDLOXUH GXH WR WKH SURSDJDWLRQ RI WKH
VKHDUFUDFNXSWRWKHORDGSRLQWDQGGRZQWRWKH]RQHQHDUWKHVXSSRUWSRLQW7KLVW\SHRIIDLOXUHZDVREVHUYHGLQ
VSHFLPHQV ZLWKRXW FRQILQHPHQW 6HFRQG IOH[XUDO IDLOXUH LQ VSHFLPHQV ZLWK FRQILQHPHQW LQGLFDWHG E\ FRQFUHWH
962 Rendy Thamrin et al. / Procedia Engineering 171 (2017) 957 – 964

FUXVKLQJLQWKHWRSRIFRQFUHWHFRPSUHVVLRQ]RQHEHWZHHQWZRSRLQWORDGV,QWKLVW\SHRIIDLOXUHWKHFUDFNVZHUH
GRPLQDWHGE\WKHIOH[XUDOFUDFNGLVWULEXWHGDORQJWKHWHQVLRQVLGHRIWKHVSHFLPHQV
/RDGGHIOHFWLRQ FXUYHV VKRZLQJ PD[LPXP FDSDFLWLHV RI VSHFLPHQV DUH SUHVHQWHG LQ )LJ  7KH YDOXH RI
GHIOHFWLRQV SORWWHG LQ WKLV ILJXUH ZDV REWDLQHG IURP GDWD PHDVXUHG E\ WKH GLVSODFHPHQW WUDQVGXFHU ORFDWHG LQ WKH
PLGVSDQRIWKHVSHFLPHQV$V)LJDVKRZVORDGGHIOHFWLRQFXUYHVRIVSHFLPHQVZLWKRXWFRQILQHPHQW%6DQG
%6VXGGHQO\GURSGXHWRVKHDUIDLOXUH$OOWHVWHGVSHFLPHQVZLWKFRQILQHPHQWH[KLELW\LHOGLQJRIORQJLWXGLQDO
UHLQIRUFHPHQWEHIRUHFUXVKLQJRIFRQFUHWHLQWKHFRPSUHVVLRQ]RQH+RZHYHULQFDVHRI%6WKHVSHFLPHQIDLOHG
LQ VKHDU DIWHU WKH \LHOGLQJ RI ORQJLWXGLQDO UHLQIRUFHPHQW 7KLV ZDV LQGLFDWHG E\ D GHFUHDVH RI IOH[XUDO ULJLGLW\
IROORZHGE\WKHUDSLGLQFUHDVHLQGHIOHFWLRQXQWLOWKHVSHFLPHQUHDFKHGPD[LPXPFDSDFLW\DWDERXWN1
)LJVKRZVWKDWVWLIIQHVVRIWKHVSHFLPHQVZLWKDKLJKHUDPRXQWRIORQJLWXGLQDOUHLQIRUFHPHQW%6%6
%) DQG %) LV VOLJKWO\ KLJKHU WKDQ VWLIIQHVV RI WKH VSHFLPHQV ZLWK D ORZHU DPRXQW RI ORQJLWXGLQDO
UHLQIRUFHPHQW%6DQG%),WLVDOVRFOHDUIURP)LJEWKDWWKHIOH[XUDOFDSDFLW\RIWKHVSHFLPHQVZLWKD
KLJKHU DPRXQW RI ORQJLWXGLQDO UHLQIRUFHPHQW LV KLJKHU WKDQ WKRVH VSHFLPHQV ZLWK D ORZHU DPRXQW RI ORQJLWXGLQDO
UHLQIRUFHPHQWEXWWKHGXFWLOLW\LVUHGXFHG

 
 
 
6KHDU)RUFHN1

6KHDU)RUFHN1
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
         
'HIOHFWLRQPP 'HIOHFWLRQPP

%6 %6 %6 %) %) %)

 
D6SHFLPHQVZLWKRXWFRQILQHPHQW E6SHFLPHQVZLWKFRQILQHPHQW

)LJ/RDGGHIOHFWLRQFXUYHVRIHDFKVSHFLPHQ

4.1. Shear Strength

,QRUGHUWRHYDOXDWHWKHVKHDUVWUHQJWKRIWKHVSHFLPHQVWKHRUHWLFDOO\VHOHFWHGH[LVWLQJHTXDWLRQIRUQRPLQDOVKHDU
VWUHQJWKSURYLGHGE\$&,0>@ZHUHXVHGDV

Vn Vc  V s   

ZKHUH Vc LV VKHDU VWUHQJWK SURYLGHG E\ FRQFUHWH FDOFXODWHG ZLWK (T  DQG V s LV VKHDU VWUHQJWK SURYLGHG E\
VKHDUUHLQIRUFHPHQWFDOFXODWHGZLWK(T

Vc O f c
bw d   

Av f yt d
Vs   
s
 Rendy Thamrin et al. / Procedia Engineering 171 (2017) 957 – 964 963

$&, 0 DOVR SURYLGHV D JXLGHOLQH IRU FDOFXODWLRQ RI Vc DQG V s LQ VROLG FLUFXODU VHFWLRQV ,W VWDWHV WKDW d
VKRXOG EH WDNHQ DV  WLPHV WKH GLDPHWHU DQG bw VKRXOG EH WDNHQ DV WKH GLDPHWHU &DOFXODWHG WKHRUHWLFDO VKHDU
VWUHQJWK SURYLGHG E\ FRQFUHWH Vc  DQG PD[LPXP ORDG Vm  IRU HDFK WHVWHG VSHFLPHQ DUH OLVWHG LQ 7DEOH  7KH
FRPSDULVRQEHWZHHQWZRYDOXHVVKRZVWKDWWKHRUHWLFDOQRPLQDOVKHDUVWUHQJWKFRQVHUYDWLYHO\SUHGLFWVWKHWHVWUHVXOWV
VHH)LJ



([SHULPHQWDON1







    
$&,0N1

)LJ&RPSDULVRQEHWZHHQWKHRUHWLFDOVKHDUFDSDFLW\VcDQGWHVWUHVXOWV

4.2. Flexural Strength

&RPSDULVRQEHWZHHQWKHIOH[XUDOUHVSRQVHREWDLQHGIURPQXPHULFDODQDO\VLVZLWKWKHWHVWUHVXOWVLVVKRZQLQ)LJ
7KHIOH[XUDOUHVSRQVHFDOFXODWHGXVLQJ5&&6$FORVHO\SUHGLFWVWKHWHVWUHVXOWVRIDOOWHVWHGVSHFLPHQVZLWKJRRG
DFFXUDF\ +RZHYHU D VPDOO GLVFUHSDQF\ EHWZHHQ WKH DQDO\WLFDO UHVXOWV DQG WKH WHVW UHVXOWV ZDV QRWHG IRU WKH
VSHFLPHQ ZLWK WKH KLJKHU DPRXQW RI ORQJLWXGLQDO UHLQIRUFHPHQW %) 7KLV GLVFUHSDQF\ LV SUREDEO\ GXH WR WKH
OLPLWDWLRQV RI 5&&6$ ZKLFK RQO\ FRQVLGHUV WKH IOH[XUDO UHVSRQVH RI FURVV VHFWLRQ DQG FDQQRW SUHGLFW WKH VKHDU
EHKDYLRUDORQJWKHVSHFLPHQOHQJWK

  
  
  
6KHDU)RUFHN1

6KHDU)RUFHN1

6KHDU)RUFHN1

  
  
  
  
  
  
  
              
'HIOHFWLRQPP 'HIOHFWLRQPP 'HIOHFWLRQPP

%6 %) $Q %6 %) $Q %6 %) $Q

  
D E F

)LJ&RPSDULVRQEHWZHHQDQDO\WLFDOSUHGLFWLRQDQGWHVWUHVXOWV
964 Rendy Thamrin et al. / Procedia Engineering 171 (2017) 957 – 964

&RQFOXVLRQV

6L[ UHLQIRUFHG FRQFUHWH VSHFLPHQV ZLWK VROLG FLUFXODU FURVV VHFWLRQ FRQVLVWLQJ RI WKUHH VSHFLPHQV ZLWKRXW
FRQILQHPHQWDQGWKUHHVSHFLPHQVZLWKFRQILQHPHQWZHUHWHVWHGWRREWDLQVKHDUDQGIOH[XUDOFDSDFLW\7KHIROORZLQJ
FRQFOXVLRQVDUHGUDZQ

x 6KHDU DQG IOH[XUDO FDSDFLW\ RI WKH WHVWHG VSHFLPHQV LV VLJQLILFDQWO\ LQIOXHQFHG E\ WKH DPRXQW RI ORQJLWXGLQDO
UHLQIRUFHPHQW
x 7KHRUHWLFDO QRPLQDO VKHDU VWUHQJWK SURYLGHG E\ FRQFUHWH Vc  DGRSWHG IURP $&, 0 FRQVHUYDWLYHO\
SUHGLFWVWKHWHVWUHVXOWV
x 7KHIOH[XUDOUHVSRQVHFDOFXODWHGXVLQJ5&&6$FORVHO\SUHGLFWVWKHWHVWUHVXOWVRIDOOWHVWHGVSHFLPHQVDSDUWIURP
WKHVSHFLPHQZLWKWKHKLJKHUDPRXQWRIORQJLWXGLQDOUHLQIRUFHPHQW

$FNQRZOHGJHPHQWV

7KLVH[SHULPHQWDOVWXG\ZDVILQDQFLDOO\VXSSRUWHGE\0LQLVWU\RI5HVHDUFK7HFKQRORJ\DQG+LJKHU(GXFDWLRQRI
WKH5HSXEOLFRI,QGRQHVLDWKURXJKUHVHDUFKJUDQW3HQHOLWLDQ8QJJXODQ3HUJXUXDQ7LQJJL3837ZLWKFRQWUDFWQXPEHU
63+3/',7/,7$%0$6,,

5HIHUHQFHV

>@ -HQVHQ8*+RDQJ/&-RHUJHQVHQ+%DQG)DEULQ/66KHDUVWUHQJWKRIKHDYLO\UHLQIRUFHGFRQFUHWHPHPEHUVZLWKFLUFXODUFURVV
VHFWLRQ(QJLQHHULQJ6WUXFWXUHV
>@ $QJ%*3ULHVWOH\0-1DQG3DXOD\76HLVPLFVKHDUVWUHQJWKRIFLUFXODUUHLQIRUFHGFRQFUHWHFROXPQV$&,6WUXFWXUDO-RXUQDO

>@ 3ULHVWOH\ 0-1 9HUPD 5 DQG ;LDR < 6HLVPLF 6KHDU 6WUHQJWK RI 5HLQIRUFHG &RQFUHWH &ROXPQV -RXUQDO RI 6WUXFWXUDO (QJLQHHULQJ
$6&(
>@ :RQJ </ 3DXOD\ 7 DQG 3ULHVWOH\ 0-1 5HVSRQVH RI &LUFXODU 5HLQIRUFHG &RQFUHWH &ROXUQQV WR 0XOWL'LUHFWLRQDO 6HLVPLF $WWDFN
$&,6WUXFWXUDO-RXUQDO
>@ &ODUNH-/DQG%LUMDQGL).7KHEHKDYLRXURIUHLQIRUFHGFRQFUHWHFLUFXODUVHFWLRQVLQVKHDU7KH6WUXFWXUDO(QJLQHHU

>@ )HOWKDP,6KHDULQUHLQIRUFHGFRQFUHWHSLOHVDQGFLUFXODUFROXPQV7KH6WUXFWXUDO(QJLQHHU
>@ 'DQF\JLHU$16KHDU&DUULHGE\7UDQVYHUVH5HLQIRUFHPHQWLQ&LUFXODU5&(OHPHQWV-RXUQDORI6WUXFWXUDO(QJLQHHU$6&(
±
>@ .LP-+DQG0DQGHU-%7KHRUHWLFDO6KHDU6WUHQJWKRI&RQFUHWH&ROXPQV'XHWR7UDQVYHUVH6WHHO-RXUQDORI6WUXFWXUDO(QJLQHHULQJ
$6&(±
>@ 7XUPR75DPRV*DQG$SDULFLR$&6KHDUWUXVVDQDORJ\IRUFRQFUHWHPHPEHUVRIVROLGDQGKROORZFLUFXODUFURVVVHFWLRQ(QJLQHHULQJ
6WUXFWXUHV
>@&RVHQ]D ( *DODVVR  & DQG 0DGGDORQLE * $ VLPSOLILHG PHWKRG IRU IOH[XUDO FDSDFLW\ DVVHVVPHQW RI FLUFXODU 5& FURVVVHFWLRQV
(QJLQHHULQJ6WUXFWXUHV±
>@5RVVL3DQG5HFXSHUR$8OWLPDWH6WUHQJWKRI5HLQIRUFHG&RQFUHWH&LUFXODU0HPEHUV6XEMHFWHGWR$[LDO)RUFH%HQGLQJ0RPHQWDQG
6KHDU)RUFH-RXUQDORI6WUXFWXUDO(QJLQHHULQJ
>@&DUERQHOO0iUTXH] -) *LO0DUWtQ /0 )HUQiQGH]5Xt] 0$ DQG +HUQiQGH]0RQWHV ( (IIHFWLYH DUHD LQ WHQVLRQ VWLIIHQLQJ RI
UHLQIRUFHGFRQFUHWHSLOHVVXEMHFWHGWRIOH[XUHDFFRUGLQJWR(XURFRGH(QJLQHHULQJ6WUXFWXUHV±
>@&DL * 6XQ < 7DNHXFKL 7 DQG =KDQJ - 3URSRVDO RI D FRPSOHWH VHLVPLF VKHDU VWUHQJWK PRGHO IRU FLUFXODU FRQFUHWH FROXPQV
(QJLQHHULQJ6WUXFWXUHV±
>@3DUN5DQG3DXOD\75HLQIRUFHG&RQFUHWH6WUXFWXUHV-RKQ:LOH\1HZ<RUN
>@7KDPULQ55HLQIRUFHG&RQFUHWH&URVV6HFWLRQ$QDO\VLV5&&6$9-XUXVDQ7HNQLN6LSLO)DNXOWDV7HNQLN8QLYHUVLWDV$QGDODV
>@0DQGHU - % 3ULHVWOH\ 0 - 1 DQG 3DUN 5 7KHRUHWLFDO 6WUHVV6WUDLQ 0RGHO IRU &RQILQHG &RQFUHWH -RXUQDO RI 6WUXFW (QJLQHHULQJ
$6&(
>@$PHULFDQ&RQFUHWH,QVWLWXWH$&,%XLOGLQJ&RGH5HTXLUHPHQWVIRU6WUXFWXUDO&RQFUHWH$&,DQG&RPPHQWDU\$&,5
)DUPLQJWRQ+LOOV0,