Hindi Book Answers PDF

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Á‡ÊˇÊ∑§-ŒÁ‡¸Ê∑§Ê
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Ÿß¸ ÁŒÀ‹Ë-vvÆÆÆw
izdk'kd %
vrqy xqIrk
ljLorh gkml izkúfyú
9] nfj;kxat] lehi ,yúvkbZúlhú dk;kZy;] ubZ fnYyh&110002
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vk;kr&fu;kZr ykbZlsal uaú% 0507052021
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© lokZf/dkj lqjf{kr
bl izdk'ku osQ fdlh Hkh va'k dk izfrfyfidj.k] ,sls ;a=k esa HkaMkj.k ftlls ;g iqu% izkIr
fd;k tk ldrk gks vFkok LFkkukarj.k] fdlh Hkh :i esa vFkok fdlh Hkh fof/ }kjk ;kaf=kd]
bysDVªkWfud] izfrfyfi] fjdkWfM±x vFkok vU; fdlh izdkj ls] izdk'kd dh iwoZ vuqefr osQ
fcuk ugha fd;k tk ldrkA
uohu laLdj.k
eqæd % 'kkjnk izsl izkúfyú] xzsVj uks,Mk (múizú)

vkeq[k
jk"Vªh; ikB~;p;kZ dh :ijs[kk (2005) bl ckr ij cy nsrh gS fd f'k{kk dk
mn~ns'; cPpksa dks flI+kZQ fdrkch Kku nsuk vkSj ijh{kk ysuk ugha gSA f'k{kk dk
mn~ns'; rks cPpksa dk lok±xh.k fodkl djuk gS rkfd cPps tc fon~;ky;
dh pkjnhokjh ls fudydj okLrfod thou esa izos'k djsa] rks mudh f'k{kk
gh mudk lacy cus blhfy, cPpksa dks LowQyh thou osQ lkFk vklikl osQ
ckgjh thou o okrkoj.k ls tksM+us dk lq>ko fn;k x;k gSA
;g lR; gS fd cPpk vius vkl&ikl osQ okrkoj.k ls cgqr&oqQN lh[krk
gS ysfdu lcls igys og Hkk"kk gh lh[krk gSA Hkk"kk lHkh osQ thou osQ fy,
mi;ksxh vkSj lkFkZd gS D;ksafd blh osQ ekè;e ls ge vius fopkjksa dk
vknku&iznku ,oa Hkkoksa dh vfHkO;fDr djrs gSaA
f'k{k.k iz.kkyh esa Hkk"kk f'k{k.k cgqr gh egRRoiw.kZ gSA Hkk"kk dh ;ksX;rk
vkSj dkS'ky osQ pkj lksikuksa esa ls lquuk vkSj cksyuk rks cPpk ?kj esa jgdj
gh lh[k ysrk gSA ysfdu tc og ?kj osQ nk;js ls fudydj ikB'kkyk osQ u,]
vifjfpr ,oa vuq'kklucn~èk okrkoj.k esa izos'k djrk gS rks mlosQ eu esa ,d
f>>d vkSj Hk; gksrk gSA cPpksa dks bl Hk; ls eqDr djus osQ fy, mudh
#fp ,oa LoHkko dks osaQnz esa j[kdj gekjk ,d iz;kl iqLrdh; Ükà[kyk osQ :i
esa vkiosQ le{k gS] ftldk uke gS uohu ladYiA ;g d{kk ,d ls ysdj
vkBoha rd osQ fon~;kfFkZ;ksa osQ fy, gSA gekjk mn~ns'; cPpksa dks fganh Hkk"kk
fl[kkuk gSA ;g mn~ns'; rHkh liQy gksxk tc LowQyksa osQ izkpk;Z@izkpk;kZ ,oa
f'k{kd@f'kf{kdk,¡ cPpksa dks fofHkUu jpukRed xfrfofèk;ksa vkSj fØ;kdykiksa
dh lgk;rk ls lh[kus dk ekSdk nsaxsA
;g lgh gS fd fon~;ky; esa vuq'kklu dk ikyu djuk vfuok;Z gS vkSj
blosQ fy, le;&rkfydk dk egRRoiw.kZ LFkku gS ijarq bu iqLrdksa osQ fuekZ.k
osQ mn~ns'; dks è;ku esa j[krs gq, nSfud≤ lkfj.kh esa yphykiu ykuk
Hkh ”k:jh gS rkfd cPpksa dks Lo;a lh[kus dk ekSdk feys vkSj os NksVs&NksVs
lewg cukdj okrkZyki ,oa vU; xfrfofèk;ksa dk dk;kZUo;u Lo;a dj losaQA
f'k{kd&nf'kZdk dk fuekZ.k f'k{kdksa osQ fy, fd;k x;k gS rkfd ûohu
ladYi* Ükà[kyk dh i`"BHkwfe esa fufgr mn~ns';ksa dks os cPpksa rd lgh <ax ls
igq¡pk losaQA vk'kk gS] Hkk"kk&f'k{k.k dh fn'kk esa fd;k x;k gekjk ;g iz;kl
mi;ksxh fln~èk gksxkA
f'k{kkfonksa ,oa vuqHkoh f'k{kdksa n~okjk fn, x, lq>koksa dk ge Lokxr
djsaxs ftlls Hkkoh la'kksèkuksa esa enn feysxhA
µys[kdx.k
(iii)
fo"k;&lwph
1- eaxyxhr-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 5
2- lk,--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 8
3- og fpfM+;k ,d vykeZ ?kM+h Fkh-------------------------------------------13
4- ftl lekt esa rqe jgrs gks-------------------------------------------------- 18
5- vèkZjkf=k dk lw;ksZn;------------------------------------------------------------- 22
6- xksHkh dk iwQy---------------------------------------------------------------------- 27
7- oDr------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 32
8- 'kkafr------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 35
9- èkwicRrh % cq>h&tyh!---------------------------------------------------------- 39
10- rqylhnkl osQ nksgs---------------------------------------------------------------- 44
11- xkSjk------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 49
12- rksM+rh iRFkj------------------------------------------------------------------------ 54
13- izÑfr dk vfHk'kki------------------------------------------------------------- 58
14- Mk;jh osQ i`"Bksa ls---------------------------------------------------------------- 61
15- ek¡! eq>s vkus ns!----------------------------------------------------------------- 65
16- dysaMj dykdkj----------------------------------------------------------------- 69
17- izse&jax Mkjks------------------------------------------------------------------------ 73
18- iap ijes'oj------------------------------------------------------------------------ 76
19- Økafrdkfj;ksa dk riksouµvaMeku&fudksckj-------------------------- 81
20- nks fodykax foHkwfr;k¡--------------------------------------------------------- 85
(iv)
1- eaxyxhr
ikB~; ¯cnq
bl dfork dks i<+us&le>us osQ ckn Nk=k bl ;ksX; gks tk,¡xs fd osµ
1- fdlh Hkh dk;kZjaHk ls iwoZ eaxydkeuk gsrq Lo;a dks izLrqr dj
losaQxsA
2- vius vklikl osQ txr osQ izfr fu"Bk ,oa vknj izLrqr dj
losQa xsA
3- loZLo gsrq eaxyHkko eu esa yk losaQxsA
4- ml ije lRrk us tks oqQN Hkh fn;k gS] mlosQ vkHkkjh gksaxsA
5- Hkwr] orZeku vkSj Hkfo"; osQ izfr vk'kkfUor gks losaQxs ,oa
larks"k izkIr dj losaQxsA
6- ,dkxzrk èkkj.k dj losaQxsA
ewyHkko
Lons'k esa i'kq&i{kh] ekuo lekt] izÑfr osQ izfr eaxyHkko dk xk;uA
ikB dk lkj
gekjs Hkkjr ns'k esa czkg~e.k tu vkSj fon~oku fon~;k osQ rst ls ;qDr
gksa_ {kf=k; nq'euksa osQ ny dk fouk'k djus okys egkjFkh gksa_ xk;
nqèkk: vkSj v'o rs”k nkSM+us okys gksa_ lnk gh lkSHkkX;'kkfyuh ukfj;k¡
jk"Vª dh vkèkkj gksa_ lHkh ;ksn~èkk cyoku gksa_ iq=k ;Kkfn ifo=k deZ
djus okys gksa_ ckny [kwc cjlsa vkSj èkjrh dk rki gjsa_ vkS"kfèk;k¡
vpwd mipkj djsa_ izÑfr iQy&iwQyksa ls ynh gks vkSj gekjh Lokèkhurk
lnk oqQ'ky&eaxy jgsA
f'k{k.k fofèk
ikBkjaHk iwoZ
 izR;sd 'kqHk dk;Z ls iwoZ eaxydkeuk dk egRRo le>k,¡A
uohu ladYi % f'k{kd&nf'kZdk (Hkkx&8) | 5
izkFkZuk] oanuk] xhr vkfn osQ :i esa viuh ldkjkRed ÅtkZ
dk iSQyko djus osQ fy, dgsaA
ikBkjaHk
 ikB dk Lo;a 'kqn~èk okpu djsaA izR;sd 'kCn dks 'kqn~èk mPpkj.k]
y;] vkjksg&vojksg] vuqrku&forku osQ lkFk i<+saA
 'kCn Lo;a cksysa vkSj vFkZ cPpksa ls cksyus osQ fy, dgsaA 'kCnkFkZ
dh bl iBu fofèk ls cPps ikB esa vk, dfBu 'kCn vkSj
muosQ vFkZ Lo;aeso le>saxsA vc ckWDl esa fn;k gqvk ikB dk
lkj i<+saA
 ,d&,d iafDr i<+dj izR;sd 'kCn dk vFkZ crk,¡A nks iafDr;ksa
dk vFkZ crkus osQ ckn iqu% mls nksgjk,¡A
 bl izdkj iwjk ikB i<+kus osQ ckn ,d ckj iwjk vFkZ 'kCnksa osQ
Øe ls crk,¡A
 vc cPpksa osQ ekufld Lrj dks è;ku esa j[krs gq, muls vFkZ
iwNk tk ldrk gSA
 cPpksa ls nks&nks iafDr;k¡ ”kksj&”kksj ls i<+ok,¡A ,slk ik¡p&Ng
ckj fd;k tk ldrk gSA
 ikB esa vk, 'kCnksa osQ i;kZ;@milxZ@izR;;@dfBu 'kCnksa ij ppkZ
djsaA u;k&fujkyk ij ppkZ djsaA
iz'u&vH;kl
eq[k ls
1- gekjs jk"Vª esa n~fot fon~oku vkSj czge~ osQ rs”k ls ;qDr gksus pkfg,A
2- {kf=k;ksa osQ fo"k; esa dkeuk dh xbZ gS fd os ;qn~èk&dkS'ky esa
fuiq.k gksa_ cy'kkyh gksa_ lH; gksa vkSj ;qn~èkHkwfe esa 'k=kq dh
lsuk dks ijkftr djus dk gkSlyk j[krs gksaA
6 | uohu ladYi % f'k{kd&nf'kZdk (Hkkx&8)
ysf[kuh ls
1- ^jk"Vª dh vkèkkj ukjh gksa* izkFkZuk esa ,slh dkeuk bl dkj.k ls
dh xbZ gS D;ksafd ftl ns'k esa ukfj;k¡ i<+h&fy[kh] vfèkdkj
laiUu] le>nkj vkSj èkkfeZd laLdkjksa ls ;qDr gksaxh] og ns'k
vius&vki gh fodkl djsxkA mlh izdkj ftl ifjokj esa ukjh
dh b””kr gksxh] izse gksxk] mlosQ fopkjksa dk lEeku gksxk]
mldh ubZ lksp vkSj lg;ksx osQ vkèkkj ij ifjokj dk fodkl
gj {ks=k esa gksxkA ukjh gh lekt esa vius ifjokj dh ,d vyx
igpku cuk,xhA
2- iq=k osQ ;teku gksus ls mlesa èkkfeZd laLdkj tkx`r gksaxsA ifjokj
osQ lHkh lnL; laLdkj;qDr gksaxsA ;teku iq=k lekt dh cqjkb;ksa
ls cpk jgsxkA
3- ^bPNkuqlkj cjlsa] itZU; rki èkksosa* iafDr ls vk'k; gS vkdk'k
esa ckny gekjh bPNkuqlkj cjlsa_ èkjk dh riu (xjeh) dks nwj
djsa_ isM+&ikSèkksa] iwQy vkSj ouLifr;ksa] i'kq&i{kh vkSj uj&ukjh
dks lq[kh djosQ le`n~èk cuk,¡A
4- (d) czg~eu! Lojk"Vª esa gksa n~fot czg~erstèkkjhA
([k) cyoku lH; ;ksn~èkk ;teku iq=k gksosaA
(x) gks ;ksx&{ksedkjh Lokèkhurk gekjhA
5- ([k) leLr izÑfr vkSj izk.kh txr dk eaxy gksA
Hkk"kk ls
ckr o.kZ dh
'kCnksa dh lafèk
fon~;kFkhZ] Øekuqlkj] 'kj.kkxr] egky;] Jn~èkkatfy
ckr 'kCn dh
1- i;kZ;okph 'kCn
ukjh µ L=kh] ofurk
;ksn~èkk µ lSfud] ohj
vkS"kèk µ nokbZ] tM+h&cwVh
2- (d) (iii) fe=k
([k) (ii) rqjax
Hkk"kk iz;ksx
fon~;kFkhZ Lo;a djsaA
u;k&fujkyk] eu ik[kh cu vkSj Kku xksrk vè;kid osQ funsZ'kkuqlkj
Nk=k Lo;a djsaA

2- lk,
ikB~; ¯cnq
bl ikB dks i<+us&le>us osQ ckn Nk=k bl ;ksX; gks tk,¡xs fd osµ
1- dgkuh osQ NksVs&NksVs okD;ksa n~okjk iwjs dFku dk vfHkizk; le>
losaQxsA
2- os ik=kksa ls Lo;a dks ,dkdkj dj losaQxsA
3- vius Hkhrj bZekunkjh tSls vewY; xq.k dks iSnk dj losaQxsA
4- ;g lh[k losaQxs fd thou esa vk'kk dHkh ugha NksM+uh pkfg,A
ikB dk lkj
nks uUgs nqèkeq¡gs cPpksa dk firk iSlk dekus lqnwj vI+kzQhdk pyk x;kA
tgk¡ mlus ,d lTtu dks vius dkjksckj dk fgLlsnkj cuk;kA chekj
gksdj firk py clkA ;gk¡ Lons'k esa izrh{kkjr mldh #X.k iRuh vkSj
cPpksa dks i=k&iSlk Hkstdj ml bZekunkj fgLlsnkj us firk dh fy[kkbZ
esa i=k fy[kdj muosQ Hkhrj bl vk'kk dks txk, j[kk fd og Bhd gS
vkSj dke ls iqQjlr ikrs gh vk,xkA cPps i<+s] cM+s gks x,] yM+dh
dk fookg Hkh gks x;kA firk ls feyus dks mRlqd iq=k fcuk lwpuk
fn, tc vI+kzQhdk igq¡pk rks mls ;g lPpkbZ ekywe gqbZ vkSj og vius
firk n~okjk yxk, x, ml mn~;ksx (dkjksckj) esa o`n~èk lTtu dk
gkFk c¡Vkus yxkA
f'k{k.k fofèk
ikBkja Hk iwoZ
ikB dk vkjaHk ^fe=k* 'kCn dh O;k[;k ls djsaµfe=k dkSu gS\
oSQlk gksuk pkfg,\ rqEgkjk fe=k oSQlk gks\ rqe fdlosQ fe=k gks\
vkfnA ikB osQ vkjaHk esa fy[ks lkj dks mPp Loj esa i<+sa vkSj
ml ij ppkZ djsaA
ikBkja Hk
 ikB osQ vuqPNsnksa] ?kVukvksa@ fLFkfr;ksa osQ Øekuqlkj vkn'kZ okpu
djsa vkSj le>krs tk,¡A
 vkn'kZ okpu dgkuh iBu osQ :i esa mfpr mrkj&p<+ko ls
gksA 'kCnksa osQ 'kqn~èk mPpkj.k ls gh dFkk esa izokg vk,xk] bl
ckr dk fo'ks"k è;ku j[kk tk,A
 ikB osQ var esa cPpksa dks fVIi.kh djus dk volj nsaA mudh
jk; tkusa] fiQj viuh jk; nsaA
 cPpksa ls tkusa ;fn firk osQ fe=k lgk;rk u djrs] rks ifjokj
dk D;k gksrk\
 cPpksa ls vuqdj.k okpu djus osQ fy, dgsaA
 fojke fpg~uksa osQ iz;ksx ij è;ku nsaA
 êu ik[kh cu* osQ iz'uksa ij ppkZ dj mudh dYiuk dks mM+ku
nsaA
iz'u&vH;kl
eq[k ls
1- i=k osQ feyus ij ifjokjokyksa dk cqjk gky gks x;kA ml i=k
esa vTtw osQ firk dh chekjh dh [kcj FkhA i=k cgqr gh d#.k
vkSj nnZHkjk FkkA iRuh i=k i<+rh vkSj jksrhA vcksèk cPps #ykbZ
Hkjh vk¡[kksa ls ek¡ dks ns[krs ysfdu jksus dk dkj.k mudh le>
esa ugha vkrkA
2- ?kj ls tkus okys i=k esa vTtw osQ ckjs esa fy[kk Fkk fd bl
ckj og d{kk esa izFke vk;k gSA mls o”kh-iQk feysxkA og cM+k
gksdj bathfu;j cusxk] ikik osQ lkFk [kwc dke djsxkA og i=k
esa fy[kh fgnk;rksa dk ikyu djrk gS] ek¡ dks fdlh Hkh fdLe
dk d"V ugha nsrkA
3- lgt :i ls ruq osQ fy, oj fey tkus dk dkj.k ;g Fkk
fd oj i{k okys lksp jgs Fks fd yM+dh dk firk vI+kzQhdk esa
[kwc lksuk cVksj jgk gS blfy, nku&ngst dh dksbZ deh ugha
jgsxhA
4- mRrj esa osQoy bruk gh fy[kk Fkk fd ogk¡ dke cgqr c<+ x;k
gS] uSjksch vkfn LFkkuksa ij mls fu;fer :i ls tkuk iM+rk gSA
vTtw dks igys viuh i<+kbZ ij è;ku nsuk pkfg,A
ysf[kuh ls
1- i =k dks vthc blfy, dgk x;k gS D;ksafd ;g uSjksch osQ
vLirky ls fy[kk x;k cgqr gh d#.k vkSj nnZHkjk i=k FkkA
bl i=k dks i<+rs gh iRuh jksus yxh vkSj vcksèk cPps viuh
ek¡ dks jksrs ns[k jgs FksA bl i=k esa gh vTtw osQ firk us fy[kk
Fkk fd mldk jksx csdkcw gks x;k gSA vkijs'ku gksus osQ ckn
Hkh og pan fnuksa dk esgeku gS vkSj mls lcdh fPakrk lrk
jgh gSA
2- firk th dh e`R;q dk lekpkj u nsdj firk osQ nksLr us vPNk
fd;kA
firk dk nksLr ;fn vius fe=k dh e`R;q dh [kcj nsrk] rks
ifjokj fc[kj tkrkA ifjokj osQ yksxksa esa fujk'kk] grk'kk] vlqj{kk
dh Hkkouk Hkj tkrhA iRuh vius ifr dh e`R;q dh [kcj ikdj
”;knk fnuksa rd f”aknk ugha jg ikrh] cPps vukFk gks tkrsA
vTtw brus gkSlys ls i<+ ugha ikrkA ruq dh 'kknh Hkh èkweèkke
ls vPNs ?kjkus esa u gks ikrhA
3- eS=kh fo"k; ij vuqPNsn fy[krs le; ge bl ikB osQ ewyHkko
(midkj djus ls feyus okys larks"k) dk f”kØ djuk pkgsaxs]
ftlosQ ckjs esa yksxksa dks Kku ugha gSA dfBu le; esa enn djus
okyk fe=k gh vlyh fe=k gksrk gSA bl ikB esa ,d ,slk gh
fe=k gS] tks vius nksLr osQ iwjs ifjokj dk Hkj.k&iks"k.k djrk
gS vkSj nksLr dh deh dks og eglwl ugha gksus nsrkA
4- (d) bl iafDr dk vk'k; gS fd tSls gh firk dh gkyr esa
lqèkkj osQ fo"k; esa vI+kzQhdk ls i=k osQ lkFk oqQN #i;s
igys dh rjg igq¡p x, rks muosQ mnkl psgjksa ij
[kq'kh Nk xbZA
([k) tks ifjokj firk dh 'kkjhfjd gkyr [kjkc gksus osQ dkj.k
vkfFkZd vkSj ekufld :i ls ijs'kku Fkk] og firk osQ
fe=k dh nwjn'khZ lksp osQ dkj.k fc[kjus ls cp x;kA
vI+kzQhdk ls vk, mRlkgtud i=k vkSj #i;ksa us lcosQ
eu esa vk'kk dk lapkj dj fn;k FkkA vc mudk ifjokj
fujk'kk osQ Hk¡oj ls fudydj fiQj ls lkekU; ¯”knxh
thus yxkA
(x) le; rs”kh ls chrrk x;kA firk dh e`R;q dks dbZ o"kZ
chr x,A vTtw vc cM+k gks x;k FkkA csVh dh 'kknh
gks pqdh FkhA
5- ([k) D;ksafd firk dk nsgkar gks pqdk FkkA
Hkk"kk ls
ckr o.kZ dh
folxk±r 'kCnksa osQ vFkZ
1- v{kj'k% µ iwjh rjg] v{kj&v{kj osQ vuqlkj
izk;% µ ges'kk] yxHkx
izkr% µ losjk] izHkkr
laHkor% µ eqefdu gS] 'kk;n] gks ldrk gS
vr% µ blfy,
Øe'k% µ ØeiwoZd
2- gM~fM;k¡] fuf'pr] NqV~fV;k¡
3- (d) vfr $ vkpkj ¾ vR;kpkj
vfr $ midkj ¾ vR;qidkj
vfr $ vkuan ¾ vR;kuan
([k) izR;qidkj] izR;kxr] izR;kgkj] izR;sd
(x) (ii) izR;qRrj
ckr 'kCn dh
1- vfèkdrk] vko';drk] mnkjrk] ÑrKrk] O;koqQyrk
2- (d) esgekunkjh] nsunkjh] ukrsnkjh] fj'rsnkjh vkfn la Kk 'kCn gSAa
([k) nkjh izR;; ls cus nks 'kCnµ(1) nqdkunkjh (2) oI+kQknkjh
3- rRle :iµngh&nfèk] nwèk&nqXèk] ?kh&?k`r] lkx&'kkd
ckr okD; dh
lacaèkcksèkd vO;;
1- gkFk osQ vkWijs'ku osQ ckn vc og i=k ugha fy[k ikrkA
2- os nhokj ls lVs èkq¡èkys fp=k dh vksj ns[krs jgsA
leqPp;cksèkd vO;;
1- MkWDVjksa us vkWijs'ku dh lykg nh gS ¯drq mlesa Hkh dksbZ lkj
vc yxrk ughaA
2- gj ckj oqQN&u&oqQN vM+pusa vk tkrha vkSj mldk tkuk LFkfxr
gks tkrkA
Hkk"kk iz;ksx
1- ekSle lqgkouk ns[kdj lcosQ eqj>k, eq[kMs+ f[ky x,A
2- dfBu izfr;ksfxrk esa igys nl izfr;ksfx;ksa esa LFkku izkIr djrs
ns[k ek¡ us vius iq=k dks ck¡gksa esa Hkj fy;kA
3- ;gk¡ [kMs+&[kMs+ esjk eq¡g D;ksa rkd jgs gksA tkvks] HkkbZ dks xys
yxkvksA
Nk=k Lo;a djsaA

3- og fpfM+;k ,d vykeZ ?kM+h Fkh---

ikB~; ¯cnq
bl ikB dks i<+us&le>us osQ ckn cPps bl ;ksX; gks tk,¡xs fd osµ
1- le; osQ egRRo dks tYn le> losaQxsA
2- i'kq&if{k;ksa osQ izfr laosnu'khy gks losaQxsA
3- fpfM+;k ls le; ikyu dh izsj.kk ys losaQxsA
4- lkfgR; i<+us osQ izfr viuh #fp dks txk losaQxsA
ikB dk lkj
ys[kd vius cpiu dks ;kn dj dgrs gSa fd os Hkh ,d lkekU;
cPps dh rjg nsj ls mBrs FksA ukSdjh yxus ij tc os ?kj ls nwj pys
x, rks vyx jgus dk viuk vyx jksekap mUgsa vuqHko gqvkA nsj
jkr rd dfork,¡ fy[kuk] i<+uk vkSj lqcg nsj rd lksuk ,d vyx
gh vkuan dh vuqHkwfr djkrk Fkk! ml dejs esa ,d fpfM+;k us ,d
rlohj osQ ihNs viuk ?kksalyk cuk fy;k FkkA nsj rd njok”kk can
jgus osQ dkj.k mlus ys[kd osQ fljgkus cSB viuh pha&ph ls mUgsa
mBk;k vkSj njok”kk [kqyrs gh ckgj pyh xbZA ;g Øe tkjh jgkA
blh dh otg ls fpfM+;k muosQ fy, ,d vykeZ ?kM+h cuh vkSj os
lw;ksZn; ls iwoZ mBdj izÑfr dk vkuan ys ik,A
f'k{k.k fofèk
ikBkja Hk iwoZ
lqcg mBus] izÑfr osQ 'kqHkz :i] mlosQ vkuan dk o.kZu djsaA
i'kq&i{kh] ;g pjkpj txr] izÑfr lHkh le; dk ikyu djrs
gSa] bls le>k,¡A
ikBkja Hk
 ikB osQ izR;sd vuqPNsn dk vkn'kZ okpu djsaA
 dfBu 'kCnksa dks ';keiV ij fy[krs tk,¡A
 izR;sd vuqPNsn osQ ckn #ddj mls okD;&nj&okD; iqu%
i<+dj le>k,¡A
 iwjs ikB dk vuqdj.k okpu djus osQ ckn iwjh d{kk dks Øeokj
ikB i<+us vkSj vuqdj.k okpu djus dk volj nsaA
 iz'u&mRrjksa ij ppkZ ls iwoZ ikB dk ekSu okpu djus dk
le; nsaA
 iz'uksa ij ppkZ djsaA
iz'u&vH;kl
eq[k ls
1- ,slk dgdj ys[kd us ?kM+h dh mi;ksfxrk dks fln~èk dj fn;k
vkSj le; osQ egRRo dks Hkh le>k;kA ml le; ljdkjh foHkkxksa
esa izFkk Fkh fd tc Hkh dksbZ deZpkjh fjVk;jesaV (lsok&fuo`fRr)
ysrk Fkk rks foHkkx fu'kkuh osQ :i esa mls ,d ?kM+h HksaV esa
nsrk FkkA ys[kd us lq>ko fn;k fd bl izFkk esa lqèkkj djosQ
;fn ?kM+h dks ukSdjh yxus ij deZpkjh dks fn;k tk, rks csgrj
gksxkA blls deZpkjh le; ij vkWfI+kQl igq¡psaxs vkSj le;kuqlkj
dk;Z djsaxsA
2- ys[kd us ;g viuh vknr osQ dkj.k dgk D;ksafd mls nsj jkr
rd i<+us dh vknr Fkh vkSj nsj rd lksus dhA ys[kd dks
viuh bl vknr osQ dkj.k dbZ ijs'kkfu;ksa dk lkeuk djuk
iM+rk vkSj og vkWf-iQl nsj ls igq¡prkA viuh uhan iwjh u gksus
osQ dkj.k fnu osQ dke vkSj nÝ+rj osQ dke vO;ofLFkr gks
tkrs] vius vkyL; osQ dkj.k og vykeZ ?kM+h dks Bhd ugha
djok ikrk FkkA mlus u rks vykeZ ?kM+h dks Bhd djok;k vkSj
u gh viuh vknr esa lqèkkj fd;kA
3- rfd, us ys[kd dh ckr dks lquuk can dj fn;k D;kssafd rfd;k
rks ys[kd dks le; ij txk nsrk Fkk ysfdu ys[kd dks nsj
jkr rd i<+uk vPNk yxrk FkkA rfd, n~okjk txkus ij Hkh
vkyL; osQ dkj.k og lks;k jgrkA
4- fpfM+;k dh rqyuk ys[kd us ek¡ ls bl dkj.k ls dh gS fd
ftl izdkj ek¡ vius cPpksa dks I;kj ls lgykdj txkrh gS
mlh izdkj dgkuh esa og fpfM+;k Hkh okRlY;e;h ek¡ osQ leku
iyax osQ fljgkus cSBdj >q¡>ykgV Hkjs Loj esa pha---pha djosQ
ys[kd dks txkrh gSA tc mlosQ 'kksj djus ij Hkh ys[kd ugha
mBrk] rc og j”kkbZ dk dksuk pksap ls idM+dj [khap nsrh
Fkh! cpiu esa brus gh I;kj vkSj >q¡>ykgV ls ys[kd dh ek¡
mls nsj rd lksus ij txkrh FkhA ys[kd fpfM+;k esa viuh ek¡
dk izfr¯cc ns[kus yxk FkkA
ysf[kuh ls
1- ys[kd lkfgfR;d vfHk#fp;ksa osQ O;fDr FksA jks”k nsj jkr rd
i<+uk mudk 'kkSd FkkA eè; jkf=k esa tc pkjksa vksj 'kkafr jgrh
Fkh] rc os fganh vkSj vaxzs”kh dk lkfgR; i<+rs FksA mUgsa fdrkcsa
i<+us esa vkuan vkrk FkkA i<+us&fy[kus osQ blh O;lu osQ dkj.k
mudh uhan nsj ls [kqyrh FkhA
2- ^fMfc;k esa jRu gS] ;g vuqHkwfr ugha tkuh pkfg,!* bu ia fDr;ksa
esa ys[koQ osQ ca n dejs dh rqyuk ehukdkjh okyh fMfc;k ls
dh gS ftls [kksydj fpfM+;k us ys[kd dks m"kk lqna jh osQ jRuksa
osQ n'kZu djok fn, vkSj izkÑfrd n`';ksa dk vkua n ysuk fl[kk
fn;kA
3- Lo;a djsaA
4- ([k) mlus mUgsa izkr%dkyhu lkSan;Z osQ n'kZu djk, FksA
5- vk'k; Li"Vhdj.kµ
(d) ys[kd us bu iafDr;ksa osQ ekè;e ls Li"V fd;k gS fd
dejs esa fpfM+;k osQ 'kksj djus dh otg ls tc og
njok”kk [kksyrk Fkk] rc fpfM+;k osQ dejs ls ckgj tkrs
gh [kqys njok”ks ls rk”kh&rk”kh] BaMh gok dk >ksadk
'kjhj dks Nwus yxrk FkkA rk”kh gok osQ Li'kZ dks ikdj
gh mlus eglwl fd;k fd nsj rd lksdj bl izkÑfrd
lkSan;Z osQ lq[k ls og oafpr jgk gSA
([k) izLrqr iafDr;ksa esa ys[kd fpfM+;k dks gh viuh vykeZ ?kM+h
ekurk gSA ogh fpfM+;k iya x osQ fljgkus j”kkbZ ij cSBdj
eèkqj pgpgkgV ls mls txkrh gSA mldh pgpgkgV esa
vc Øksèk ugha gS] viukiu gS] izes dh Hkkouk esa Mwch gqbZ
og I;kj ls mls txkrh gS] tSls cpiu esa ek¡ txkrh FkhA
fpfM+;k osQ dk;Zdykiksa ls ys[kd eglwl djrk gS fd
nsj rd lksuk mls ilan ugha gSA og pkgrh gS fd ys[kd
Hkh mlosQ lkFk tkxdj lfjrkvksa dk ty] ok;q] lw;Z dh
igyh fdj.k vkSj mldk izdk'k vkSj iwQyksa osQ f[kyus vkSj
mudh lqxèa k osQ vkuan dks eglwl djsA
Hkk"kk ls
ckr 'kCn dh
1- ,d 'kCn ls vusd 'kCn
uothou µ uo] thou] tho] ou
njok”kk µ nj] nok] nj”kk
cs[kcj µ csj] [kcj] [kj
dfBukbZ µ dbZ] ukbZ] dfBu
2- funsZ'kkuqlkj mRrj
(d) miyCèk $ b ¾ miyfCèk (?k) dfBu] dk;kZy;
([k) lqanj $ rk ¾ lqanjrk (Ä) (ii) bZ;
(x) fpfM+;k¡] fMfc;k¡ (p) (ii) vuqiyCèk
3- (d) eq>s vkSj ugha pkfg, cl bruk i;kZIr gSA
bruk Hkkstu esjs fy, vfèkd gksxkA
([k) eSaus vkpk;Z dk Lokxr fd;kA
eSa cM+ksa dk vfHkoknu djrk gw¡A
(x) vius fe=k osQ tUefnu ij eSaus migkj fn;k gSA
lqnkek HksaV nsus osQ fy, pkoy ys x,A
4- 'kCn ifjokj
x`g µ x`gea=kh] x`g;qn~èk
ekuo µ ekuoh;] ekuork ekuo'kkL=k
;ksx µ ;ksxek;k] ;ksxcy
n'k µ n'keq[k] n'kewy
LoxZ µ LoxZunh] LoxZoèkw
ckr okD; dh
okD; jpuk
1- ek¡ us eksgu dks [ksyus ls euk fd;k ysfdu og [ksyus osQ
fy, pyk x;kA
2- 'ksj dks ns[krs gh fgju tku cpkus osQ fy, rs”k xfr ls nkSM+k
vkSj Hkkx fudykA
3- vki ekSlh dh yM+dh osQ ;gk¡ tk,¡xs vFkok fdlh vkSj lnL;
dks Hkstw¡\
4- fueZyk us ya ch nkSM+ izfr;ksfxrk esa iSj yM+[kM+kus ij Hkh fgEer
ugha gkjh vkSj izFke LFkku izkIr fd;kA
5- vkiosQ fy, pk; ykÅ¡ ;k dkWI+kQh\
6- dy ijh{kk gS blfy, è;ku ls i<+ksA
Nk=k Lo;a djsaA

4- ftl lekt esa rqe jgrs gks

ikB~; ¯cnq
bl ikB dks i<+us&le>us osQ ckn cPps bl ;ksX; gks tk,¡xs fd osµ
1- lekt dh vko';drk vkSj mldk egRRo vPNh rjg tku
losaQxsA os tku losaQxs fd ftl lekt esa ge@os jgrs gSa] mldk
LoLFk gksuk vko';d gSA
2- O;fDr vkSj lekt ,d&nwljs ij vkfJr gSa] os ;g tku losaQxsA
3- uSfrd ewY;@ekuoh; ewY; gh ekuo dks f”aknk j[krs gSa] os ;g
Hkh tku losaQxsA
dfork dk lkj
unh dh rjg ;g gekjk lekt gS vkSj ygjsa ekuoA izR;sd 'kfDr'kkyh
ygj dh rjg euq"; gh lekt dh 'kfDr gSA lekt :ih e'khu dk
dyiq”kkZ ekuo gh gSA ;fn og ,d csgrjhu] lkFkZd dyiq”kkZ cus] rks
vPNk gSA fuf'pr :i ls ekuo gh lekt dh ,d egRRoiw.kZ bdkbZ
gSA nwljs dh d#.kk ij thuk vieku ls Hkjh e`R;q gS_ Bhd ,sls] tSls
fdlh fdlku osQ ?kj vR;fèkd fuèkZurk VwVk&iwQVk cjru j[k nsrh gSA
,slk thou thou ugha] e`R;q gSA ftl euq"; esa lekt dh 'kfDr]
Hkqtk] pj.k vkSj vk¡[k cuus dh ;ksX;rk gS vFkkZr~ ftl euq"; esa
'kfDr] vkok”k esa gqadkj] dk;Z'khyrk] xfr vkSj n`f"V gks] ogh lekt
dk vkn'kZ curk gSA ,slk thou gh mPp thou gSA
euq"; dks vius lekt dks lc izdkj ls mUur cukus osQ fy,
iz;Ru'khy jguk pkfg,A
f'k{k.k fofèk
ikBkja Hk iwoZ
ikB eas fn, û;k&fujkyk* 'kh"kZd osQ varxZr nh xbZ lkexzh dks
i<+sa vkSj ml ij fo'kn ppkZ djsaA êu ik[kh cu* dh ppkZ djsaA
ikBkja Hk
 dfork dk lLoj nks ckj vkn'kZ okpu djsaA
 dfork osQ mQij fy[kk ikB dk lkj i<+sa vkSj le>k,¡A
 dfork osQ dfBu 'kCnksa osQ vFkZ crk,¡A
 dfork dk vFkZ le>k,¡A
 lkj vkSj izfrikn~; esa varj le>k,¡A
 dfBu dkO;ka'kksa dk vFkZ Lo;a fy[kok,¡A
 dfBu 'kCnksa dk Jqrys[k ysaA
 dfork osQ dfo dk ifjp; nsaA
iz'u&vH;kl
eq[k ls
1- euq"; dh lkjh vko';drk,¡ lekt ls gh iwjh gksrh gSaA euq";
vkSj lekt nksuksa dks gh ,d&nwljs dh ”k:jr gS blfy, euq";
lekt esa jgrk gSA
2- lfjrk dh vxf.kr ygjksa esa ,d ygj dk Hkh egRRo gSA
,d&,d ygj osQ feyus ls gh unh ;k lkxj esa vxf.kr ygjsa
fn[kkbZ nsrh gSa tks cM+s&ls&cM+s tgk”k dks Hkh nwj isaQdus dh
{kerk j[krh gSaA
3- dfo us d#.kkiw.kZ thou dh miek ^fuèkZurk* ls nh gS] ftls
thou dh Hkk"kk esa frjLdkjiw.kZ ej.k dgk x;k gSA
ysf[kuh ls
1- euq"; dks lekt dh 'kfDr mlosQ vkilh lg;ksx ls dk;Z djus
osQ dkj.k dgk x;k gSA izR;sd O;fDr osQ dk;Z djus ls lekt
osQ fodkl dks 'kfDr feyrh gSA lekt dh rjDdh ls jk"Vª
dk fodkl laHko gSA izR;sd O;fDr osQ ;ksxnku dk egRRo gSA
blh dkj.k ls mldh rqyuk ygjksa dh ,drk ls dh xbZ gSA
2- dfo us lekt&thou dk izrhd gksus osQ fy, ekuo osQ lEeq[k
'krs± j[krs gq, dgk gS fd mUgsa lekt dk fgLlk cuuk iMs+xk]
mUgsa lekt osQ fy, dk;Z djuk iMs+xkA mUgsa Lo;a ls ;g iwNuk
iMs+xk fd os D;k dk;Z dj ldrs gSa ;k fdu dk;ks± dks djus
dh ;ksX;rk muosQ ikl gS] mudk lekt esa vfLrRo D;k gS_
os D;k gSa_ bu iz'uksa dk Lo;a ls iwNdj gy <w¡<+uk iMs+xkA
3- izfrikn~;&O;fDr vkSj lekt nksuksa ,d&nwljs osQ iwjd gSaA nksuksa
osQ lg;ksx ls gh jk"Vª dk fuekZ.k vkSj fodkl laHko gSA ;fn
lekt esa xfr vkSj nwjn`f"V iSnk djuh gS rks gesa lekt dk
fgLlk cuuk iMs+xkA mlosQ fy, dk;Z djus iMs+axsA
4- ekuo dh 'kfDr] vkok”k] dk;Z'khyrk] xfr vkSj n`f"V osQ egRRo
dks mYys[k djrh gqbZ iafDr;k¡µ
^^;fn rqe mldh ,d 'kfDr gks
mldh yydkjksa esa ls yydkj ,d gks
mldh vfer Hkqtkvksa esa nks Hkqtk rqEgkjh
pj.kksa esa nks pj.k rqEgkjs
vk¡[kksa esa nks vk¡[k rqEgkjh
rks fu'p; lekt&thou osQ rqe izrhd gks
fu'p; gh thou] fpj thouAA**
5- (?k) n;kghu gS
Hkk"kk ls
ckr 'kCn dh
1- milxZ ;qDr 'kCn
nq£uokj] vfer] lqfoèkk] vuknj
2- izR;; ;qDr 'kCn
oqQfVyrk] ekSf[kd] fn[kkoVh] fueZyrk] ,sfrgkfld
3- (d) i;kZ;okph 'kCn
'kfDr µ cy] rkdr
ygj µ ekSt] rjax
thou µ f”aknxh] izk.k
([k) (iii) HkkxhjFkh
Nk=k Lo;a djsaA

5- vèkZjkf=k dk lw;ksZn;
ikB~; ¯cnq
bl ikB dks i<+u&s le>us osQ ckn fon~;kFkhZ bl ;ksX; gks tk,¡xs fd osµ
1- 'kghnksa dk lEeku dj losaQxsA
2- viuh vk”kknh dk ewY; igpku losaQxsA
3- ns'k osQ izfr HkfDrHkko dk;e j[k losaQxsA
4- Lokèkhurk laxzke dh Økafr osQ bfrgkl dks le> losaQxsA
5- ml egRRoiw.kZ ?kM+h dk ewY; vk¡d losaQxs] ftl iy Lokèkhu
Hkkjr dh ?kks"k.kk gqbZA
6- ns'k osQ izfr vknj@lEeku@ izse dk ltho fp=k.k i<+ xn~xn~
gks losaQxsA
ikB dk lkj
yacs le; ls vk”kknh dh ckV tksgrs Hkkjrokfl;ksa osQ lkeus og 'kqHk
?kM+h vk igq¡ph] ftldh mUgsa pkg FkhA 15 vxLr 1947 dh izFke ?kM+h
esa Hkkjr dks Lokèkhurk dk lEeku feykA [kq'kh osQ ekjs iwjs Hkkjr osQ
yksxksa dh vk¡[kksa ls uhan xk;c FkhA bafM;k xsV osQ eSnku esa 'kke Ng
cts èotkjksg.k fd;k x;kA 16 vxLr dh lqgkuh lqcg esa ykyfdys
ij frjaxk iQgjkA 90 o"kZ osQ la?k"kZ dh dgkuh iwjh gqbZA chrs gq, dy
dh ih<+h us gesa vk”kknh dh eaf”ky rd igq¡pk;kA
f'k{k.k fofèk
ikBkjaHk iwoZ
û;k&fujkyk*] êu ik[kh cu* ij ppkZ djsaA ikB osQ vkjaHk esa
fy[kk lkj i<+saA
ikBkja Hk
 loZizFke ^vèkZjkf=k dk lw;ksZn;* okD;ka'k ij fVIi.kh djsaA
 15 vxLr dh Hkksj (14 vxLr jkf=k dh lekfIr) dks îquhr
jkf=k* D;ksa dgk x;k gS] le>k,¡A
 ikB dk lkjka'k i<+sa vkSj mls le>k,¡A
 ikB dk vuqdj.k okpu djsaA dfBu 'kCnksa osQ vFkZ crk,¡A
izR;sd ?kVuk ij ppkZ djsaA jk"Vªh; izrhdksa (fpg~uksa) ij Hkh
ppkZ djsaA
 ikB dh ?kVukvksa osQ lanHkZ esa cPpksa osQ fopkjksa dks lqusa] ppkZ
djsaA
 ,d&,d vuqPNsn dk okpu djok,¡A mPpkj.k ij è;ku nsaA
 êq[k ls* 'kh"kZd esa fn, x, iz'uksa dks iwNsaA
 ^ysf[kuh ls* 'kh"kZd esa fn, x, iz'uksa ij ppkZ djsaA fy[kus osQ
fy, nsaA
 ^Hkk"kk ls* esa fn, vH;kl dks le>k,¡ vkSj dkWih esa djok,¡A
iz'u&vH;kl
eq[k ls
1- izLrqr okD; esa ys[kd Lora=krk vkanksyu :ih ;K dh ckr dj
jgk gSA Lora=krk izkIr djus osQ fy, 'kghnksa us Lora=krk laxzke
:ih ;K esa viuh lq[k&lqfoèkkvksa dh cfy nh] vR;kpkj lgk]
ftlosQ ifj.kkeLo:i vk”kknh gkfly gqbZ vkSj uo&fuekZ.k dk
;qx vkjaHk gqvkA
2- daVdiw.kZ ekxZ ij pydj geus vk”kknh dh eaf”ky izkIr dhA
3- 14 vxLr dh jkr fnYyhokyksa dh vk¡[kksa esa uhan vk”kknh
gkfly djus dh [kq'kh esa ugha vk jgh FkhA fnYyh dks nqYgu
dh rjg ltk;k x;k Fkk vkSj turk [kq'kh osQ lkFk ukpdj
viuh [kq'kh ”kkfgj dj jgh FkhA pkjksa vksj >afM;k¡] frjaxs >aMs
fn[kkbZ ns jgs Fks] feBkb;k¡ ck¡Vh tk jgh FkhaA jk"Vªh; xhrksa osQ
fjdkWMZ vkSj eaxy okn~;ksa dh lqjhyh vkok”k xw¡t jgh FkhA
4- ^tu lkxj ygjk jgk Fkk* ls vfHkizk; vikj HkhM+ ls gSA
5- v¡xjs”kksa us rksiksa osQ eq¡g pk¡nuh pkSd dh rjI+kQ djokdj blfy,
j[kok, Fks rkfd yksx ncs jgsa vkSj vaxjs”kh lRrk osQ f[kyk-iQ
cxkor u djsaA
ysf[kuh ls
1- usg: th Hkkjr vkSj mldh turk dh lsok vkSj mlls c<+dj
ekuork dh lsok djus dh ckr blfy, dgh D;ksafd os Hkkjr
esa gh ugha cfYd iwjs fo'o esa 'kkafr vkSj [kq'kgkyh iSQykuk
pkgrs FksA
2- nkf;Roksa dks fuHkkus osQ fy, iaú usg: us ns'kokfl;ksa dks
lacksfèkr djrs gq, dgk fdµ
(d) ^^gekjk Hkfo"; vkjkensg ugha gS cfYd yxkrkj ifjJe
djus osQ fy, gS rkfd ge vkt yh tkus okyh vkSj
izk;% yh xbZ 'kiFk dks iwjk dj losaQA
([k) gekjh ih<+h dh egkure O;fDr dh bPNk ;gh jgh gS
fd izR;sd O;fDr dh vk¡[kksa osQ vk¡lw iksaN fn, tk,¡---
tc rd fdlh dh Hkh vk¡[k esa vk¡lw vkSj nq[k gS] gekjk
drZO; iwjk ugha gksxkA
(x) gesa Hkkjr osQ ,sls 'kkunkj Hkfo"; dk fuekZ.k djuk gS
tgk¡ Hkkjr osQ lHkh cPps jg loasQA
(?k) Hkkjr dh vk”kknh vius lkFk u, nkf;Roksa dk cks> ysdj
vkbZ gSa ftUgsa ge Lora=k vuq'kklucn~èk jk"Vªh; Hkkouk
vkSj n`<+ fu'p; ls gh fuHkk ldrs gSaA
(Ä) y{; dks egku lkèkuksa ls gh gkfly fd;k tk ldrk
gSA
3- usg: th us viuh Lora=krk dks v{kq..k cuk, j[kus] Lora=krk
osQ nkf;Roksa dks fuHkkus] fo'o dks 'kkafr vkSj Lora=krk dk lans'k
nsus vkSj lcdks Hkkjr ek¡ dk ;ksX; iq=k cukus osQ egku dk;Z
djus dk ladYi fy;kA
(d) bu iafDr;ksa esa ys[kd èkes±nz ukFk us Li"V fd;k gS tc
vkèkh jkr dks lalkj lks jgk gS] rc Hkkjroklh tkxdj
Lora=krk izkfIr osQ {k.kksa osQ xokg cusaxsA
([k) izLrqr iafDr;ksa esa ys[kd us Li"V djrs gq, dgk gS fd
Hkkjr dks vk”kknh rks fey xbZ gS ysfdu f”kEesnkfj;k¡ c<+
xbZ gSaA ns'k dh vFkZO;oLFkk vkSj ukxfjdksa osQ fodkl
osQ fy, ubZ uhfr;k¡ cukuh gksaxhA blfy, lHkh ukxfjdksa
dks lg;ksx djuk iMs+xkA
(x) bu iafDr;ksa esa ys[kd us dgk gS fd le; lnk ,d&lk
ugha jgrkA ftl baXySaM dh egkjkuh us lu~ 1858 esa
Hkkjr dk 'kklu xzg.k fd;k Fkk vkSj ftls Hkkjr dh
jktjkts'ojh dh mikfèk ls foHkwf"kr fd;k x;k Fkk] vkt
mUgha jkuh dk iM+ukrh Lora=k Hkkjr osQ jk"Vªh; èot dks
lykeh ns jgk Fkk vkSj laosQr dj jgk Fkk fd vc Hkkjr
va xjs”kksa dh nklrk ls eqDr gks x;k gSA
5- ftl izdkj lwjt osQ fudyus ls v¡èksjk nwj gksrk gS] mlh izdkj
ls 14 vxLr dh jkr osQ eè; esa Lora=krk dk lwjt fudydj
pkjksa vksj mYykl vkSj g"kZ dk izdk'k iSQyk jgk FkkA fctyh osQ
jaxhu cYcksa dh >kyjksa ls ,slh jks'kuh dh xbZ Fkh fd jkr Hkh
fnu ekywe gks jgh FkhA vk”kknh dh [kq'kh esa lkjh turk ukp
jgh FkhA bl okrkoj.k dks ns[kdj ,slk yx jgk Fkk fd jkr esa
gh lwjt fudy vk;k gS] tks ikB osQ 'kh"kZd dks lkFkZd dj
jgk gSA
6- d- (ii) cX?kh ij lokj gksdjA
[k- (iii) fo'kky tu&lewg osQ dkj.k ckts vkSj Mªeokys
vyx&vyx gks x, FksA
Hkk"kk ls
ckr 'kCn dh
1- 'kCnksas dh lafèk vkSj ifjorZu
Lo $ bPNk ¾ LosPNk v $ b ¾ ,
uj $ bZ'k ¾ ujs'k v $ b ¾ ,
egk $ banz ¾ egsanz vk $ b ¾ ,
egk $ bZ'oj ¾ egs'oj vk $ bZ ¾ ,
ohj $ mfpr ¾ ohjksfpr v $ m ¾ vks
ij $ midkj ¾ ijksidkj v $ m ¾ vks
lIr $ Íf"k ¾ lIrf"kZ v $ Í ¾ vj~
2- bd izR;; ls cus 'kCn
(d) lekt $ bd ¾ lkekftd
uhfr $ bd ¾ uSfrd
èkeZ $ bd ¾ èkkfeZd
jktuhfr $ bd ¾ jktuSfrd
([k) (ii) vkfFkZd
3- fo'ks"k.k 'kCnksa dh rhu rqyukRed voLFkk,¡
vfèkd vfèkdrj vfèkdre
mPp mPprj mPpre
y?kq y?kqrj y?kqre
xq# xq#rj xq#re
ckr okD; dh
fØ;k incaèk
1- MkWú jktsanz izlkn vkSj ykWMZ ekmaVcsVu 10 ctdj 10 feuV
ij gkWy esa nkf[ky gq,A
2- jkr esa 11 cts dk;Zokgh lekIr gqbZA
Nk=k Lo;a djsaA 
6- xksHkh dk iwQy
ikB~; ¯cnq
bl ikB dks i<+us osQ ckn fon~;kFkhZ bl ;ksX; gks tk,¡xs fd osµ
1- vius lC”kh&Kku esa o`n~fèk dj losaQxsA
2- gkL; jl dk vkuan ys losaQxsA
3- yksdksfDr;ksa dk vFkZ tku losaQxs vkSj mudk lkekftd O;ogkj
esa iz;ksx tku losaQxsA
ikB dk lkj
guqekuizlkn th gjh lfC”k;ksa osQ eqjhn gSaA os muosQ xq.k vkSj LokLF; ij
muosQ izHkko ls Hkyh&Hkk¡fr ifjfpr gSaA mUgksaus fdlh dke ls y[kuÅ
tk jgs ys[kd ls vius fy, xksHkh osQ pkj iwQy ykus osQ fy, dgk
vkSj os iwQy oSQls gksus pkfg,] bldk Hkh funsZ'k fn;kA ys[kd ,d
>kck xksHkh osQ iwQy dk ysdj Vsªu esa p<+s ¯drq BlkBl Hkjh xkM+h esa
;kf=k;ksa dh ykrsa [kkus osQ ckn ,d Hkh iwQy lkcqr u cpkA ys[kd
us vius 'kgj osQ gh ck”kkj ls gh ik¡p&ik¡p vkus osQ xksHkh osQ iwQy
[kjhns vkSj guqekuizlkn th dks y[kuÅ osQ crkdj viuh tku NqM+kbZA
f'k{k.k fofèk
ikBkjaHk iwoZ
 û;k&fujkyk* osQ varxZr vk, ikB ls tqM+s 'kCnksa ij ppkZ djsaA
ckcw guqekuizlkn osQ O;ogkj ij fVIi.kh djsa vkSj cPpksa ls Hkh
fVIi.kh djus osQ fy, dgsaA iwNsa µ vko';d dk;Z gsrq tkus
okys O;fDr ls bl izdkj viuh vko';drk dh oLrq,¡ e¡xokuk
vkt osQ bl le; esa dgk¡ rd mfpr gSA
 ^gkL;&O;aX;* 'kCn ij fVIi.kh dks le>k,¡ vkSj nwljh vU;
dgkfu;ksaµ îzk;f'pr*] ^lkbfdy dh lokjh* vkfn dgkfu;ksa
dh ckr djsaA
ikBkja Hk
 ikB dk lkj i<+dj ikB osQ izR;sd vuqPNsn dk okpu djsaA
 mPpkj.k dh 'kqn~èkrk rFkk dfBu 'kCnksa osQ vFkZ crk,¡A
 ikB dks le>k,¡A vuqdj.k okpu djokus osQ mijkar ikB esa
vkbZ gkL; dh NVk dh vuqHkwfr gsrq ekSu iBu osQ fy, dgsaA
 cPpksa ls mudh vuqHkwfr iwNsaA
 ihNs fn;k gqvk vH;kl djok,¡A
iz'u&vH;kl
eq[k ls
1- dksbZ Hkh daq tM+k eu ls ckcw guqekuizlkn dks blfy, ugha cqykuk
pkgrk Fkk D;ksfa d muosQ nqdku ij vkus ls mls cgqr nsj rd
fglkc yxkuk iM+rk Fkk fd lkSns osQ ckn ?kkVk fdldks gqvkA
2- bl iafDr osQ ekè;e ls ys[kd dguk pkgrk gS fd ftl
fMCcs esa og ?kqlk ml fMCcs esa cgqr HkhM+ FkhA ml fMCcs esa
cSBs ;k=kh nwljs fMCcs esa [kkyh txg osQ ckjs esa tkudkjh nsrs
gq,] jsyos osQ lkjs dkuwu ,d lkFk le>kus yxsA ys[kd us bu
lc ckrksa dh vksj è;ku ugha fn;k vkSj mlh HkhM+&Hkjs fMCcs
esa vius xksHkh osQ >kcs osQ lkFk jgkA
3- nwljs osQ leku dks ^yks"Bor~* ns[kus ls vfHkizk; gS fdlh nwljs
dh oLrq ij yypkbZ u”kj ls u ns[kuk vFkkZr~ mls feV~Vh osQ
rqY; le>ukA bu iafDr;ksa dk vFkZ ys[kd us oLrq dh pksjh
ls fy;k gSA izk;% ,slk gksrk gS fd pksj dks tc rd oLrq dks
pqjkus dk ekSdk u feys rc rd og mls feV~Vh osQ leku
ns[krk jgrk gS ijarq ekSdk feyrs gh pqjk ysrk gSA
4- îj vkneh tc turk gks tkrk gS*µls rkRi;Z ”;knk HkhM+ ls gS
ftlesa dksbZ fdlh dh ckr ugha lqurk gSA bl izlax esa ys[kd
dh ckr Hkh fdlh us ugha lquh] lykg lHkh nsrs jgsA
ysf[kuh ls
1- ^vkfn dkj.k* ls vfHkizk; gS ftlls l`f"V osQ lc O;kikj
mRiUu gq, gSaA bls ge êwy dkj.k* Hkh dg ldrs gSaA ckcw
guqekuizlkn dh gj leL;k dk gy gjh lC”kh esa fNik jgrk
gSA fdl lC”kh esa fdruk foVkfeu] fdruk yksgk] fdruk pwuk]
fdruk dRFkk] fdruh ydM+h] fdruk b±Vk] fdruk xkjk oxSjg
gksrk gS] bu lcdk fo'kn Kku mudks gSA
2- i`Fohjkt pkSgku vaèkk gksus ij Hkh 'kCncsèkh ck.k pykuk tkurk
FkkA i`Fohjkt osQ dfo panjcjnkbZ us nwj cSBs gq, eksgEen xkSjh
dks ns[kk vkSj i`Fohjkt dks crk;k fd ^^pkj ck¡l] pkSchl xt]
v"V vaxqy izek.k@rk mQij lqyrku gS er pwoSQ pkSgkuA** bruk
lqurs gh i`Fohjkt us ck.k pyk;k vkSj eksgEen xkSjh ej x;kA
mlh izdkj xkM+h vkrs gh ys[kd osQ oqQyh us Hkh mls vkok”k
nsdj fLFkfr ls ifjfpr djk;kA
3- xksHkh osQ iwQy èkhjs&èkhjs djosQ Hkhrj vk jgs FksA nks iwQy IysViQkeZ
ls f[klddj fMCcs osQ uhps jsy dh iVjh ij igqp ¡ x,A bu
iafDr;ksa ls irk pyrk gS fd xksHkh dk >kck fc[kj x;k FkkA
(d) mDr iafDr;ksa esa ys[kd guqekuizlkn osQ ckjs esa dgrs gSa
fd lHkh lC”khokys mudh vknrksa ls ijs'kku Fks] tSlsµgjs
èkfu, dh xM~Mh iSls&iSls ;k nks iSls dh rhu ysuk]
'kyte osQ iRrs rqM+okdj rqyokus dk vkxzg djuk] vkyw
Nk¡Vdj p<+okuk] lM+k dq EgM+k nwljs fnu okil djkuk]
vjch èkqyokdj feV~Vh gVkdj ysuk vkfn vusd ,slh
ckrsa Fkh ftuosQ dkj.k lHkh lC”kh okys pkgrs Fks fd
os mudh nqdku ij u vk,¡ D;ksafd cgqr nsj rd mUgsa
fglkc yxkuk iM+rk Fkk fd lkSns osQ ckn ?kkVs esa vkf[kj
dkSu jgkA
([k) bu iafDr;ksa esa ys[kd us crk;k gS fd tc mlus y[kumQ
dh lC”kh eaMh esa tkdj lC”kh okys ls nks vkus esa xksHkh
osQ iwQy nsus dks dgk] rks mlus euk dj fn;kA lC”kh
okys us rhu vkus esa gh iwQy nsus dh ckr dgh ijarq
guqeku izlkn th us nks vkus okys gh iwQy e¡xok, FksA
ys[kd osQ yk[k le>kus ij Hkh og nks vkus ij xksHkh
osQ iwQy nsus dks jk”kh ugha gqvkA
5- gkL; jl dh NVk fc[ksjrh gqbZ iafDr;k¡µ
(d) IysVi- QkeZ ij gkFk esa ,d vnn [kwclwjr vVSph osQ lkFk
,d >kck xksHkh osQ iwQy ysdj lI+kQj djus okyk eSa vius
<ax dk vosQyk gh eqlkfI+kQj fn[kkbZ iM+ jgk FkkA
([k) nks&,d ifjfpr psgjs fn[kkbZ iMs+A cksys] ^^dfg,] nkor
dc gS\**
(x) esjs oqQyh us ^vc u pwd pkSgku* dh rjg eq>s yydkjkA
(?k) xksHkh osQ iwQy èkhjs&èkhjs djosQ Hkhrj vk jgs FksA vkf[kjh
fdLr esa nks iwQy IysVi- QkeZ ls f[kldj fMCcs osQ uhps
jsy dh iVjh ij igq¡p x,A
(Ä) ^^bèkj xksHkh gS! vjs Vaªd mèkj ys tkvks th---**
(p) ;gha osQ ck”kkj ls ik¡p&ik¡p vkus osQ iwQy [kjhndj]
^y[kumQ osQ* dgdj mUgsa ns vk;kA
6- (d) ys[kd us ;g guqekuizlkn ls dgkA
([k) ifjfpr psgjs us ys[kd osQ gkFk esa xksHkh osQ iwQyksa ls
Hkjs >kcs dks ns[kdj muls dgkA
(x) ys[kd us guqekuizlkn dks ik¡p vkus osQ xksHkh osQ iwQy dks
y[kumQ osQ iwQy dgdj ns vkus vkSj cnys esa lkjxfHkZr
Hkk"k.k lquus ij dgkA
7- (x) ys[kd osQ fy, xksHkh ykuk leL;k cu xbZ FkhA
Hkk"kk ls
ckr 'kCn dh
1- fganh i;kZ;okph 'kCn
e”kZ µ jksx dkI+kQh µ i;kZIr eqlkfI+kQj µ ;k=kh
[kjkc µ cqjk [kwclwjr µ :ioku tokc µ mRrj
oDr µ le; lI+kQj µ ;k=kk
2- vusdkFkhZ 'kCnksa ls okD; jpuk
ijµ
• fpfM+;k osQ ij lqanj yxrs gSaA
• eSaus mls 'kknh esa cgqr cqyk;k ij og ugha vk;kA
• d{kk esa vè;kid th us xf.kr osQ lw=k crk, ij esjh le>
esa ugha vk,A
• diMs+ Nr ij lq[kk nksA
xq”kjkµ
• eSa vkfI+kQl ls xq”kj gh jgh Fkh fd esjk HkkbZ eq>s fey x;kA
• esjs ekrk&firk dks xq”kjs gq, 25 o"kZ chr x,A
• bl eg¡xkbZ esa xq”kj&clj djuk dfBu gks x;k gSA
• og ikuh dgk¡ ls xq”kj jgk gS\
3- JqfrlefHkUukFkZd 'kCnksa n~okjk okD; iz;ksx djuk
fprk µ vFkZ % pqudj j[kh gqbZ ydfM+;ksa dk <sj ftl ij
e`r O;fDr dks tyk;k tkrk gSA
okD; % mls fprk ij fyVkvksA
fPakrk µ vFkZ % lksp] fiQØ
okD; % fPakrk dks fprk osQ leku ekuk x;k gSA
vkfn µ vFkZ % izFke] fcyoqQy
okD; % vkfndky ls euq"; fPakru'khy jgk gSA
vknh µ vFkZ % vH;Lr] pLdk
okD; % og pk; vkSj iku [kkus dk vknh gSA
dk-iQh µ vFkZ % i;kZIr
okD; % esjs dke osQ fy, 5]000 #i, dk-iQh gSaA
dkWiQh µ vFkZ % ,d is; inkFkZ
okD; % dkWiQh ihus dk izpyu fnu&izfrfnu c<+rk
gh tk jgk gSA
ckr okD; dh
fojke&fpg~u dk iz;ksx
1- ckcw guqekuizlkn ;fn lkjs lalkj esa fdlh oLrq dks vkfn dkj.k
ekurs gSa] rks og gSµ^gjh lC”kh*A
2- ^^gSa---gSa---] bèkj ugha! bèkj xksHkh gS] vkSj mèkj tkb,A vjs HkkbZ!
cpdj fudfy,] vksg! nks iwQy dgk¡ x,\** eSa fpYyk;kA
Nk=k Lo;a djsaA

7- oDr
ikB~; ¯cnq
bl dfork dks i<+us osQ ckn fon~;kFkhZ bl ;ksX; gks tk,¡xs fd osµ
1- lekt esa jgus okys O;fDr;ksa osQ O;ogkj esa vk, cnykoksa dks
le> losaQxsA
2- O;ogkj esa vkbZ rVLFkrk osQ dkj.kksa ij fopkj dj losaQxsA
3- ^lgtrk* D;k gS\ D;ksa vko';d gS\ bldk dkj.k vkSj funku
[kkst losaQxsA
4- ekuo iqu% laosnu'khy cu losQ] bl ij fopkj dj losaQxsA
dfork dk vFkZ
dof;=kh Jherh dhfrZ pkSèkjh vkt osQ ;qx esa O;fDr;ksa osQ cnyrs
O;ogkj osQ fo"k; esa ¯pfrr gSaA os dgrh gSa fd ;g oSQlk le; gS
fd 'kCnksa osQ vFkZ [kks x, gSaA gekjs eu dh Hkkoukvksa dks izdV djus
okys 'kCnksa dk dksbZ vfLrRo ugha jgkA dM+h ls dM+h ckr dk dksbZ
cqjk ugha ekurkA ?k`.kk vkSj izse osQ izrhd 'kCnksa dh dksbZ igpku ugha
jghA vfHkO;fDr osQ ljy laosx] [kqydj ckr djus okys 'kCn ugha jgsA
lekt esa pgq¡ vksj rVLFkrk O;kIr gSA ge viuh lgtrk Hkwy x, gSaA
gk¡] fiQj Hkh] ekuo lq[k&nq[k ls fufyZIr gh jgrk gS tSls ;s Hkh
thou osQ vko';d vax gSa] lq[k esa u vfèkd lq[k vuqHko djrk gS_
nq[k esa u vfèkd nq[kh gksrk gSA ;g oSQlk le; gS\
f'k{k.k fofèk
ikBkja Hk iwoZ
f'k{kd ekuo eu osQ laosaxksa dh ckr djsa] vuqHkwfr dh ckr djsaA
lgt O;ogkj djus okyk O;fDr vkSj rVLFk jgus okys O;fDr
dh lkekftd igpku ij ppkZ djsaA vR;fèkd lq[k euq"; dks
laosnughu cuk nsrk gS rks nwljh vksj dfBukb;k¡ Hkh ekuo osQ
lkgl] fo'okl dk var dj nsrh gSaµle>k,¡A lkekftd O;ogkj
esa vk, cnykoksa ij ppkZ djsaA
ikBkja Hk
 dfork osQ lkj dks i<+saA
 dfork dk nks ckj lLoj okpu djsaA
 iqu% ,d&,d in~;ka'k i<+dj vFkZ Li"V djsaA dfBu 'kCnksa osQ
vFkZ ls enn ysaA
 dfork dk izfrikn~; fy[kok,¡A
 û;k&fujkyk* esa fn, x, eqgkojksa osQ vFkZ crk,¡ vkSj okD;
fuekZ.k gsrq izksRlkfgr djsaA
iz'u&vH;kl
eq[k ls
1- yksx vc dM+h ckr dk cqjk blfy, ugha ekurs gSa D;ksafd os
viuh lgtrk dks Hkwy x, gSa vkSj lq[k&nq[k osQ izfr mnklhu
gks x, gSaA
2- viuh Hkkoukvksa dks O;Dr djrs le; tc ge nwljksa osQ lkeus
fofHkUu eqnzkvksa esa ckr djrs gSa_ tSlsµg¡luk] xqLlk djuk] nq[kh
gksuk] [kq'k gksuk vkfnA ;s vfHkO;fDr osQ lhèks&lkns :i gSa tks
thou dks lgt cukrs gSaA
3- (?k) ykpkjh
ysf[kuh ls
1- yksx vius&vki esa] vius dk;ks± esa bruk O;Lr gks x, gSa fd
,d&nwljs ls vkxs fudyus dh nkSM+ esa lq[k&nq[k dks eglwl
djuk gh Hkwy x, gSaA
2- dfork dk 'kh"kZd ôDr* lekt esa vk, cnyko dh vksj laosQr
djrk gSA dof;=kh us ôDr* dfork osQ ekè;e ls igys osQ
lekt esa jgus okys yksxksa osQ xq.kksa] tSlsµHkkbZ&pkjs dh Hkkouk]
lq[k&nq[k esa lkFk nsuk] opu dks fuHkkuk] lEeku nsuk] fuLokFkZ
lsok] ijksidkj dh Hkkouk dks n'kkZ;k gS] ysfdu vc bu xq.kksa
dh deh gks xbZ gSA vkèkqfud ;qx esa yksxksa osQ ifjorZu'khy
O;ogkj dks ns[kdj dof;=kh us bl dfork dk 'kh"kZd ôDr*
fcyoqQy lgh pquk gSA
3- dof;=kh us bu iafDr;ksa osQ ekè;e ls lans'k fn;k gS fd ns'k
dk fodkl fcuk esgur fd, nwljs osQ lgkjs thou fcrkus ls
ugha gksxkA la?k"kZ djosQ gh ge vius y{; dks gkfly dj
ldrs gSa] D;ksafd ,slk djus ij gh lekt esa cnyko vk ldrk
gSA ogh O;fDr fodkl dj ldrk gS tks la?k"kZ dks pqukSrh osQ
:i esa Lohdkj djrk gSA
4- d- thou dh lgtrk dks Hkqykus dk ifj.kke ?kkrd fudyk
gS mlosQ fcuk thou dfBu gks x;k gSA
[k- ^blosQ fcu* lgtrk osQ fy, dgk x;k gSA tc ge lgt
:i ls viuh [kq'kh vkSj nq[k dks eglwl ugha dj ldrs]
rks blosQ fcuk gekjk thou dfBu izrhr gksrk gSA
x- dof;=kh la?k"kks± dh ckr dks Bhd bl dkj.k ls ekurh gSa]
D;ksafd blosQ fcuk ge y{; dks gkfly ugha dj ldrsA
?k- (iv) y{; dh vksj fujarj pyus okys
Hkk"kk ls
ckr 'kCn dh
1- dVq ckr] rh[kh ckr] vPNh ckr] cqjh ckrA
2- ([k) rk
ckr okD; dh
1- cPps Lo;a djsaA 2- cPps Lo;a djsaA
Nk=k Lo;a djsaA

8- 'kkafr
ikB~; ¯cnq
bl ikB dks i<+us osQ mijkar fon~;kFkhZ bl ;ksX; gks tk,¡xs fd osµ
1- cky eu dh dksey Hkkoukvksa dks vkSj vPNh rjg ls le>
losaQxsA
2- cPpksa osQ izfr ekrk&firk osQ lgh@xyr drZO;ksa esa I+kQoZQ tku
losaQxsA
3- laU;klh dh n;k] d#.kk] ijksidkj dh Hkkouk osQ vuq:i lalkj
osQ fuekZ.k dh dYiuk ij fVIi.kh dj losaQxsA
4- dgkuh osQ ik=kksa dh pkfjf=kd fo'ks"krkvksa ij fVIi.kh dj losaQxsA
5- ekrk&firk osQ dk;ks± dks viuh voèkkj.kk dh dlkSVh ij dldj
viuk fu.kZ; ns losaQxsA
6- ^Hkk"kk ls* esa le>k, x, Hkkf"kd ¯cnqvksa dks le>dj vius
ys[ku dks =kqfVghu cuk losaQxsA
ikB dk lkj
,d laU;klh v?;Znku djrs gq, bZ'oj ls ;g izkFkZuk djrk gS fd lHkh
thoksa esa ,drk vkSj izse gksA bèkj nwljh vksj] lalkj osQ thoupØ esa
izR;sd izk.kh vius&vius ikfjokfjd nkf;Roksa dh iwfrZ esa yxk gSA phy
dh ek¡ vius poqQys dh] lk¡fiu vius l¡iksys dks] Hkhy vius ckyd
dks lqj{kk osQ fu;e le>kdj vius&vius f'kdkj dh [kkst esa py
nsrs gSaA bèkj cPps vius cky euksHkkoksa ls nqfu;k osQ thoupØ dks
rksyrs gq, izse] d#.kk] HkkbZpkjk] ijksidkj dk lkezkT; ns[kuk pkgrs
gSaA dgkuh osQ var esa laU;klh v?;Znku ls fuo`Rr gks viuh i.kZoqQVh
dh vksj ykSVrs gq, ns[krk gS fd phy] lk¡i vkSj vkneh ,d&nwljs
dh cxy esa lks, gSaA mls viuh lkèkuk fln~fèk ij fot; izkIr gksrh
fn[kh ¯drq rhuksa osQ 'ko ns[kdj og viuh lkèkuk fln~fèk ij 'kfe±nk
gqvk vkSj mldh vk¡[ksa cjlus yxhaA
f'k{k.k fofèk
ikBkja Hk iwoZ
cPpksa osQ ikB dh fo"k; oLrq ls tksM+rs gq, iz'u djsa fd D;k
taxyh tho&tarq vkSj ekuo esa izse gks ldrk gS\ ugha] rks D;k
dkj.k gS\ ppkZ djsa fd cky euksHkko lHkh esa ,d tSls gksrs gSa]
ekrk&firk cPpksa osQ ikyu&iks"k.k esa fdu&fdu nkf;Roksa dk ogu
djrs gSa vkfnA
ikBkja Hk
 igys ikB dk lkj i<+saA ^'kkafr* 'kh"kZd ij fVIi.kh djsaA
 ikB dk ,d&,d vuqPNsn i<+sa] Li"V djsaA
 dfBu 'kCnksa osQ vFkZ crk,¡_ dfBu iafDr;ksa dks Li"V djsaA
 cPpksa ls dfBu 'kCnksa dk mPpkj.k djok,¡A
 var esa ekSu ikB dk funsZ'k nsaA
 Hkkf"kd ¯cnq Li"V djsaA
 eqgkojksa osQ okD; d{kk esa ekSf[kd cuok,¡A
iz'u&vH;kl
eq[k ls
1- laU;klh bZ'oj ls izkFkZuk dj jgk Fkk fd bl nqfu;k esa veu]
'kkafr dk lkezkT; iSQyk nksA og ,slh nqfu;k ns[kuk pkgrk Fkk]
tgk¡ flag dh ihB ij [kjxks'k [ksyrk gks] mdkc dh xksn esa
lk¡i lks;k gks vkSj lHkh tu fey&tqydj jgrs gksaA og nqfu;k
dks v'kkafr osQ nkokuy ls cpkus dh izkFkZuk dj jgk FkkA
2- lk¡fiu dks leqnz dh vksj tkus okyh unh mlosQ Vs<s+&es<s+ gksdj
pyus osQ dkj.k dgk gSA ftl izdkj unh vius Vs<s+&es<s+ jkLrs
ls pydj leqnz esa foyhu gks tkrh gS mlh izdkj lk¡fiu Hkh
Vs<+h&es<+h pydj vius y{; rd igq¡pus dh dksf'k'k dj
jgh FkhA
3- laU;klh dh izkFkZuk dk ifj.kke ;g fudyk fd mls viuh ek¡x
iwjh gksus dk Hkze gqvkA mlus ns[kk fd lk¡i] phy vkSj vkneh
,d&nwljs dh cxy esa lks, FksA mls viuh riL;k dh fot;
dk vglkl gqvk fd lHkh izseiwoZd vxy&cxy esa ysVs gSaA
4- laU;klh dh vk¡[ksa lk¡i] phy vkSj vkneh osQ 'ko dks ns[kdj
cjlus yxhaA
ysf[kuh ls
1- ekrk&firk vkSj muosQ cPpksa esa lcls cM+k varj muosQ fopkjksa
dk gSA lHkh ik=k lk¡i] phy] vkneh ,d&nwljs dks viuk nq'eu
le>rs gSaA mUgsa ekjuk viuk drZO; le>rs gSa tcfd cPpksa osQ
eu esa dksbZ Hksn&Hkko ugha gSA mUgsa ek¡ dh fPakrk gSA ;fn fdlh
dk cPpk ejsxk rks ek¡ jks,xh] ;gk¡ rd fd os lk¡fiu] phy
vkSj vkneh dks euilan Hkkstu ykus ls jksdrs gSa] mudh txg
os oqQN vkSj [kk ysaxs ysfdu fdlh dks ekjs ughaA bl dgkuh
osQ ik=kksa esa gesa cPps vPNs yxsA ftUgksaus vius ekrk&firk
dks le>kus dh dksf'k'k dh fd os nq'euh@cSj djuk NksM+ nsaA
2- phy] Hkhy vkSj lk¡i osQ cPps dks tc ;g irk pyk fd tks
Hkkstu mUgsa muosQ ekrk&firk ykdj ns jgs gSa og muosQ nq'euksa
osQ cPpksa dk gS rks os mls NksM+us dks rRij gks x,A mUgksaus
vius vfHkHkkodksa dks le>kus dh dksf'k'k Hkh dh fd uI+kQjr
djuk NksM+ nsa] mUgsa ,slk Hkkstu ugha pkfg,A
3- dgkuh esa phy l¡iksys dks] lk¡i&Hkhy dks vkSj Hkhy pdq ys
dks ekjuk pkgrs gSa D;ksafd lHkh ,d&nwljs osQ nq'eu gSaA
4- ys[kd us laU;klh dh bZ'oj ls izkFkZuk djus osQ dkj.k ikB dk
'kh"kZd ^'kkafr* j[kk gSA og lalkj esa 'kkafr vkSj veu dk;e
djus dh izkFkZuk bZ'oj ls djrk gS vkSj yksxksa osQ eu osQ v¡èksjs
dks nwj djosQ n'kZu nsus o Kku nsus dh izkFkZuk djrk gSA
5- (d) (ii) rqEgsa n;kyq gksuk pkfg, FkkA
([k) (iii) laU;klh
ckr o.kZ dh
M@M+ _ <@<+ osQ iz;ksx dks i<+sa vkSj le>saA
ckr 'kCn dh
û*] ûgha*] êr* dk iz;ksx
(d) vius ?kksalys ls er fudyukA ckgj er vkukA
([k) esjh ckrksa dk [;ky j[kuk] Hkwyuk ughaA
(x) mldh ek¡ ugha jks,xhA
(?k) esjs fy, og pdq yk er ykvksA
(Ä) ugha! FkksM+h nsj vkSj #d tkvksA
(p) mls dkVs cxSj eq>s pSu ugha vk,xkA
(N) rks mldk csVk ugha jks,xk\
(t) ;g dke u rqeus fd;k u eSausA
ckr okD; dh
Lo;a i<+dj le>saA
Hkk"kk iz;ksx
eqgkojksa dk okD;ksa esa iz;ksx
• nk¡o yxkdj cSBuk (?kkr yxkuk)µfgju dks idM+us osQ fy,
'ksj taxy esa dc ls nk¡o yxkdj cSBk gSA
• iyd ekjrs vkuk (cgqr gh tYnh vkuk)µcsVs! rqe fPakrk u
djksA eSa iyd ekjrs gh okil vk tkm¡QxhA
• jksaxVs [kMs+ gks tkuk (fdlh Hk;kud ph”k dks ns[kdj Mj tkuk)
µlM+d ij gqbZ dkj nq?kZVuk dks ns[kdj esjs rks jksaxVs [kMs+ gks
x,A
• vk¡[ksa xM+kuk (VdVdh yxkdj ns[kuk)µrqe esjs [kkus dh ph”k
ij dc ls vk¡[ksa xM+k, cSBs gksA vkvks! rqe Hkh [kk yksA
Nk=k Lo;a djsaA

9- èkwicRrh % cq>h&tyh!
ikB~; ¯cnq
1- fouezrk dk ewY; le> losaQxsA
2- viuh ok.kh] deZ vkSj O;ogkj esa fouezrk yk losaQxsA
3- roZQ vkSj fparu n~okjk dfBu ifjfLFkfr esa lkgl j[k ik,¡xsA
4- ik=kksa dk pkfjf=kd fo'ys"k.k dj losaQxsA
ikB dk lkj
ys[kd us èkwicRrh dks Vs<+k djosQ fn;klykbZ dh rhyh ls vklkuh ls
tyk fn;kA >qddj gh Kku xzg.k fd;k tk ldrk gSA >qdus ls gh
ysus dh lkeF;Z vkrh gSA nsus okyk Hkh vgadkjh dks @ rus gq, O;fDr
dks Kku nsus ls drjkrk gSA
ys[kd eqacbZ esy osQ FkMZ Dykl oaQikVZesaV esa p<+us osQ fy, [kM+s Fks
fd ,d jkschys iBku us f[kM+dh ls flj fudkydj crk;k fd bl
fMCcs esa txg ugha gSA p<+us okys lkr eqlkfI+kQjksa esa ls ik¡p us rks
nwljs fMCcksa dh 'kj.k yhA NBs eqlkfI+kQj us pSdj ls f'kdk;r dh
¯drq p<+us esa vliQy jgkA lkrosa Lo;a ys[kd viuh fouezrk osQ
cy ij fMCcs esa izos'k ikus esa liQy gq,A mUgksaus vius dk;ks± @ fouez
O;ogkj ls [kku dk fny thr fy;k vkSj èkhjs&èkhjs ckjg eqlkfI+kQjksa
dks mlesa cSBk fy;kA
[kku us ys[kd osQ ln~O;ogkj vkSj fouezrk dh rkjhI+kQ dh vkSj
mrjrs le; ys[kd ls gkFk feyk;kA
f'k{k.k fofèk
ikBkja Hk iwoZ
cPpksa ls iwNsa fd èkwicRrh oSQls tyk,¡xs\ fn;klykbZ vkSj èkwicRrh
esa ls fdls >qdk,¡xs\ D;ksa >qdk,¡xs\ blh izdkj Kku izkIr djus
okys O;fDr dks oSQlk O;ogkj djuk pkfg,\
fouezrk D;k gS\ D;ksa vko';d gS\ vkfn
ikBkja Hk
 û;k&fujkyk* i<+saA
 ikB dk lkj i<+dj ,d&,d vuqPNsn dk vkn'kZ okpu djsaA
 dfBu 'kCnksa osQ vFkZ crk,¡A
 vuqdj.k okpu djok,¡A
 iBku okys izlax dk ekSu okpu djok,¡A
 Nk=kksa dh izfrfØ;k iwNsaA iwjh ?kVuk ij muosQ fopkj tkusaA
iz'u&vH;kl
eq[k ls
1- èkwwicRrh osQ tyus vkSj u tyus ls ys[kd us ifj.kke fudkyk
fd igys èkwwicRrh [kM+h Fkh (og [kM+h gqbZ èkwwicRrh vgadkjh
O;fDr dh izrhd gS) tks ys[kd osQ ckj&ckj tykus ij Hkh
ugha tyhA tSls gh èkwicRrh dks FkksM+k >qdk;k x;k] og tyrh
fn;klykbZ osQ Nwrs gh ty mBh vkSj mldh lqxaèk ls iwjk ?kj
Hkj mBkA bl >qdh gqbZ èkwwicRrh osQ ekè;e ls ys[kd us le>k;k
gS fd >qddj ge Kku izkIr dj ldrs gSa] ;fn gesa fdlh ls
Kku izkIr djuk gS rks vius O;ogkj esa uezrk ykuh gksxh] ;g
uezrk gesa fon~;k vkSj laLdkj ls vkrh gS vkSj fon~oku O;fDr
ls Kku gkfly djokus esa gekjh enn djrh gSA
2- ^csVk cudj lcus [kk;k* iafDr esa ^csVk* cuus ls vfHkizk;
uez gksus osQ Hkko ls gSA ge uez gksdj fdlh ls oqQN Hkh ik
ldrs gSaA vius LoHkko esa mn~naMrk dk Hkko j[kdj ge u rks
lEeku ik ldrs gSa] u gh oqQN Kku gkfly dj ldrs gSaA
3- nkrk osQ eu esa nsus dh o`fRr rc fodflr gksrh gS tc ysus
okys esa fouezrk gksA ;g mldh ;ksX;rk ij fuHkZj djrk gS
fd nsus okys ls fdruk ys ldrk gSA nsus dh o`fRr ml le;
laoqQfpr gks mBrh gS tc ysus okys esa vgadkj] vfou; vkrk
gS] rc nkrk nsus esa Hkkj ekurk gSA
4- ekyoh; th us ys[kd dks le>k;k Fkk] ^^nss'k osQ gj n~okj ij
,d nkrk [kM+k gS] viuh [kqyh FkSyh fy, ijarq deh mu gkFkksa
dh gS ftuesa og viuh HksaV ns losQ!**
ysf[kuh ls
1- îkus osQ fy, uez gksuk vko';d gS* bl rF; dks mnkgj.k
n~okjk bl izdkj Li"V dj ldrs gSaµ
• èkwicRrh dks >qdkdj tykus ls og pkSFkh fn;klykbZ esa ty
mBhA >qdus ls gh ge lh[k ldrs gSaA
• Vªsu esa l-iQj dj jgs jkschys is'kkojh iBku dk mnkgj.k ns
ldrs gSa ftlus ys[kd osQ uez O;ogkj osQ dkj.k mls fMCcs
+ a dks
esa p<+k;k vkSj mlh fMCcs esa ys[kd us ckjg eqlkfIkQjks
Hkh lhV fnyokbZA ys[kd osQ uez O;ogkj us iBku osQ ân;
dks thr fy;kA
2- ekyoh; th n~okjk fn, x, lans'k dk ijh{k.k ys[kd us eqacbZ
esy osQ ml FkMZ Dykl daikVZesaV esa fd;k ftlesa ,d jkschys
iBku vkSj mldk ifjokj lI+kQj dj jgk FkkA mlosQ jkschys
O;fDrRo vkSj jkschyh vkok”k dks lqudj ys[kd dks NksM+dj
lkjs eqlkf-iQj nwljs fMCcs esa p<+us osQ fy, pys x,A ys[kd dh
uezrk dks ns[kdj iBku us mls vius fMCcs esa txg nh vkSj [kkus
dks lsc Hkh fn,A ys[kd us ,d&,d djosQ ckjg eqlkf-iQjksa dks
ml fMCcs esa lhV fnyokbZ] ftlesa fl-iZQ iBku dk ifjokj gh
l-iQj dj jgk FkkA
3- ¶eèkqj opu ls lHkh dks o'k esa fd;k tk ldrk gS¸µ;g
dFku iwjh rjg ls lgh gSA ikB dks i<+us ls irk pyrk gS fd
IysViQkeZ ij ,d ;k=kh tc iBku dh f'kdk;r fVdV pSdj
ls fd;k rks fVdV pSdj osQ dgus ij iBku us dgkµ¶vkS%]
rqe cSBk,xk b'kdks\ cSBkvksA tc xkM+h pysxk vkSj ge b'kdks
isaQosQxk rks rqe cl >aMh fgykukA bruk lqurs gh fVdV psdj
vkSj ;k=kh nksuksa ogk¡ ls pys x, ijarq lkeus [kMs+ ys[kd us
iBku ls ehBh ok.kh esa ckr fd;k ftlosQ dkj.k iBku us mls
cMs+ I;kj ls vius ikl cSBk;k vkSj Lusg ls ckr Hkh fd;kA
4- [kku dh igyh fo'ks"krk gS mldk jkschyk O;fDrRoA nwljh
fo'ks"krk mldh fuMjrk] n;kyqiu vkSj viuRo dh Hkkouk gSA
ys[kd dh fouezrk vkSj Li"Vokfnrk us Hkh izHkkfor fd;kA
5- ([k) uezrk dk Hkko
6- (d) ckSn~fèkd tkxj.k dk vFkZ cqn~fèk osQ fodkl ls gSA ;kuh
euq"; dk ckSn~fèkd fodkl rks gks tkrk gS ijarq og vHkh
Hkh oqQ,¡ dk esa<d gSA vius ?keaM o ukle>h dh otg
ls og Lo;a dks Kkuh le>us dh Hkwy dj cSBrk gS ij
okLro esa og Kkuh ugha gksrkA
([k) euq"; dks Kkuh gksus dk vgadkj gksrk gSA
ckr o.kZ dh
1- ia[k] xaxk] la?k 2- iaNh] Hkatu] iatk 3- iafMr] oaQB 4- fPkaru]
can lqanj 5- xaHkhj] paikA
ckr 'kCn dh
1- foijhrkFkZd 'kCnµforoZQ] vleFkZ] fudkl] nqxZe] xzghrk]
foLr`r] vLohdkj] vlR;] nkrkA
2- (d) cgqopuµèkwicfRr;k¡] fn;klykb;k¡] rhfy;k¡] f[kM+fd;k¡]
dksBfj;k¡] xksfy;k¡A
([k) ikuh] turk] n;kµ,dopu
vk¡lw] gks'k] n'kZu] gLrk{kjµcgqopu
ckr okD; dh
1- (d) rVLFk jgdj
2- • vksgks! rqe bldks fcBkvksxs\ fcBkvksA
• tc xkM+h pysxh vkSj eSa bldks ckgj isaQow¡Qxk rks rqe cl >aMh
fgykukA
• vks,] dgk¡ tkrk gS\ vkvks bèkj] ge iwjh lhV nsaxsA
• rqe ugha x,\
• D;ksa] xkM+h esa ugha p<+ksxs\
• D;ksa\ nwljs fMCcs esa ugha p<+ksxs\
• rqe Mjrs ugha] eSa rqEgsa uhps isaQd nw¡xkA
• rqe pkgs fdlh dks cSBkvks] ij rqe ”k:j cSBksx]s eSa lksus tk jgk
gwA¡
• ^^ljdkj rqedks jks”k ckEcs esy esa j[ks rks eqlkfI+kQjksa dks cgqr
vkjke feysxkA**
Hkk"kk iz;ksx
1- yksdksfDr;ksa dk okD; esa iz;ksx
(d) okD; % fdlku us jkr dks vius [ksrksa dh igjsnkjh ugha
dh rks pksjksa us I+kQly dkV yhA vc iNrk,
D;k gksr tc fpfM+;k pqx xbZ [ksrA
([k) okD; % jes'k dks dke djuk rks vkrk ugha_ cgkus cukrk
jgrk gSA lgh dgk gSµukp u tkus vk¡xu Vs<+kA
Nk=k Lo;a djsaA

10- rqylhnkl osQ nksgs

ikB~; ¯cnq
bu nksgksa dks i<+us osQ ckn fon~;kFkhZ bl ;ksX; gks tk,¡xs fd osµ
1- czt @ voèkh @ [kM+h cksyh osQ varj dks le> losaQxsA
2- lgh mPpkj.k osQ lkFk nksgsµpkSikbZ i<+ losaQxsA
3- rRdkyhu lkekftd ifjfLFkfr;ksa dks tku losaQxsA
4- nksgs ;kn dj vuqPNsnksa esa iz;ksx dj losaQxsA
5- vius 'kCndks'k esa u, 'kCnksa dks yk losaQxsA
6- nksgksa esa nh xbZ lh[k dks vius thou esa mrkj losaQxsA
ikB dk lkj (nksgs)
 rqylhnkl th dgrs gSa fd ehBs opuksa ls pkjksa vksj lq[k dh
o"kkZ gksrh gSA ehBs opuksa ls ge gj ,d dks vius o'k esa dj
ldrs gSa blfy, dBksj opuksa dks R;kx nsuk gh mfpr gSA
 rqylhnkl th dgrs gSa fd fon~;k] fou; vkSj foosd] lkgl]
vPNs dk;Z] lR; dk ikyu] jke uke dk tkiµ;s lc foifRr
esa vk, euq"; dk mn~èkkj dj nsrs gSaA
 jke uke dh ef.k :ih nhid thHk ij j[kus ls vanj vkSj ckgj
mft;kjk Nk tkrk gS vFkkZr~ ftl izdkj n~okj ij j[kk nhid
?kj osQ Hkhrj&ckgj mft;kjk dj nsrk gS] mlh izdkj jke uke
dk tki djrh thHk eu osQ varjre dks vkSj ckgjh O;fDrRo
dks izdk'keku dj nsrh gSA
 jke osQ uke osQ lgkjs osQ fcuk ijekFkZ dh vk'kk djuk Bhd
,slk gS tSls cjlrh gqbZ cw¡nksa dks idM+dj vkdk'k esa p<+us dh
dkeuk djukA
 rqylhnkl th dgrs gSa fd unh osQ fdukjs dk fucZy vkSj
csdkj frudk Hkh 'kj.k esa vk, O;fDr dks ;k rks cpk ysrk gS
;k m[kM+dj lkFk cg tkrk gSA
 rqylhnkl th dgrs gSa fd n;k lcls cM+k èkeZ gS vkSj vfHkeku
lcls cM+k ikiA euq"; dks rc rd n;k dk R;kx ugha djuk
pkfg, tc rd 'kjhj esa izk.k gksaA
lqanjdkaM
lhrk us jke uke vafdr vfr lqanj euksgkjh eqfnzdk ns[khA vk'p;Zpfdr
lhrk us og v¡xwBh igpkuh] mudk ân; g"kZ&fo"kkn ls voqQyk x;kA
jke dks rks dksbZ thr gh ugha ldrkA mudks thrus osQ fy, dksbZ Hkh
ek;k dke ugha vk,xhA lhrk bl izdkj ls vius eu esa fopkj dj
gh jgh Fkha fd guqeku eèkqj opu esa jke osQ xq.kksa dk o.kZu djus
yxsA ,slk o.kZu lqurs gh lhrk osQ eu dk Hk; pyk x;kA os ,sls ehBs
o.kZu dks è;kuiwoZd lquus yxhaA guqeku us mUgsa 'kq: ls lkjh dFkk
lquk nhA dkuksa dks ve`r ln`'k yxus okyh dFkk lhrk dks vfr fiz;
yxhA guqeku lhrk osQ ikl x,A lhrk osQ eu esa vk'p;Z Hkj x;kA
guqeku cksys] ^êkrk tkudh! eSa guqeku Jhjke dk nwr gw¡A eSa Jhjke
dh lR; 'kiFk [kkdj dgrk gw¡ fd ;g eqfnzdk Jhjke us eq>s vius
ifjp; osQ fy, nh gSA ekrk tkudh us iwNk uj vkSj okujksa dh ;g
nksLrh fdl izdkj gqbZ rks guqeku us lkjh dFkk mUgsa crkbZA
guqeku osQ ,sls izse ls Hkjs opuksa dks lqudj ek¡ tkudh osQ eu esa
fo'okl iSnk gks x;k vkSj mUgksaus ;g tkuk fd ;g okuj eu] deZ
vkSj opuksa ls Jhjke dk nkl gh gSA
f'k{k.k fofèk
ikBkja Hk iwoZ
 jkek;.k osQ bl izlax dh ppkZ djsaA
 guqeku] jke] lhrk ik=kksa dh pkfjf=kd fo'ks"krkvksa ij ppkZ djsaA
ikBkjaHk
 dfo Jh rqylhnkl osQ thouo`Rr] rRdkyhu lkekftd ifjfLFkfr
ij ppkZ djsaA
 igys 'kqn~èk mPpkj.k dj ,d&,d 'kCn dks i<+rs gq, nksgk
iwjk djsaA rRi'pkr iwjs nksgs dk y;iw.kZ okpu djsaA
 ,d&,d 'kCn dk vFkZ crkrs gq, iwjs vFkZ dks Li"V djsaA nksgs
osQ n~okjk dfo D;k dguk pkgrk gS Li"V djsaA
 iqu% ,d ckj vFkZ crk,¡A
 Nk=kksa ls nksgksa dk lLoj okpu djus osQ fy, dgsaA
 nksgksa dk vFkZ iwNsaA
 ^Hkk"kk ls* esa fn;k x;k vH;kl djok,¡A
iz'u&vH;kl
eq[k ls
1- ehBs opu cksyus ls pkjksa vksj [kq'kh dk okrkoj.k Nk tkrk
gSA ehBs opuksa dk izHkko bruk vfèkd gS fd ge lcosQ fnyksa
dks thr ldrs gSaA ;g ,d ,slk lq[kn ea=k gS ftldk vxj
O;ogkj esa iz;ksx fd;k tk, rks dBksj opu cksyus okyk O;fDr
Hkh vius LoHkko dks NksM+dj e`nqHkk"kh cu ldrk gS bldh
lkFkZdrk rqylhnkl th us vius nksgs esa crkbZ gSA
2- foifRr osQ le; lkFk nsus okys xq.k fon~;k] fou;] foosd] lkgl
o lR;] vPNs deZ osQ lkFk&lkFk vius b"V nso ij Hkjkslk
j[kuk gSA ;s xq.k ftuesa gSa mUgsa fdlh lkFkh dh vko';drk
ugha iM+rhA
3- Hkhrj vkSj ckgj ls izdkf'kr gksus dk mik; gSµjke uke dk
tkiA jke uke osQ tki ls Hkhrj vkSj ckgj ,sls izdkf'kr gksrs
gSa tSls nsgyh osQ nhid ls ?kj osQ Hkhrj Hkh vkSj ckgj Hkh
izdk'k iSQy tkrk gSA
4- guqeku th us Lo;a dks jkenwr fln~èk djus osQ fy, Jhjke
n~okjk nh xbZ eqfnzdk fn[kkbZA ml eqfnzdk us gh guqeku dks
jkenwr fln~èk fd;kA mUgksaus Jhjke dk xq.kxku fd;kA guqeku
us 'kq: ls ysdj lqxzho fe=krk rd dh lkjh dFkk lqukbZA
ysf[kuh ls
1- eèkqj opu dks o'khdj.k ea=k bl dkj.k ls dgk x;k gS]
D;ksafd bldk iz;ksx djosQ ge lcosQ fnyksa dks thr ldrs gSa]
?kj osQ vklikl dk okrkoj.k lq[kn dj ldrs gSa vkSj blosQ
peRdkjh izHkko osQ dkj.k fdlh nwljs ls eupkgk dke djok
ldrs gSaA
2- fon~;k] fou;] foosd ;s xq.k ,sls gSa tks eqlhcr dh ?kM+h esa
'kjhj osQ vo;oksa osQ leku lkFk nsrs gSaA eqlhcr dh ?kM+h esa
tc vius lkFk NksM+ nsrs gS]a ;gk¡ rd dh viuh ijNkbZ Hkh lkFk
NksM+ nsrh gS] rc ;s xq.k gekjs dke vkrs gSAa fon~;k ls gesa lkspus
dh rkdr feyrh gS fd bl eqlhcr ls oSQls fudyk tk,A fou;
osQ n~okjk ge fdlh vuqHkoh ls ml eqlhcr dks nwj djus dh
lykg ys ldrs gSa vkSj foosd osQ n~okjk vPNs@cqjs dh igpku
dj ikrs gSAa
3- lhrk th dks jke uke ls vafdr Lo.kZeqfnzdk dks ns[kdj g"kZ
gqvkA tc lhrk th us eqfnzdk dks igpkuk rc bl ckr ij eu
esa nq[k Hkh gqvk fd ;g eqfnzdk ;gk¡ ij oSQls vkbZ\ esjs Jhjke
dks rks ekywe Hkh ugha gS fd eSa ;gk¡ ij gw¡A dgha dksbZ jk{klh
ek;k us rks ;g u;k tky ugha jpk! mudk eu ,d rjI+kQ [kq'kh
ls nwljh rjI+kQ nq[k ls Hkj x;kA bl eqfnzdk dks ykus okyk dkSu
gks ldrk gS\ brus dMs+ igjksa osQ chp dkSu vk ldrk gS tks
muosQ fiz; dk lans'k ns\ ;gh lkspdj os ijs'kku gks xb±A
4- ^êk;k rs vfl jfp ufga tkbZ** ls vfHkizk; gS fd lhrk th us
tc Lo.kZefq nzdk jke uke ls vafdr ns[kh rks dbZ rjg osQ vPNs
vkSj cqjs fopkj muosQ eu esa vkus yxsA mUgksua s lkspk dgha ;g
jk{klh pky rks ugha gSA mudk eu fdlh cqjs [;ky ls rM+i
mBkA
5- (d) guqeku jkenwr bl dkj.k ls dgykrs gSa D;ksafd os vius
Lokeh osQ lans'k dks mudk vkns'k ekudj lc txg nwr
osQ :i esa igq¡pkrs FksA
([k) jktk tud dh iq=kh gksus osQ dkj.k lhrk dk uke
^tkudh* iM+kA
(x) Jhjke vius xq.kksa osQ dkj.k Ñikflaèkq dgykrs gSa D;ksafd
os {kek'khy vkSj n;kyq gSaA Jhjke vius HkDrksa ij fcuk
fdlh HksnHkko osQ leku :i ls Ñik djrs gSaA
6- (d) (ii) eqfnzdk ij jke uke ns[kdj
Hkk"kk ls
ckr Nan dh
Lo;a i<+dj le>saA
ckr 'kCn dh
[kM+h cksyh osQ 'kCnµ
pgq¡&pkjksa] cpu&opu] efu&ef.k] thg&thHk] fcuq&fcuk]
eqnjh&eqfnzdk] gj"k&g"kZ] xqu&xq.k] cjuSa&o.kZu djuk] Jou&Jo.k]
fcle;&gSjkuh] fcLokl&fo'okl
Hkk"kk iz;ksx
1- Lo;a i<+dj le>saA
2- vuqizkl vyadkj dk iz;ksx
(d) fon~;k] fou;] foosd
lkgl] lqÑfr] lR;ozrA
([k) cj"kr ckfjn cw¡n] pkgr p<+u vdklA
ikB esa ls vuqikz l vyadkj osQ oqQN vU; mnkgj.k bl izdkj
gSaµ
fucZy] fuiV] fudkt
eqfnzdk euksgj] pfdr fprc] lR; liFkA
Nk=k Lo;a djsaA
`
11- xkSjk
ikB~; ¯cnq
;g ikB i<+us osQ mijkar fon~;kFkhZ bl ;ksX; gks tk,¡xs fd osµ
1- i'kq&i{kh ikyu esa #fp fn[kk losaQxsA
2- bu cs”kqcku izkf.k;ksa osQ izfr laosnu'khy gks losaQxsA
3- LokFkhZ O;fDr;ksa dh oqQfVy pkyksa dks le>us dh n`f"V ik
losaQxsA
4- fdlh Hkh i'kq@i{kh@O;fDr fo'ks"k dk 'kCn&:i fp=k.k dj
losaQxsA
5- i'kqvksa osQ lkekftd O;ogkj dks le> losaQxsA
6- egknsoh dh lqanj&lqxfBr Hkk"kk 'kSyh ls ifjfpr gks losaQxsA
ikB dk lkj
egknsoh viuh cgu osQ ?kj iyh ,d cfN;k ^xkSjk* dks vius ?kj ys
vkb±A ^xkSjk* ukekuq:i ,d mTToy o.khZ xk; Fkh] ftldk egknsoh
osQ ?kj esa izlUurkiwoZd Lokxr&lRdkj gqvkA èkhjs&èkhjs muosQ ?kj esa
iyus okys vU; i'kq&if{k;ksa ls xkSjk dh fe=krk gks xbZA ,d o"kZ
mijkar ykyef.k dk vkxeu D;k gqvk ekuks nqXèk egksRlo vkjaHk gks
x;kA izfrfnu ckjg lsj nwèk us ?kj Hkj dks ^nwèkks ugkvks* dk vk'khokZn
ns fn;kA ¯drq nwèk nqgus dh leL;k us fodV :i èkkj.k dj fy;kA
xkSjk osQ vkus osQ iwoZ tks Xokyk nwèk nsrk Fkk] mlus viuh fu;qfDr
dk vkxzg egknsoh ls fd;kA fu;qfDr gqbZA vc Xokyk fuR; nwèk
nqgus yxkA nks&rhu ekg osQ ckn xkSjk mRrjksRrj nqcZy gksrh pyh xbZA
ijh{k.kksa osQ ckn irk pyk fd fdlh us xqM+ dh Hksyh osQ Hkhrj lwbZ
j[kdj f[kyk nh gS tks 'kh?kz gh jDr lapkj osQ lkFk ân; dks csèk
nsxhA egknsoh gSjku jg xb±A bruh fueZe gR;k dkSu dj ldrk gS\
lansgh Xokyk dk;Z NksM+dj igys gh tk pqdk FkkA xkSjk dks fuR;
dbZ&dbZ lsj lsc dk jl fiyk;k tkrk rkfd lwbZ ij oSQfY'k;e te
tk, vkSj ogk¡ ân; dks u csèk losQA nok osQ batsD'ku fn, tkrsA xkSjk
pqipki Hkhrj&ckgj dh bl pqHku dks lgrh jghA var esa ,d fnu
pkj cts czg~e eqgwrZ esa tc egknsoh mls ns[kus xb± rks mlus muosQ
oaQèks ij eq[k j[kdj izk.k R;kx fn,A
f'k{k.k fofèk
ikBkja Hk iwoZ
 cPpksa dks laLej.k foèkk ls ifjfpr djok,¡A
 ikB dks cPpksa ls tksM+us osQ fy, ikyrw i'kqvksa ij ckrphr
djsaA
 egknsoh oekZ osQ vU; laLej.kksa dh ppkZ djsaA
 ikB dh Hkk"kk&'kSyh] 'kCn fp=k] fo'ks"k incaèkksa osQ iz;ksx ij
ppkZ djsaA
ikBkja Hk
 ikB osQ vkjaHk esa fn;k ikB dk lkj i<+saA
 ,d&,d vuqPNsn i<+rs tk,¡ vkSj vFkZ Li"V djrs tk,¡A
 dfBu 'kCnksa osQ vFkZ crk,¡A
 dfBu 'kCnkoyh okys okD;ksa dks nks ckj i<+sa vkSj vFkZ Li"V
djsaA
 vuqdj.k okpu osQ i'pkr ekSu iBu djok,¡A
 iz'uksa osQ mRrj ij vo'; ppkZ djsaA
 ^Hkk"kk iz;ksx* osQ varxZr vH;kl djok,¡A
iz'u&vH;kl
eq[k ls
1- ysf[kdk osQ caxys ij xkSjk dk Lokxr djus osQ fy, ifjfprksa
vkSj ukSdjksa dh HkhM+ bdV~Bh gks xbZA mls yky&l-iQs n xqykcksa dh
ekyk igukbZ xbZ] osQlj&jksyh dk cM+k&lk Vhdk yxk;k x;k] ?kh
dk pkSe[q k nh;k tykdj mldh vkjrh mrkjh xbZ] mls ngh&isMk+
f[kyk;k x;kA mldk uke ^xkSjkafxuh* ;k ^xkSjk* j[kk x;kA
2- ysf[kdk us fgju vkSj xkSjk osQ us=kksa esa varj crkrs gq, fy[kk
gS fd fgju osQ u;uksa esa pfdr gksus dk Hkko fon~;eku Fkk
tcfd xkSjk dh vk¡[kksa esa vkReh; fo'okl jgrk gSA
3- ysf[kdk osQ ?kj ij mudh xk; xkSjk izkr% vkSj lk;a ckjg
lsj osQ yxHkx nwèk nsrh FkhA ykyef.k osQ fy, dbZ lsj nwèk
NksM+ nsus ij Hkh bruk vfèkd 'ks"k jgrk Fkk fd vklikl osQ
cky&xksiky ls ysdj dq Rrs] fcfYy;ksa dh Hkh ekSt vk xbZ FkhA
bl vuqie n`'; dks ns[kdj gh ysf[kdk dks ^nqXèk egksRlo* dk
vkHkkl gqvkA
4- xkSjk dk nwèk nksgrs le; vU; i'kq&i{kh ,d iafDr esa cSB tkrs
FksA egknso lHkh osQ ik=kksa esa nwèk uki&ukidj nsrk FkkA ml
nkSjku dksbZ Hkh i'kq&i{kh yM+rk ugha FkkA nwèk dks ihus osQ ckn
lHkh ogha ij [ksyus yx tkrs vkSj vius&vius Loj esa ÑrKrk
Kkiu djus yxrsA
ysf[kuh ls
1- xkSjk LoLFk l-isQn] iq"V] yphys iSj] Hkjs iqVBs] fpduh&Hkjh gqbZ
ihB] yach&lqMkSy xnZu] fudyrs gq, NksVs&NksVs lhax] Hkhrj
dh ykfyek dh >yd nsrs gq, dey dh vèk[kqyh ia[kqfM+;ksa
tSls dku] yach iw¡N vkSj mTToy jax okyh xk; FkhA mldh
dkyh&dkyh fcYykSjh vk¡[ksa mlosQ lkSan;Z dks pkj xq.kk c<+krh
FkhaA
fon~;kFkhZ blls vkxs vius ikyrw tho dk fp=k.k djsaA
2- ysf[kdk dk eu xkSjk osQ thou osQ fy, la?k"kZ vkSj nnZukd
ihM+k dks ns[kdj fopfyr gks mBkA os ges'kk e`R;q dh ?kM+h esa
mlosQ ikl jguk pkgrh FkhaA mlls fcNqM+us osQ xe ls mudh
vk¡[kksa esa vk¡lw vk tkrs FksA tc xkSjk dh e`R;q gqbZ rks mls ys
tkrs le; xkSjk ls vR;fèkd vkReh; yxko osQ dkj.k lHkh
dh vk¡[ksa ue gks xb±A
3- xkSjk osQ mipkj osQ fy, ysf[kdk us i'kq&fpfdRldksa dks cqykdj
fn[kk;kA i'kq&fpfdRldksa us xk; dks lsc dk jl fiykus dh
lykg ysf[kdk dks nhA ysf[kdk us dbZ&dbZ lsj lsc dk jl
jks”k xk; dks fiyk;k ysfdu fLFkfr esa dksbZ lqèkkj ugha gqvkA
'kfDr osQ fy, batsD'ku ij batsD'ku xkSjk dks fn, x,A ysf[kdk
us cgqr dksf'k'ksa dh fd mldh xkSjk cp tk, ysfdu 'kk;n
bZ'oj dks oqQN vkSj gh eatwj FkkA mlosQ yk[k pkgus ij Hkh
xkSjk dks cpkus esa og liQy u gks ldhA
4- (d) (i) Xokys dk nwèk fcd losQ
([k) (ii) nq[k esa
5- fon~;kFkhZ Lo;a djsaA
Hkk"kk ls
ckr 'kCn dh
1- (d) (iii) fo'ks"kr%
([k) (i) izHkkfor
2- ` ek=kk ;qDr 'kCnksa dh lwph
oa`r] vyaÑr] n`f"V] e`R;q] ân;] Le`fr] â"V&iq"V
3- fo'ks"k.k fo'ks";
?kj esa iyh gqbZ xk;
iq"V yphys iSj
fpduh ihB
lqMkSy xnZu
ia[kqfM+;ksa ls dku
H kk"kk iz;ksx
fon~;kFkhZ Lo;a Nk¡Vdj fy[ksaA
Nk=k Lo;a djsaA

12- rksM+rh iRFkj
ikB~; ¯cnq
bl dfork dks i<+us osQ mijkar fon~;kFkhZ bl ;ksX; gks tk,¡xs fd osµ
1- deZjr O;fDr osQ Je dk ewY; vk¡d losaQxsA
2- lekt esa O;kIr vehjh&xjhch dh fo"kerk dks le> ik,¡xsA
3- lkearh lksp osQ f[kykI+kQ vius fopkj izLrqr dj losaQxsA
4- dk;Z osQ izfr leiZ.k dk Hkko lh[k losaQxsA
ikB dk lkj
dfo Jh fujkyk us bl dfork esa ,d deZjr efgyk dk fp=k mosQjk
gS ftls mUgksaus bykgkckn 'kgj esa ,d Nk;knkj isM+ osQ uhps iRFkj
rksM+rs ns[kkA
lk¡oys ;qok 'kjhj okyh og L=kh uhph u”kjsa fd, vius dk;Z esa
yxh gqbZ FkhA vius gkFk esa Fkkes Hkkjh gFkkSM+s ls og iRFkjksa ij ckj&ckj
izgkj dj jgh FkhA mlosQ Bhd lkeus isM+ksa dh iafDr osQ chp pkjksa
vksj ls mBh nhokjksa osQ eè; Å¡pk Hkou [kM+k FkkA
xjfe;ksa osQ fnu FksA lw;Z vius rhozre :i esa ped jgk FkkA èkwi
èkhjs&èkhjs p<+ jgh FkhA 'kjhj dks >qylkus okyh yw py jgh FkhA i`Foh
dk :i fdlh tyrh gqbZ :bZ dh rjg FkkA pkjksa vksj rirs&tyrs
èkwy osQ d.k Nk jgs FksA
eq>s viuh vksj ns[krs ikdj og L=kh pkSadh ughaA mlus ml fo'kky
Hkou dh vksj ns[kk] mldk è;ku iyHkj osQ fy, Hkax gqvk] mlus
eq>s lgt n`f"V ls ns[kk vkSj iqu% mlh xfr ls vius dk;Z esa yx
xbZA mlosQ ekFks ls Je lhdj <qyddj fxj iM+sA mlus iqu% dk;Z
esa yhu gksrs tSls dgk gksµ^êSa rksM+rh iRFkjA**
f'k{k.k fofèk
ikBkja Hk iwoZ
 isM+ksa dh drkjksa osQ chp iw¡thifr oxZ dk izfrfufèkRo djrh
fo'kky vV~Vkfydk osQ lkeus og ;qorh gFkkSM+s ls osQoy iRFkj
gh ugha rksM+rh cfYd ml lkearh vkSj iw¡thoknh fo"kerk dks
Hkh rksM+ nsuk pkgrh gSA
 û;k&fujkyk* osQ ¯cnqvksa dh ppkZ djsaA
ikBkja Hk
 ikB dk lkj le>krs gq, dfork dk lLoj okpu djsaA
 vuqdj.k okpu djok,¡A
 vFkZ le>k,¡ vkSj fy[kus osQ fy, dgsaA
 iz'uksa ij ppkZ djsa vkSj fy[krs le; mUgsa 'kCn nsaA
iz'u&vH;kl
e q[k ls
1- dfork dh fuEufyf[kr iafDr;k¡ e”knwj efgyk osQ dfBu Je
dks n'kkZ jgh gSaµ
xq# gFkkSM+k gkFk]
djrh ckj&ckj izgkj
× × × × × × × ×
p<+ jgh Fkh èkwi_
xfeZ;ksa osQ fnu
fnok dk rerekrk :i_
mBh >qylkrh gqbZ yw]
#bZ T;ksa tyrh gqbZ Hkw]
xnZ fpuxha Nk xb±]
izk;% gqbZ nqigjµ
og rksM+rh iRFkjA
2- vV~Vkfydk osQ lkeus gksus ij e”knwj efgyk xjhch vkSj vehjh
dh fo"kerk dk vuqHko dj jgh gSA og nq[kh gksrh gSA lksprh
gS fd vehj oxZ lq[k&lqfoèkk laiUu gS vkSj xjhc oxZ Hk;adj
xjeh esa dBksj esgur djrk gSA
ysf[kuh ls
1- ûr u;u] fiz;&deZ&jr eu* ls dk vfHkizk; gS fd e”knwj
efgyk vius u;uksa dks >qdk, gq, eu&ls vius fiz; iRFkj
rksM+us osQ dk;Z esa jeh gqbZ gSA
2- ^djrh ckj&ckj izgkj*&ls dfo dguk pkgrk gS fd e”knwj
efgyk ckj&ckj Hkkjh gFkkSMs+ ls izgkj djrs gq, iRFkj rksM+us osQ
lkFk&lkFk vehjh vkSj xjhch osQ varj dks Hkh rksM+uk pkgrh
gSA
3- lw;Zdkar f=kikBh dh dfork ^rksM+rh iRFkj* esa ;gh Hkko fNik
gS fd euq"; dk vlyh lq[k esgur] bZekunkjh ls dk;Z djus
esa gSA e”knwj dk;Z djus osQ ckn Hkh 'kke dks vius ifjokj osQ
lkFk Hkkstu djosQ lq[k dh uhan lksrk gSA Je djrs le; Hkh
mldk iwjk è;ku vius deZ ij gh gksrk gSA nwljksa osQ fy, lq[k&
lqfoèkk dk lkeku tqVkrs gSaA
4- (d) ns[krs ns[kk eq>s rks ,d ckj
ml Hkou dh vksj ns[kk] fNUurkj_
ns[kdj dksbZ ugha]
ns[kk eq>s ml n`f"V ls
tks ekj [kk jksbZ ughaA
([k) ltk lgt flrkj]
lquh eSaus og] ugha tks Fkh lquh >adkj
,d {k.k osQ ckn og dk¡ih lq?kj]
<qyd ekFks ls fxjs lhdj]
5- Hkko Li"Vhdj.k
(d) izLrqr iafDr;ksa esa e”knwj efgyk vius gkFkksa esa Hkkjh (otuh)
gFkkSMs+ dks ysdj ckj&ckj iRFkj ij izgkj djrh gSA
([k) bu iafDr;ksa esa fnu osQ rerekus] èkèkdus vkSj vkx cjlkus
osQ Hkko dks O;Dr fd;k x;k gSA
6- (d) ^lq?kj* xjhc e”knwj efgyk osQ fy, iz;qDr gqvk gSA
bldk vFkZ gS izoh.krk] fuiq.krkA og efgyk vius iRFkj
rksM+us osQ dke esa izoh.k gSA
([k) ^T;ksa dgk*µ;g dFku dfo dk gSA
(x) (ii) og dM+h èkwi esa dBksj Je dj jgh FkhA
Hkk"kk ls
ckr 'kCn dh
1- ru oSQlk gS\ ';ke jax dk lk¡oyk 'kjhj
eu oSQlk gS\ dke esa yxk gqvk
u;u oSQls gSa\ >qosQ gq,
gFkkSM+k oSQlk gS\ Hkkjh
fnok oSQlk gS\ rerekrk gqvk
Hkw oSQlh gS\ tyrh #bZ dh rjg xeZ
2- i;kZ;okph 'kCn
iRFkj µ ik"kk.k] ikgu
iFk µ jkg] jkLrk
u;u µ vk¡[ksa] us=k
fnok µ fnu] fnol
ekFkk µ eLrd] yykV
Hkk"kk&iz;ksx
1- r#ekfydk vV~Vkfydk
3- ltk lgt flrkj
Nk=k Lo;a djsaA

13- izÑfr dk vfHk'kki
ikB~; ¯cnq
bl ,dkadh dks i<+us osQ ckn fon~;kFkhZ bl ;ksX; gks tk,¡xs fd osµ
1- izÑfr ls izse dh Hkkouk dk ifjp; ns losaQxsA
2- ,d&nwljs ls izÑfr osQ fouk'k dkjdksa dh ppkZ dj losaQxs
vkSj mlosQ fuokj.k gsrq mi;qDr dne mBk losaQxsA
3- iznw"k.k fu;a=k.k osQ iz;klksa dh vksj dne c<+k,¡xsA
4- iznw"k.k osQ fofHkUu izdkjksa osQ fo"k; esa tku losaQxsA
5- mls nwj djus osQ dkj.k [kkst losaQxsA
6- laokn cksyuk vkSj fy[kuk lh[k losaQxsA
ikB dk lkj
lw;Znso viuh fiz; iq=kh i`Foh osQ fo"k; esa ¯pfrr gSa rHkh jf'ensoh mUgsa
crkrh gSa fd i`Foh rks uanuou tSlh gSA mldh ¯prk dh vko';drk
ugha gSA ¯drq iounso crkrs gSa fd ,slk ugha gSA i`Foh iru dh vksj
vxzlj gSA tynsoh] ounsoh Hkh i`Foh osQ fouk'kd rRoksa dh vksj
laosQr djrs gSaA rHkh iznw"k.k nSR; viuh g¡lh ls lcdks pkSadk nsrk gSA
og vn`'; :i ls mifLFkr jgdj i`Foh ij jgus okys tho&tarqvksa
osQ fouk'k dh ?kks"k.kk djrk gSA ty] ok;q] èofu iznw"k.k] jsfM;ksèkfeZrk
vkfn osQ dkj.k iznwf"kr gqbZ i`Foh dh j{kk gsrq cqn~fèknsoh vkrh gS
vkSj lw;Znso ls yksd dY;k.k osQ dk;Z djus gsrq vk'khokZn ek¡xrh gSaA
lw;Znso rFkkLrq dgdj mUgsa vk'khokZn nsrs gSaA
f'k{k.k fofèk
ikBkja Hk iwoZ
'kCnkFkZ esa fn, 'kCn vkSj mudk vFkZ Lo;a i<+sa vkSj cPpksa ls
i<+ok,¡A ikB dk lkj i<+saA û;k&fujkyk* esa nh xbZ tkudkjh i<+saA
êu ik[kh cu* osQ iz'uksa osQ mRrj cPpksa ls iwNsaA
ikBkja Hk
 ;g ,d ,dkadh gSA laokn izèkku ikB gSA blfy, d{kk osQ cPpksa
dks ,d&,d ik=k ck¡V nsaA tSls fdlh ,d cPps dks lw;Znso
cuk,¡] nwljs dks jf'ensohA blh izdkj vU; nwljs ik=kksa dks Hkh
ck¡V nsaA
 vc cPps ik=kkuqlkj laokn i<+saA
 chp&chp esa dfBu 'kCn@okD;ksa dks Li"V djrs tk,¡A
 chp&chp esa nwljs cPpksa dks Hkh ekSdk nsaA le; gksus ij vU;
cPpksa dks ik=kkuqlkj iqu% ikB i<+us osQ fy, nsaA
 iz'uksa ij ppkZ djsa ,oa mRrj fy[kus osQ fy, dgsaA
iz'u&vH;kl
e q[k ls
1- ekuo osQ vPNs gky dk o.kZu djrs gq, jf'e nsoh us dgk
fd ekuo us vius efLr"d osQ lgkjs izxfr dh gSA taxy vkSj
xqiQkvksa esa jgus okyk ekuo vkt uxjksa esa cM+h vV~Vkfydkvksa
esa jgrk gSA mlus izÑfr ij dkI+kQh gn rd fot; gkfly dj
yh gSA og mUufr osQ f'k[kj ij igq¡p x;k gSA
2- jf'ensoh dh ckr lqudj iounso] tynsoh vkSj ounsoh us lw;Z
ls dgk fd ekuo us mUufr ugha dh gSA og rks iru osQ xM~<s
esa fxjrk tk jgk gSA i`Foh ij nwf"kr ikuh dks ihdj og vusd
chekfj;ksa dk f'kdkj cu jgk gSA vlkèkkj.k izxfr osQ dkj.k
ekuo dks tgjhyk Hkkstu [kkus osQ fy, foo'k gksuk iM+ jgk gSA
3- ok;qeaMy osQ u gksus ij i`Foh dk dksbZ Hkh izk.kh thfor ugha
jg ikrkA mlosQ ugha jgus ij i`Foh dks ladVksa ls dkSu cpkrk\
i`Foh dks dkSu vkPNkfnr djrk\ i`Foh dh vksj varfj{k ls
vkus okyh vusd mYdkvksa dks dkSu jksdrk!
4- iou dk 1@5 Hkkx vkWDlhtu osQ :i esa iz;ksx esa vkrk gSA
ysf[kuh ls
1- lw;Z us euq"; dks vuks[kk tho mldh lkspus&le>us dh {kerk
(efLr"d) osQ dkj.k dgk gSA
2- ounsoh us gjh ifRr;ksa dks ^vkWDlhtu dk dkj[kkuk* blfy,
dgk gS D;ksafd mldh gj iRrh Hkkstu vkSj vkWDlhtu cukrh
gSA mldh ifRr;k¡ dkcZu&MkbvkWDlkbM dks izdk'k la'ys"k.k
dh fØ;k ls dkcZu vkSj vkWDlhtu esa fo'ysf"kr djrh gSaA
3- ounsoh jf'ensoh ij muosQ >wB cksyus ij Øq nèk gqb± tc mUgksaus
lw;Znso ls dgk Fkk fd i`Foh uanuou tSlh yxrh gSA mUgksaus
taxyksa osQ u"V gksus ij nks uqdlku crk,µ,d iznw"k.k vkSj
nwljk o"kkZ dk vHkkoA
4- jsfM;ksèkfeZrk ijek.kq&ijh{k.k djrs le; ;wjsfu;e osQ iz;ksx ls
mRiUu gksrh gSaA ty vkSj ok;q esa bldh fouk'kdkjh fdj.ksa
?kqy&fey tkrh gSaA ekuo ftl {ks=k esa ijek.kq&ijh{k.k djrk
gS ;k ;qn~èk osQ nkSjku ftl {ks=k esa ceksa dk iz;ksx gksrk gS ml
{ks=k osQ fuoklh jsfM;ksèkfeZrk ls ihfM+r gks tkrs gSa vkSj fodykax
ih<+h dks tUe nsrs gSaA
5- cqn~fèknsoh us lw;Znso dks Hkjkslk fnykrs gq, dgk fd os i`Foh
okfl;ksa osQ thou dks lq[kh cukus okyh ty] ok;q vkSj ouLifr
nsfo;ksa dh j{kk djsaxhA
6- (d) (iii) ouLifr;ksa dh ([k) (iii) ok;qeaMy esa ?k"kZ.k ls
Hkk"kk ls
ckr 'kCn dh
1- ikB esa iz;qDr milxks± ls cus 'kCnksa dh lwph
v ¾ vlaHko] vHkko] v'kqn~èk] vla[;] vikj] vn`';A
iz ¾ izÑfr] iz.kke] izxfr] iz;ksx] iznw"k.k] izdk'k] izlUuA
vfr ¾ vR;fèkd] vR;kpkj] vR;ko';dA
vfèk ¾ vfèkifr] vfèkuk;d] vè;kns'kA
mi ¾ mi;ksx] miokl] mifLFkfr] migkj] miklukA
2- bZ; izR;; dk iz;ksx
iqLrd $ bZ; ¾ iqLrdh; µ iqLrd ls lacafèkr
dks'k $ bZ; ¾ dks'kh; µ dks'k ls lacafèkr
bZ'oj $ bZ; ¾ bZ'ojh; µ bZ'oj ls lacafèkr] bZ'oj dk
3- i;kZ;okph
(d) (i) ekfyd ([k) (ii) esèkk (x) (iii) jk{kl
(?k) (iv) mRFkku
ckr okD; dh
Lo;a djsaA
Nk=k Lo;a djsaA

14- Mk;jh osQ i`"Bksa ls

ikB~; ¯cnq
bl ikB dks i<+us osQ ckn fon~;kFkhZ bl ;ksX; gks tk,¡xs fd os
1- viuh mPpkj.k 'kqn~èkrk osQ izfr fo'ks"k lkoèkkuh cjrsaxsA
2- ;g tku tk,¡xs fd osQoy fdlh dh Ñik izkIr djosQ thou
esa oqQN Hkh ik;k ugha tk ldrkA ifjJe gh liQyrk dh oqaQth
gSA
3- os ;g Hkh tku ik,¡xs fd bYe fdlh in dk eksgrkt ugha
gksrkA
4- os vPNh rjg le> tk,¡xs fd fon~okuksa dk vknj loZ=k fd;k
tkrk gSA
ikB dk lkj
;g Mk;jh nks Hkkxksa us foHkDr gSA izFke Hkkx esa ,d ,sls O;fDr
dk o.kZu gS tks ¯gnh esa ,eú,ú djosQ vaxjs”kh esa ,eú,ú djuk
pkgrs gSaA os ys[kd dh tks fd vaxjs”kh foHkkx esa gSM gSa] dh Ñik
ls ikl gksuk pkgrs gSaA ys[kd mu ij è;ku ugha nsrs D;ksafd mudh
¯gnh Hkh cgqr [kjkc gS] vaxjs”kh osQ rks dgus gh D;kA nwljs Hkkx esa
,d ,sls O;fDr dk o.kZu gS tks viuh fon~oRrk ls cM+s&cM+s fon~okuksa
dh Hkh NqV~Vh dj nsrk gSA ekr`&iRuh lq[k ls oafpr ;g O;fDr LowQy
esa ekLVj gSA ys[kd dks buls feydj cgqr lq[k feyrk gSA
f'k{k.k fofèk
ikBkjaHk iwoZ
Mk;jh foèkk ls cPpksa dks ifjfpr djok,¡µikB dk lkj i<+saA
ikBkjaHk
 izFke Hkkx dk vkn'kZ okpu djsa vkSj le>k,¡A
 vuqdj.k okpu osQ fy, dgsaA
 ekSu iBu djok,¡A
 Jqrys[k nsa] Hkkf"kd ¯cnq Li"V djsaA
iz'u&vH;kl
e q[k ls
1- vkxarqd us ys[kd dks crk;k fd f'kjksrh th dh Ñik ls mudh
;wfuoflZVh esa lsfda M iks”kh'ku vkbZ gS vkSj mudh Jherh th
us ,eú,ú fganh lsfdaM iksth'ku ls dh gSA
2- Hkkos lkgc dh Ñik ls mudh Jherh dh fu;qfDr lsaVªy LowQy
esa gks xbZA ml le; Hkkos lkgc dfe'uj FksA
3- LowQy dk vè;kid cgqr mdlkus ij blfy, cksyrk Fkk D;ksafd
mls vius bYe osQ izn'kZu esa jRrh Hkj Hkh #fp ugha FkhA
4- tc vè;kid us lquk fd ys[kd baXySaM tk jgk gS vkSj ogk¡
vius osY'k fe=k osQ ;gk¡ Bgjsxk_ rc mlus osY'k yksxksa osQ
bfrgkl vkSj lkaLÑfrd fo'ks"krkvksa osQ ckjs esa ,slh&,slh ckrsa
crkb± fd ys[kd lqudj nax jg x;kA ôsQfYVd fyVjspj* osQ ckjs
esa Hkh mUgsa bruh tkudkjh Fkh tks 'kk;n oqQekm¡Q fo'ofon~;ky;
osQ vaxzs”kh foHkkx osQ vè;{k Hkh ugha tkurs FksA
5- xk¡o dh fL=k;ksa us xkaèkh th dh >ksyh esa xgus muosQ laf{kIr
Hkk"k.k dks lquus osQ ckn Mkys] rkfd xkaèkh th mudk mi;ksx
vk”kknh fnyokus esa dj losQA
ysf[kuh ls
1- Jksf=k; dks f'kjksrh] Jherh dks flfjerh] Ldksi dks bLdksi]
LowQy dks bLowQy] cgqr dks HkkSr] I+kQLVZ dks iQLV tSls v'kqn~èk
iz;ksxksa ls ys[kd oSls gh fp<+k cSBk FkkA vkxarqd ifjJe ls
ugha cfYd fliQkfj'kksa ls ukSdjh pkgrk FkkA blhfy, ys[kd us
,slk dgkA
2- ys[kd dk èkhjt ml v;ksX; vkSj pkiywl O;fDr dh ckrksa
dks lqudj pqd x;k FkkA
3- LowQy osQ ml vè;kid osQ xq.k bl izdkj gSµ a
(1) os ljy] fu"diV] fouksnh vkSj f”aknkfny bulku FksA
(2) mUgksaus thou esa dbZ eek±rd ihM+k,¡ >syh FkhaA xjhch
dh gkyr esa jgus osQ cko”kwn Hkh mlosQ psgjs ij dksbZ
f'kdu ugha FkhA
(3) mUgksaus dfBu&ls&dfBu ifjfLFkfr esa Hkh ekufld larqyu
cuk, j[kk FkkA
(4) muosQ vanj tokuksa tSlk tks'k vkSj meax FkkA vkt Hkh
os tks'k osQ lkFk ?kaVksa&?kaVksa eSp mRlqdrk osQ lkFk ns[krs
FksA
(5) i<+us osQ 'kkSd dh otg ls mUgsa gj fo"k; dh tkudkjh
FkhA
(6) os fonw"kd dk ckuk igus gq, rjg&rjg osQ iksLVj cukdj
Lo;a vius 'kjhj ij èkkj.k djosQ lh”ku osQ fnuksa esa HkhM+
Hkjs jktekxks± ij yksxksa dk euksjatu djrs FksA
(7) os vius iksLVjksa esa lelkef;d jktuhfrd ?kVukpØ ij
csckd fVIi.kh djrs Fks vkSj turk dks tkxzr djrs FksA
4- xk¡o dh fL=k;ksa us vius dherh xgus nsdj Lo;a dks èkU; bl
dkj.k ls ekuk D;ksafd mudk ekuuk Fkk fd muosQ xgus fdlh
vPNs dk;Z esa dke vk,¡xsA
5- (d) (ii) ?kj dh gkyr Bhd ugha Fkh
([k) yksx mudh xjhch] iQVs diMs+ ns[kdj mudk e”kkd mM+krs
Fks ysfdu mUgsa fdlh ls dksbZ f'kdk;r ugha FkhA
(x) yksd;k=kk ls rkRi;Z lekt dY;k.k dh Hkkouk ls gSA
vè;kid fonw"kd dk ckuk igudj] ml ij jktuSfrd
?kVukpØ ij fVIi.kh fy[kdj turk dks tkxzr djrs gSa]
mudk euksjatu djosQ fny cgykrs gaSA
(?k) ikB dk uke gSµ^Mk;jh osQ i`"Bksa ls* rFkk bl ikB osQ
ys[kd gSaµMkWú jes'k paæ 'kkgA
Hkk"kk ls
ckr o.kZ dh
o.kZ&foPNsn
(d) lkeF;Z
(iii) l~ $ vk $ e~ $ v $ j~ $ Fk~ $ ;~ $ v
([k) oafpr
(ii) o~ $ v $ ×k~ $ p~ $ b $ r~ $ v
(x) v¡xjs”k
(iv) v¡ $ x~ $ v $ j~ $ , $ ”k~ $ v
(?k) ijaijk
(i) i~ $ v~ $ j~ $ v $ e~ $ i~ $ v $ j~ $ vk
ckr 'kCn dh
1- 'kCnksa osQ 'kqn~èk :i
Jherh] Jksf=k;] ;wfuoflZVh] Ldksi] LowQy] lkgc] cgqr] I+kQLVZ]
eqf'dyA
2- (d) (ii) Ñikyq]
([k) (iv) vkyL;]
(x) (ii) 'kadkyq
3- lafèk&foPNsn
;qod $ mfpr] egk $ mRlo] fgr $ mins'k] yksd $ mfDr]
ohj $ mfprA
ckr okD; dh
(d) fefJr okD;] ([k) ljy okD;] (x) fefJr okD;]
(?k) la;qDr okD; (Ä) fefJr okD;
Nk=k Lo;a djsaA

15- ek¡! eq>s vkus ns!

ikB~; ¯cnq
bl dfork dks i<+us osQ ckn fon~;kFkhZ bl ;ksX; gks tk,¡xs fd osµ
1- vfèkd HkkoukRed :i ls ek¡ ls tqM+ ik,¡xsA
2- yM+dk&yM+dh esa Hksn dh laoqQfpr n`f"V dk fojksèk dj losaQxsA
3- vius Hkkoksa dks izdV dj losaQxsA
4- lkekftd cnyko dh vksj dne mBk losaQxsA
5- u, 'kCn lh[ksaxs vkSj viuh dYiuk dks mM+ku ns losaQxsA
dfork dk lkj
xHkZ esa iy jgh cPph ek¡ dh ?kcjkgV] voqQykgV] la'k;] Hkze] Mj
vkfn dks eglwl dj mls vk'oLr djrh gS fd ek¡! rw er MjA eq>s
tUe nsA esjs vkus ls rsjs thou esa cgkj vk tk,xhA eSa rsjs eu :ih
vk¡xu esa vk'kk vkSj fo'okl cudj vkÅ¡xhA rsjs vk¡py esa iwQy cudj
egow¡Qxh vkSj viuh g¡lh ls@ fdydkjh ls@ uUgs dneksa ls ?kj dks
[kqf'k;ksa ls Hkj nw¡xhA firk osQ cM+Iiu] xaHkhjrk vkSj HkkbZ dh 'kSrkfu;ksa
osQ dkj.k ?kj esa rsjs ncs gq, O;fDrRo dks u, vFkZ nw¡xhA rsjh mnklh]
Mj] O;Fkk lcdks iksaN nw¡xhA rq>s dHkh jksus ugha nw¡xhA
Mj osQ dkj.k lUukVs esa Mwck ?kj pgpgkus yxsxkA rsjh dYiuk
vkSj vk'kk dks eSa ubZ mM+ku nw¡xhA viuh fon~oRrk osQ cy ij eSa dgha
ls Hkh [kqf'k;k¡ ys vkÅ¡xh vkSj rsjh dYiuk dks ;FkkFkZ esa cny nw¡xhA
ek¡] eq>s bl nqfu;k esa vkus nsA Mj erA
f'k{k.k fofèk
ikBkja Hk iwoZ
 cPpksa dks û;k&fujkyk* esa nh xbZ lkexzh dks le>k,¡A
 dfork dh cukoV dk lkSan;Z crkdj mlesa #fp iSnk djsaA
 dfork dk lkj i<+saA
 yM+fd;ksa osQ izfr lekt esa iSQys nqHkkZo ij ppkZ djsa fd D;k
;g Bhd gSA
 ;g rF; mtkxj djsa fd yM+dk&yM+dh esa vuqikr fdruk gSA
ikBkja Hk
 y; osQ lkFk dfork dk lLoj okpu djsaA
 fdlh cPps ls vuqdj.k okpu djok,¡A
 iqu% lLoj okpu dj ,d&,d iafDr dk vFkZ crkrs tk,¡A
 cPpksa dks ekSu iBu dk funsZ'k nsaA
 dfork ij ppkZ djsaA
 iz'uksa osQ mRrj Li"V djsaA
iz'u&vH;kl
e q[k ls
1- ^Mj er* iafDr esa yM+dh dks ek¡ osQ xHkZ esa ekj nsus osQ Mj
dh vksj laosQr fd;k x;k gSA ek¡ dks Mj gS fd dgha tUe ls
iwoZ gh dksbZ mldh cPph dks ekj u nsA
2- yM+dh ek¡ osQ vk¡xu esa [kqf'k;k¡ fc[ksjuk pkgrh gS_ mlosQ
thou osQ lwusiu dks [kRe djuk pkgrh gSA viuh fdydkjh
ls ?kj esa jkSud ykdj ?kj dh mnklh dks nwj djuk pkgrh gSA
vk¡xu osQ pkjksa vksj gfj;kyh cudj ?kj dks lq[k&le`n~fèk ls
Hkjuk pkgrh gSA
3- ^rsjs thou osQ vaèkdkj dks feVkdj izdk'k ls txex&txex
dj nw¡xh* Hkko fuEufyf[kr iafDr;ksa esa vk;k gSA
dj ldrh gw¡ ek¡
eSa lc&oqQN
tks jks'kuh&lk pedhyk
jaxksaµlk pVdhyk gks]
ij vkus rks ns
Mj er
ek¡---eq>s vkus nsA
4- yM+dh ek¡ dks vk'oklu ns jgh gS fd eSa rsjs lkjs liuksa dks
lkFkZd dj nw¡xhA Lo;a d"V >sydj rqEgsa lq[k ns nw¡xhA
ysf[kuh ls
1- vtUeh cPph viuh fdydkjh vkSj Bqedrs dneksa ls ?kj osQ
lUukVs dks rksM+uk pkgrh gSA gk¡! ;g lUukVk ek¡ osQ Hkhrj dk
Hkh gSA nwf"kr lkekftd O;oLFkk vkSj jhfr&fjok”kksa osQ pyrs
xHkZ esa gh yM+dh dks ekjus osQ Mj ls ek¡ lgeh gqbZ gSA blls
mlosQ eu esa lUukVk iljk gSA
2- yM+dh osQ vkRefo'okl dks O;Dr djus okyh iafDr;k¡
fuEufyf[kr gSaµ
(d) tk ldrh gw¡ eSa
nwj&ikj
ml f>yfeykrh nqfu;k esa
yk ldrh gw¡
ogk¡ ls pedhys VqdMs+
rsjs liuksa osQ
leqanj dh ygjksa osQ FkisM+ksa esa
<w¡< ldrh gw¡ eSa
eksrh vkSj lhih vkSj ukfodksa osQ fgLlsA
([k) dj ldrh gw¡ ek¡
eSa lc&oqQN
tks jks'kuh&lk pedhyk
jaxksaµlk pVdhyk gksA
3- ^yM+dk&yM+dh ,d leku* foKkiu esa izR;sd ifjokj rFkk
lekt ls fcuk HksnHkko fd, yM+dh dks gj lqfoèkk nsus dh ckr
dgh tkrh gSA yM+dh Hkh gj {ks=k esa yM+dksa ls vkxs gSA muosQ
lkFk 'kks"k.k ugha gksuk pkfg,A mUgsa Hkh lEekuiwoZd thou thus
dk gd gSA gesa dkuwu cukdj o dBksj ltk nsdj lkekftd
cqjkb;ksa dks nwj djuk pkfg,A
4- Hkko Li"Vhdj.k
(d) v¡èksjk nq[k dk izrhd gS tks psgjs ij gjne Nk;k jgrk
gSA tc og nq[k ?kuk gks tkrk gS rks vk¡lw cudj cgus
yxrk gSA mUgha vk¡lqvksa dks dfo vksl dh cw¡n&lk dg
jgk gSA
([k) leqnz xgjkbZ dk izrhd gS vkSj vkleku foLrkj dkA
ek¡ dh vk¡[kksa esa xgu ihM+k gS vk¡lqvksa dk leqnz&lk gSA
cPph ;g lc ns[k jgh gS vkSj mu liuksa dks Hkh ns[k
jgh gS tks m¡Qps&m¡Qps vkSj m¡Qps tkuk pkgrs gSaA
5- (d) (iii) vtUeh cPph
([k) ek¡ lekt vkSj ifr ls Mj jgh gSA yM+dh osQ iSnk gksus
ij mls rkus lquus dks fey ldrs gSaA
Hkk"kk ls
ckr 'kCn dh
1- fo'ks"k.k & fo'ks";
#[khyk µ vglkl
f>yfeykrh µ nqfu;k
vdM+hyk µ fe”kkt
pedhys µ VqdMs+
2- (d) i;kZ;okph 'kCn
ek¡ µ tuuh] vack
firk µ tud] rkr
eksrh µ eqDrk] Lokfrlqr
lhih µ 'kqfDrdk] 'kqfDr
ukfod µ osQoV] eYykg
([k) (ii) tyfèk
Nk=k Lo;a djsaA

16- dysaMj dykdkj

ikB~; ¯cnq
1- ^vc dysaMj nhokj ij D;ksa ugha iQM+iQM+krs* bl okD; ij
xaHkhjrk ls fopkj dj losaQxsA
2- viuh laLÑfr dks iquthZfor djus dk t”ck eu esa txk losaQxsA
3- O;aX;iw.kZ 'kCnkoyh dk vFkZ le>us dh ;ksX;rk gkfly dj
losaQxsA
ikB dk lkj
izLrqr ikB esa dysaMj cukus okys ,d dykdkj osQ O;olk;ksUeq[k gks
tkus dh foo'krk dks fpf=kr fd;k x;k gS vkSj crk;k x;k gS fd
oSQls jktusrkvksa] ns'kHkDrksa vkSj egkiq#"kksa osQ fp=kksa dk LFkku fI+kQYeh
ghjks&ghjksbuksa osQ fp=kksa us ys fy;k gSA ys[k esa orZeku lekt osQ uSfrd
iru dk ;FkkFkZ vkSj ekfeZd fp=k izLrqr fd;k x;k gSA
f'k{k.k fofèk
ikBkjaHk iwoZ
iwNsa fd vktdy ?kjksa dh nhokjksa ij ltkoV fdl izdkj dh
tkrh gS\ igys oSQls dh tkrh Fkh\ rkjh[k ns[kus dk eq[; ”kfj;k
D;k Fkk\ crk,¡ fd taxs vk”kknh esa oSQysaMjksa us tu&tkx`fr esa
D;k Hkwfedk fuHkkbZ] oSQysaMj ij fdu&fduosQ fp=k gksrs Fks vkfnA
ikBkjaHk
 ikB dk vkn'kZ okpu djsaA
 vuqPNsnksa dk vFkZ Li"V djsaA vuqdj.k okpu djok,¡A
 ekSu iBu dk funsZ'k nsaA
 Hkkf"kd fcanq Li"V djsaA
 tks iafDr;k¡ Hkk"kk osQ lkSan;Z dks izdV djrh gSa] mUgsa iqu%
i<+ok,¡A
iz'u&vH;kl
e q[k ls
1- eè;oxhZ; yksxksa dk 'kkSd ?kj esa u;k dysaMj ykuk vkSj yxkuk
FkkA
2- eè;oxhZ; yksxksa osQ ?kjksa esa jktuSfrd usrkvksa] nsoh&nsorkvksa
vkSj èkkfeZd iq#"kksa osQ dysaMj yxk, tkrs FksA
3- xkaèkhth dk JhÑ".k osQ lkFk fp=k FkkA fp=kksa osQ uhps dfork
esa xkaèkhth dk ;'kksxku fd;k x;k Fkk rFkk muesa vkilh lkE;
fcBkdj dgk x;k Fkk fd JhÑ".k êk[ku pksj* dgykrs Fks]
rks bl ;qx esa xkaèkh th Hkh ûed pksj* dgykrs gSaA LraHkdkj
us ,slk dysaMj cpiu esa ns[kk FkkA
ysf[kuh ls
1- ns'kHkfDr dh ygj txkus esa jk"Vªh; usrkvksa osQ dysaMjksa dh
egRRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk jgh FkhA tc bu usrkvksa osQ fp=k ?kjksa dh
nhokjksa ij yxs jgrs Fks rks cPps fp=kksa dks ns[kdj mu usrkvksa
osQ ckjs esa vfHkHkkodksa ls iwNrs FksA bl izdkj ls os [kqn dks
buls tqM+k gqvk eglwl djrs FksA cPps cMs+ gksdj ns'k dh
vk”kknh osQ fy, yM+us dk liuk ns[kus yxrs Fks] os Lo;a bu
usrkvksa osQ leku cuus dh dksf'k'k djrs FksA
2- vktdy usrkvksa osQ dysaMj ?kjksa esa blfy, ugha yxk, tkrs
D;ksafd dksbZ Hkh usrk ns'k dk usrk ugha gSA izR;sd usrk dk
lacaèk fdlh&u&fdlh ikVhZ ls vo'; gksrk gSA vkt osQ ;qx esa
dksbZ Hkh ,slk usrk fn[kkbZ ugha nsrk ftlesa R;kx] bZekunkjh vkSj
cfynku dh Hkkouk gksA vktdy osQ vfèkdrj usrk Nyh&diVh
vkSj LokFkhZ gSaA
3- igys ?kjksa dh nhokjksa ij jk"Vªh; usrkvksa vkSj nsoh&nsorkvksa osQ
fp=k V¡xs jgrs Fks] ijarq vc mudk LFkku ukjh osQ v'yhy fp=kksa
us ys fy;k gSA
4- vk'k; Li"Vhdj.k
(d) ys[kd dk vk'k; gS fd vc dysaMj yksxksa dks izsfjr
ugha djrs blfy, yksx ?kjksa dh nhokjksa ij dysaMj ugha
Vk¡xrsA nhokjksa ij gh oqQN fp=kdkjh djok ysrs gSa tks
mldh iiM+h osQ lkFk gh mrj tkrh gSA
([k) ys[kd dk vk'k; gS fd R;kx] riL;k] d#.kk] cfynku
vkSj ns'kHkfDr dh lh[k nsus okys dysaMjksa dks vc ck”kkj
esa dksbZ ugha iwN jgkA gj dksbZ LokFkZ osQ o'khHkwr gksdj
dk;Z dj jgk gS o mDr xq.k Hkh LokFkZ osQ i;kZ; curs
tk jgs gSaA
5- (x) [kqn dks Lokèkhurk laxzke ls tqM+k eglwl djrs FksA
Hkk"kk ls
ckr 'kCn dh
1- O;fDrokpd µ 'kekZ] LraHkdkj] xkaèkh] fryd] usg:] iVsy
tkfrokpd µ jk"Vªh;] dysaMj] eè;oxhZ;] ikVhZ] ukjh
Hkkookpd µ Ükàxkfjdrk] okluk] R;kx] riL;k] cfynku
2- oqaQHkdkj ¾ feV~Vh osQ crZu cukus okyk
ykSgdkj ¾ yksgs dk dke djus okyk
lqo.kZdkj] Lo.kZdkj ¾ lksus osQ vkHkw"k.k cukus okyk
peZdkj ¾ peM+s dh oLrq,¡ cukus okyk
ekykdkj ¾ ekyk cukus okyk
ewfrZdkj ¾ ewfrZ;k¡ cukus okyk
lkfgR;dkj ¾ lkfgR; jpus okyk
3- ys[kd&ysf[kdk] xk;d&xkf;dk] cqn~fèkeku&cqn~fèkerh]
xq.koku&xq.korh] 'kfDreku&'kfDrefrA
4- (?k) thr
ckr okD; dh
dysaMj dykdkj vkt mnkl gSµfoèkkuokpd okD;
^ eu ik[kh cu* vkSj ^Kku xksrk* Nk=k vè;kid osQ funsZ'kkuqlkj
Lo;a djsaxsA

17- izse&jax Mkjks

ikB~; ¯cnq
bl dfork dks i<+us osQ mijkar fon~;kFkhZ bl ;ksX; gks tk,¡xs fd osµ
1- gksyh ioZ osQ lkaLÑfrd egRRo dks le> losaQxsA
2- izÑfr osQ cnyrs :iksa ls ifjfpr gks losaQxsA
dfork dk lkj
iQkYxqu ekg gSA èkjrh us èkkuh pknj vks<+ j[kh gSA blh ekg esa gksyh
dk R;ksgkj jaxksa dh cgkj ysdj vk tkrk gSA iQkYxquh c;kj osQ pyrs
gh gksyh dh eLrh izkjaHk gks tkrh gSA
;g oSj&?keaM&Øksèk dh gksyh tykus] dM+okgV dks nwj dj eèkqj
cksyh cksyus dk le; gSA
,d lq[kn liuk fd HksnHkko Hkwydj gj dksbZ ,d&nwljs dks
viuk,] fey&tqydj izlUurk ls jax eys vkSj eXu gksdj dgs fd
gksyh osQ bl R;ksgkj ij izse osQ jax dh o"kkZ gksA
izR;sd izkra esa vusd jaxksa ls lHkh ,d&nwljs dk Lokxr@ vknj djs_a
,d gkFk esa fryd osQ fy, jksyh gks] rks nwljs gkFk esa jaxus osQ fy,
Vslw osQ jaxA ekSle cgqr lqgkouk gSA iwQyksa osQ jl Hkjdj lekurk :ih
fipdkjh ls lHkh dks jaxus dk lan's k ysdj gksyh dk R;ksgkj vk x;kA
ubZ ;kstuk,¡ cusa] lHkh ifjJe ls bl lekt dks mUur cuk,¡A vius
vkyL; dks R;kxdj izlUurkiwoZd ns'k dh mUufr esa viuk ;ksxnku
nsaA lHkh osQ gksBksa ij [kq'kh gks] lc egRRokdka{kh gksa] iQkYxqu osQ bl
iQkYxquh jax esa lc vk'kk&mRlkg ls Hkjs gksa] nsg vkSj eu esa ;kSou
dh cgkj gks vFkkZr~ meax vkSj tks'k Hkjk gksA fcuk fdlh la'k;@lansg
osQ lc ifjJe djsaA
f'k{k.k fofèk
ikBkja Hk iwoZ
cPpksa ls lkekftd R;ksgkjksa dh ckr djsaA ikB dk lkj i<+saA crk,¡]
gksyh osQ fnu dkys] uhys] ihys jaxksa dks lkèku@izrhd osQ :i esa
ysa ¯drq izse osQ jax ls lcdks jaxsaA
ikBkja Hk
1- dfork dks y;kRedrk osQ lkFk i<+saA
2- d{kk osQ nks&rhu cPpksa ls i<+ok,¡A
3- vFkZ Li"V djsaA
4- dfork ;kn djus osQ fy, dgsaA
5- oqQN fo'ks"k iafDr;ksa dk vFkZ iwNsa] tSlsµ;kstuk dh jkèkk---
6- dfork dk lqys[k djok,¡A
7- iz'uksa ij ppkZ djsaA Hkkf"kd ¯cnq Li"V djsaA
iz'u&vH;kl
eq[k ls
1- iQkxqu c;kj >wedj iqdkjrh py jgh gS fd èkjrh ij izse osQ
jaxksa ls lcosQ lkFk gksyh [ksyrs pyksA
2- I;kj ls fey&tqydj jgus vkSj eèkqj cksyus ls gj dksbZ viuk
gks ldrk gSA
3- ns'k osQ nqykjs ;kstuk cuk,¡] ifjJe djsa] xfr'khy jgsa] deZjr
gksa] vkyL; dks tyk nsa] jaxksa ls vkuan euk,¡ vkSj izse ls ljkcksj
gks tk,¡A
ysf[kuh ls
1- tc ;kstuk vPNh gksxh vkSj mls iw.kZ djus osQ fy, Je fd;k
tk,xk rks le`n~fèk gksxh] mUufr gksxh] vH;qn; gksxkA
2- ^vki [kqn tokc gks* iafDr ls dfo dguk pkgrk gS fd lc
izdkj osQ dk;Z rqe ls gh gksaxs ;kuh rqEgkjs Hkhrj gh og 'kfDr
gS] tks gj ph”k dk mRrj ns ldrh gS] ftlesa ifjorZu ykus
dh {kerk gSA
4- Hkko Li"Vhdj.k
(d) bu iafDr;ksa esa dfo us dgk gS gksyh osQ volj ij
fofHkUu jaxksa ls [ksydj pkjksa vksj izse dk jax fc[ksj
nksA èkjrh dks Hkh nqygu dh rjg ltk nksA
([k) bu iafDr;ksa esa dfo lq>ko nsrs gq, dgrk gS fd gesa
gksyh [ksyrs le;] m¡Qp&uhp] vehj&xjhc dk Hksn ugha
djuk pkfg,A lHkh dks ,d leku le>dj izse osQ jaxksa
dh fipdkjh ls lcdks j¡x nsuk pkfg,A
(x) dfo pkgrk gS yksx vkyl dks gksfydk esa tyk nsaA
ifjJeh vkSj drZO;fu"B cusaA
(?k) iafDr dk Hkko gS fd gksyh ij ,d&nwljs dks flI+kZQ
yky] uhys] ihys jaxksa ls gh ugha cfYd I;kj osQ jax ls
Hkh jax nksA lHkh HksnHkko [kRe gks tk,¡ vkSj pkjksa vksj
izse osQ jax fc[kj tk,¡A
5- ([k) ;kSou
6- (d) n~os"k] naHk] mxzrk dh gksyh iw¡Qdus dh ckr dh xbZ gSA
([k) dfo us dVqrk dks nwj djus osQ fy, eèkqj opu cksyus
dh lykg nh gSA
(x) ^jax Hkjk liuk gks* ls dfo dk vk'k; gS fd gj dksbZ
Lora=k :i ls lksp losQA lius lqanj gksa vkSj lkFkZd
gksaA
Hkk"kk ls
ckr 'kCn dh
1- ;kstd fpg~uµjkèkk&';ke] rksrs&lh ukd] fnu&jkr] Hkw&rRo
2- (d) (ii) ikod ([k) (iii) onu (x) (iv) ikf.k
^ u;k&fujkyk*] êu ik[kh cu* vkSj ^Kku xksrk* vè;kid osQ
funsZ'kkuqlkj Nk=k Lo;a djsaA

18- iap ijes'oj
ikB~; ¯cnq
1- lPph nksLrh dk vFkZ le> losaQxsA
2- fu"i{k U;k; esa viuk fo'okl dk;e dj ik,¡xsA
3- o`n~èkksa dh lsok&lqJw"kk dh Hkkouk esa cy yk ik,¡xsA
4- vius drZO;ksa dks Hkyh&Hkk¡fr fu"i{krk ls fuHkkuk lh[ksaxsA
5- izsepan osQ ys[ku ls ifjfpr gks losaQxsA
6- rRdkyhu lkekftd fLFkfr dk Kku izkIr dj losaQxsA
ikB dk lkj
tqEeu 'ks[k vkSj vyxw pkSèkjh nks iDosQ fe=k FksA tqEeu us viuh cw<+h
[kkyk dh tk;nkn vius uke fy[kok yhA igys rks mlus o`n~èk [kkyk
dh vPNh ns[kHkky dh] ¯drq oqQN le; ckn HkjisV jksVh Hkh nsuh can
dj nhA [kkyk iapksa osQ ikl xbZ fd mls ekgokj [kpkZ fnyok;k tk,
rkfd og viuk isV Hkj losQA [kkyk us vyxw dks viuk iap cuk;kA
vyxw us [kkyk osQ gd esa I+kSQlyk fn;kA blls tqEeu us ukjk”k gksdj
vyxw ls fe=krk lekIr dj nhA blh izdkj ,d ckj vyxw us tqEeu
dks viuk iap cuk fn;kA ysfdu vk'p;Z! Øksèk vkSj vieku dh vkx
esa tyrs tqEeu us Hkh U;k; osQ ¯lgklu ij cSBdj vyxw osQ i{k
esa@lPpkbZ osQ i{k esa viuk I+kSQlyk lquk;kA vyxw cgqr gSjku gqvkA
tqEeu vyxw ls xys feyk vkSj vius xyr O;ogkj osQ fy, {kek
ek¡xhA lp gS] U;k; osQ flagklu ij cSBk dksbZ Hkh O;fDr u fdlh
dk fe=k gksrk gS u fdlh dk 'k=kqA
f'k{k.k fofèk
ikBkjaHk iwoZ
 û;k&fujkyk* esa nh xbZ lkexzh i<+saA
 nksLrµnksLrh dh ckr djsaA
 ikB dk lkj i<s+aA
 xzkeh.k U;k; iz.kkyh (iapk;r) ij ckr djsaA
ikBkjaHk
 ikB dk vkn'kZ okpu gksA
 dfBu izlaxksa@'kCnksa osQ vFkZ crk,¡A
 chp&chp esa ls cPpksa ls Hkh iz'u iwNrs tk,¡A
 vuqdj.k okpu gksA
 ekSu iBu vo'; gksuk pkfg,A
 iz'uksa ij @ Hkkf"kd ¯cnqvksa ij ppkZ djsaA
iz'u&vH;kl
eq[k ls
1- tqEeu vkSj mldh iRuh us laifRr izkIr djus osQ fy, laifRr
dh jftLVªh ls igys [kkyk dh [kwc [kkfrjnkjh dhA
2- tqEeu fe;k¡ dks vc [kkyk dh laifRr fey pqdh Fkh] ;gh
mudk mn~ns'; FkkA laifRr feyus osQ ckn [kkyk mls cks> yxus
yxh vkSj LokFkZiwfrZ us mls fu"Bqj cuk fn;kA
3- vyxw osQ iap cuus ij tqEeu fe;k¡ blfy, izlUu gq, D;ksafd
mUgsa mEehn Fkh fd I+kSQlyk muosQ i{k esa gksxk D;ksafd vyxw
mudk iqjkuk nksLr Hkh FkkA
4- jkeèku us vyxw dks iap cukus ij cqf<+;k dks bl dkj.k ls
dkslk Fkk D;ksafd mUgsa cnyk ysus dk ekSdk ugha feykA mUgsa
vyxw ls lgh U;k; dh vk'kk ugha FkhA
ysf[kuh ls
1- nksLrh gksus ij Hkh vyxw us tqEeu fe;k¡ osQ f[kykI+kQ I+kSQlyk
blfy, fn;k D;ksafd ljiap dh oqQlhZ ij cSBrs gh og vius
in dh f”kEesnkjh le>us yxk vkSj mldh xfjek dks cuk,
j[kus osQ fy, [kkyk dks lgh U;k; fn;kA nq'euh gksus ij Hkh
tqEeu us vyxw osQ i{k esa I+kSQlyk blfy, fn;k D;ksafd mlus
lR; dk lkFk fn;kA ml le; ljiap curs gh mlosQ vanj
f”kEesnkjh dk Hkko vk;k vkSj mlus ;g lkspk bl le; og
U;k; vkSj èkeZ osQ loksZPp vklu ij cSBk gSA mlosQ eq¡g ls tks
fudysxk og nsook.kh osQ leku gS vkSj nsook.kh esa cqjs fopkjksa
dk lekos'k ugha gksuk pkfg,A
2- Lo;a djsaA
3- vyxw vkSj tqEeu nksuksa dks ljaip curs gh f”kEesnkjh dk
vglkl gqvkA nksuksa us lR; dks igpkuk vkSj bZekunkjh ls dke
fy;kA nksuksa osQ vk¡lqvksa us fny dk eSy èkks Mkyk vkSj nksuksa
ifo=k Hkko ls iqu% nksLr cu x,A
4- dgkuh esa fe=krk dk ewyea=k lPpkbZ dk lkFk nsuk] U;k;fiz;
gksuk] i{kikr u djuk rFkk fe=kksa osQ fopkjksa dk vkil esa
feyuk gSA
5- [kkyk osQ vanj èkeZKku dh 'kfDr Fkh_ [kqnk ij fo'okl FkkA
muesa lPpkbZ dk lkFk nsus dh 'kfDr Fkh rHkh rks og fdlh ls
Mjrh ugha FkhA blh lPpkbZ dh rkdr us vyxw dks Hkh fuMj
cuk fn;kA
6- vk'k; Li"Vhdj.k
(d) ;g izlax ml le; dk gS tc [kkyk tku tqEeu fe;k¡
ls djheu dh f'kdk;r djrh gSaA os tqEeu fe;k¡ ls
dgrh gSa fd mudk xq”kkjk vc mu yksxksa osQ lkFk ugha
gks ldrk blfy, os yksx mls ([kkyk dks) mlosQ fgLls
osQ #i, nsa nsa] rks og Lo;a viuk vyx idk&[kk ysxhA
[kkyk dh ckr lqudj tqEeu us mUgsa [kwc [kjh&[kksVh lqukbZ
vkSj dgk fd mlus ;g ugha lkspk Fkk fd os ([kkyk)
ekSr ls yM+dj vkbZ gSaA mls rks yxrk Fkk fd os oqQN
fnu dh esgeku gSaA
([k) [kkyk dh mez vfèkd FkhA os ydM+h ysdj pyrh FkhaA cq<k+ is
osQ dkj.k mudh dej >qddj deku tSlh gks xbZ FkhA
(x) vyxw vkSj tqEeu iqjkus fe=k FksA vyxw osQ ljiap cuus
osQ ckn fn, x, I+kSQlys us mudh iqjkuh nksLrh ij vlj
MkykA lR; osQ ,d gh okj ls mudh nksLrh dk o`{k <g
x;kA
(?k) tc vyxw vkSj tqEeu dks ljiap cuus ij viuh f”kEesnkjh
dk vglkl gqvk rks nksuksa viuh dVqrk dks Hkwy x, vkSj
mudh nksLrh dh eqj>kbZ gqbZ yrk fiQj ls gjh gks xbZA
7- (d) tqEeu fe;k¡ dh [kkyk us vyxw pkSèkjh dks ml le;
dgk tc mlus iapk;r esa tkdj eq¡g [kksyus ls euk dj
fn;k D;ksafd tqEeu mldk nksLr Fkk vkSj mlls viuh
fe=krk dks og fcxkM+uk ugha pkgrk FkkA
([k) vyxw pkSèkjh us tqEeu fe;k¡ dks ml le; dgk tc
[kkyk tku us vyxw pkSèkjh dks iap pqukA vyxw pkSèkjh us
ljiap curs gh dgk fd mlus vkSj mlosQ nksLr us oDr
iM+us ij ,d&nwljs dh enn dh gS ysfdu U;k; djrs
le; og vkSj [kkyk nksuksa mldh u”kj esa ,d leku gSAa
(x) tc tqEeu fe;k¡ dks vyxw pkSèkjh vkSj lkgw osQ >xM+s
dk fuiVkjk djus osQ fy, ljiap cuk;k tkrk gS rc
mlosQ eu esa ;g fopkj vkrk gS fd og U;k; vkSj
èkeZ osQ loksZPp vklu ij cSBk gSA mlosQ eq¡g ls
tks fudysxk og nsook.kh osQ leku gksxk vkSj bl
nsook.kh esa mlosQ vanj] cqjs fopkj ;k cnys dh Hkkouk
ugha gksuh pkfg,A mls U;k; djrs le; lR; dk lkFk
nsuk pkfg,A
Hkk"kk ls
ckr 'kCn dh
2- (d) lk>k ([k) yydkjk (x) fu"i{k (?k) d"V] Dys'k
(Ä) i;kZIr (p) ik¡o
3- (d) usµdrkZ dkjd] esµ a vfèkdj.k dkjd] osQ fy,µlainz ku dkjd]
osQµlacèa kdkjd] esµ
a vfèkdj.k dkjd] osQµlacèa kdkjd]
lsµdj.kdkjd] dhµlacèa kdkjd] lsµviknkudkjd
Hkk"kk iz;ksx
1- (d)(ii) cslqèk gksdj fxjuk] ([k) (i) iNrkuk
2- (x) ygw lw[kuk
3- vkuan ls iwQy mBuk] dUuh dkVuk] bZeku cspuk] ygw lw[kuk]
ftjg djukA
1- MkoqQvksa dks vkrs ns[kdj yksxksa dk ygw lw[k x;kA
2- odhy us ftjg djosQ vius vfHk;qDr dks cpk fy;kA
Nk=k Lo;a djsaA

19- Økafrdkfj;ksa dk riksouµ
vaMeku&fudksckj
ikB~; ¯cnq
1- Lokèkhurk laxzke osQ lsukfu;ksa osQ fo"k; esa Kku izkIr dj losaQxsA
2- vaMeku&fudksckj n~ohi lewg osQ tUe vkSj mlosQ fodkl osQ
ckjs esa tkudkjh tqVk losaQxsA
3- vaMeku&fudksckj dh HkkSxksfyd fLFkfr dk Kku izkIr dj losaQxsA
4- dkyk ikuh dh l”kk ik, lsukfu;ksa osQ izfr viuh Jn~èkkatfy
vfiZr dj losaQxsA
ikB dk lkj
vkdhZckYM Cys;j uked vaxjs”k osQ uke ij bl canjxkg dk uke
iksVZCys;j j[kk x;kA ;gk¡ dkyk ikuh dh l”kk ik, Lora=krk osQ erokyksa
dks j[kk tkrk Fkk vkSj mUgsa Hk;adj ;kruk,¡ nh tkrh FkhaA 15 vxLr
1947 dks ;s n~ohi Lora=k Hkkjr dk vax cu x,A ;gk¡ dh HkkSxksfyd
fLFkfr dk fp=k.k Hkh bl ikB esa gqvk gS] lkFk gh ;gk¡ dh lkaLÑfrd
NVk] [ksrh&ckM+h] jgu&lgu dk Hkh o.kZu fd;k x;k gSA
f'k{k.k fofèk
ikBkjaHk iwoZ
ikB osQ vkjaHk esa fn;k x;k lkj i<+saA û;k&fujkyk* ij viuh
fVIi.kh djsaA èkhjs&èkhjs lSykfu;ksa dh lSjxkg cu x, bu n~ohiksa
osQ fo"k; esa cPpksa ls gh tkudkjh ysaA mUgsa crk,¡ fd fdl izdkj
1947 ls iwoZ budk mi;ksx fd;k tkrk FkkA
ikBkjaHk
 ikB dk vkn'kZ okpu djsaA vuqdj.k okpu djok,¡A
 ,d&,d cPps ls ,d&,d vuqPNsn Øeokj i<+ok,¡A
 dfBu 'kCnksa osQ mPpkj.k dh 'kqn~èkrk ij è;ku nsaA
iz'u&vH;kl
eq[k ls
1- ys[kd bl okD; ls vk”kknh osQ iwoZ dh fLFkfr dk o.kZu
dj jgk gS] tc Økafrdkfj;ksa dks bu n~ohiksa esa j[kdj Hk;adj
;kruk,¡ nh tkrh FkhaA
2- vaMeku n~ohiksa dks 'k=kq&n~ohi bl dkj.k ls dgrs gSa D;ksafd
bl n~ohi ij jgus okys vkfnoklh tgk”kksa dks ywV ysrs FksA
;s n~ohi leqnzh MkoqQvksa dk vM~Mk Hkh FksA os MkowQ ;gk¡ osQ
fuokfl;ksa dks nkl cukdj nwj&nwj osQ ns'kksa esa csp nsrs FksA
3- vkdhZckYM Cys;j uked vaxjs”k us lu~ 1789 esa bl n~ohi
dh [kkst dh FkhA blfy, bl canjxkg dk uke îksVZ Cys;j*
iM+ x;kA
4- le;≤ ij n~ohiksa esa can oSQfn;ksa dks tsy ls eqDr dj
fn;k tkrk Fkk vkSj mUgsa ogha ij viuk ?kj clkus dh lqfoèkk
nh tkrh FkhA os [ksrh&ckM+h osQ lkFk&lkFk O;kikj Hkh dj ldrs
FksA blls bu n~ohiksa ij u, lekt dk mn; gqvkA
ysf[kuh ls
1- lsY;qyj tsy dh bekjr leqnz osQ chpksa&chp ,d cgqr m¡Qps
Vhys ij [kM+h gSA bl bekjr dh lkr Hkqtk,¡ Fkha] vc osQoy
rhu Hkqtk,¡ rFkk chp dk Vkoj jg x;k gSA bl Vkoj esa
jktuhfrd oSQfn;ksa osQ uke dh lwph gSA tks Hkqtk,¡ fxjkbZ xbZ
Fkha ml Hkwfe ij vLirky dh HkO; bekjr [kM+h gSA bl tsy
esa vktUe dkjkokl dk naM ikus okys Økafrdkfj;ksa dks j[kk
tkrk FkkA lsY;qyj tsy esa dksBjh bruh NksVh Fkh fd oSQnh cSB
;k [kMs+ gks ldrs FksA oSQfn;ksa osQ gkFkksa vkSj iSjksa esa yksgs dh
eksVh&eksVh ”kathjsa c¡èkh gksrh Fkha ftlls os Hkkx u losaQA
2- vaMeku dh eq[; i- Qlysa ukfj;y] lqikjh vkSj jcM+ gSAa ;gk¡
èkku dh [ksrh Hkh [kwc gksrh gSA ;gk¡ dh vk; dk eq[; lkèku
bekjrh ydM+h] eNyh vkSj lqvj ikyu gSA vk”kknh osQ ckn ls
;gk¡ ij fujarj LowQy [kksys tk jgs gSAa bl le; ;gk¡ ij lkr
mPprj ekè;fed fon~;ky; vkSj izkbejh fon~;ky; gSAa ;gk¡ ij
lHkh èkeks± osQ yksx jgrs gSaA dkedkt dh Hkk"kk fganh gSA caxkyh
'kj.kkfFkZ;ksa osQ igq¡pus ls caxyk Hkk"kk dk izpkj c<+rk tk jgk gSA
3- fudksckj n~ohi osQ yksx vaMeku osQ yksxksa ls dbZ ekeyksa esa
fHkUu gSaA fudksckj n~ohi osQ fuoklh eaxksy tSls gksrs gSaA ;gk¡
osQ yksx ljy vkSj ifjJeh gksrs gSa] >wB vkSj csbZekuh ls nwj
jgrs gSaA vaMeku osQ fuokfl;ksa esa fofHkUu èkeks± osQ yksx gSaA
;gk¡ èkkfeZd dV~Vjrk fcyoqQy ugha gSA ;gk¡ osQ fuokfl;ksa esa
,drk gSA fookg esa tkfr] izkar] èkeZ dk iz'u ugha mBrkA ;gk¡
osQ vkfnoklh ^vksaxh* dgykrs gSaA nf{k.k vkSj eè; vaMeku esa
tjkok tkfr osQ yksx jgrs gSaA lsaVhusjh fudksckj esa fudksckjh
vkSj xzsV fudksckj esa ^'kksbisu* tkfr osQ yksx jgrs gSaA
4- vaMeku&fudksckj n~ohiksa dks ^Økafrdkfj;ksa dk riksou* blfy,
dgk x;k gS D;ksafd ;gk¡ ij lHkh Økafrdkfj;ksa dks ykdj
lsY;qyj tsy esa j[kk tkrk Fkk] ;kruk,¡ nh tkrh Fkha] iQk¡lh nh
tkrh FkhaA vk”kknh osQ nhokuksa dh ;knsa bl LFkku ls tqM+h gqbZ
gSaA
5- ge vius ns'k osQ >aMs dk lEeku djsaxsA ns'k osQ dkuwuksa dk
ikyu djsaxsA ge cPps ns'k esa ijksidkjh dk;Z djosQ fons'kksa esa
mldh [;kfr c<+k,¡xsA lekt esa iSQyh cqjkb;ksa dks nwj djus dk
iz;kl djsaxsA ge lcosQ lkFk izse ls jgsaxs vkSj viuk O;ogkj
eèkqj j[ksaxsA
6- (d) (ii) y?kq vaMeku osQ
([k) (iv) ukfj;y osQ isM+ksa dh n`f"V ls
Hkk"kk ls
ckr 'kCn dh
1- vO;; 'kCnµvuar] ;Fkk'kfDr] fujarj] fcyoqQy] cgqr] vR;ar
2- lekl
(d) ujHk{kh µ uj dk Hk{k.k djus okyk (dk)
jk"Vªifr µ jk"Vª dk ifr (dk)
vkdk'kok.kh µ vkdk'k ls gksus okyh ok.kh (ls)
pj.kke`r µ pj.kksa ls izkIr ve`r (ty) (ls)
Hkkjroklh µ Hkkjr esa jgus okyk (esa)
jlksbZ?kj µ jlksbZ osQ fy, ?kj (osQ fy,)
?kqM+lokj µ ?kksM+s ij lokj (ij)
'kj.kkxr µ 'kj.k esa vk;k gqvk (esa)
ckr okD; dh
1- Fkha] 2- gS] 3- gSa] 4- Fkh] 5- gSa 6- gS] gSa
Nk=k Lo;a djsaA

20- nks fodykax foHkwfr;k¡

ikB~; ¯cnq
bl ikB dks i<+dj fon~;kFkhZ bl ;ksX; gks tk,¡xs fd osµ
1- nks fodykax foHkwfr;ksa osQ fo"k; esa Kku izkIr dj losaQxsA
2- oSfnd ½pk jpukdkj nh?kZrek vkSj yqbZczsy dh oqQ'kkxzcqn~fèk
ls izsj.kk ys losaQxsA
3- thou fodykaxrk ls gkj ugha tkrk] Js"B dk;Z fodykaxrk dks
gjk nsrs gSa] lh[k losaQxsA
ikB dk lkj
yxHkx Ng g”kkj lkr lkS o"kZ iwoZ tUes n`f"Vghu ckyd nh?kZrek esa
fon~oRrk owQV&owQVdj Hkjh FkhA ½f"k in izkIr djus osQ fy, nh?kZrek
us Kku l=k esa Lojfpr ea=kksa dk ikB fd;k vkSj iz'kalk cVksjhA lkS
Js"B ½pkvksa osQ iz.ksrk nh?kZrek ^'krphZ* dgyk,A
yqbZczsy us nq?kZVuk esa viuh vk¡[ksa [kks nhaA thou ls gkj u ekurs
gq, yqbZ us ,d fyfi dk vkfo"dkj fd;k ftls ^czsy fyfi* dk uke
fn;k x;kA yqbZ us=kghuksa dh nqfu;k esa Kku dk izdk'k yk,A
f'k{k.k fofèk
ikBkjaHk iwoZ
ikB dk lkj i<+saA û;k fujkyk* ij ppkZ djsaA vius vklikl
[kkstchu dj mu O;fDr;ksa dk mnkgj.k nsa ftUgksaus viuh 'kkjhfjd
deh osQ ckotwn fo'ks"k miyfCèk ikbZ gksA
ikBkjaHk
 ikB dk vkn'kZ okpu djsaA
 dfBu 'kCnksa dks Li"V djsaA
 'kqn~èk mPpkj.k djsaA
 vuqdj.k okpu osQ i'pkr~ ekSu iBu dk funsZ'k nsaA
 bl ikB osQ iz'uksa ij ppkZ djsaA
iz'u&vH;kl
eq[k ls
1- 'kkjhfjd nks"k dks viuh izfrHkk dh izHkk ls lekIr fd;k tk
ldrk gSA
2- nh?kZrek oSfnd Ípk osQ jpukdj FksA ;s tUe ls gh n`f"Vghu
FksA blhfy, budk uke ^nh?kZrek* j[kk x;kA
3- yqbZ dk tUe 4 tuojh 1809 esa isfjl ls oqQN nwjh ij fLFkr
oqQi- szQ uked xk¡o esa gqvk FkkA ,d fnu rhu o"khZ; yqbZ [ksyrs
gq, vius firk dh -iSQDVjh esa pys x,A muosQ firk ml le;
fdlh ls ckr dj jgs Fks fdlh dkj.k ls cPps dh vksj è;ku
ugha ns ik,A yqbZ us cky cqn~fèk osQ dkj.k peM+k dkVus okyk
vkStkj mBk;k ijarq mls l¡Hkky ugha ldk vkSj og vkStkj
mldh vk¡[k esa yx x;kA [kwu dh èkkj cg fudyhA muosQ
firk leqfpr bykt dk izcaèk ugha djok ik, ftldh otg
ls igys ?kk;y vk¡[k dh jks'kuh pyh xbZ] mlosQ lkFk&lkFk
nwljh vk¡[k dh jks'kuh Hkh pyh xbZ vkSj og us=kghu gks x,A
4- yqbZ n~okjk ifj"Ñr fyfi dks ^cszy fyfi* dgk tkrk gSA
ysf[kuh ls
1- nh?kZrek us vius xkSjo.kZ] HkO; vkSj lqanj 'kjhj ,oa viuh
fon~oRrk vkSj vkRefo'okl ls lekt esa viuk LFkku cuk;kA
2- iknjh tSafDaol isyqbZ us yqbZ dk ifjp; izÑfr ls djok;kA
mlosQ ckn mUgksaus if{k;ksa dh èofu] iwQyksa dh egd vkSj Li'kZ
ls mudh igpku djokbZA mUgksaus yqbZ dks dgkfu;k¡ lquokb±]
laxhr fl[kk;k vkSj mldk nkf[kyk lkekU; cPpksa osQ LowQy esa
djok fn;kA yqbZ us viuh dq 'kkxz cqn~fèk vkSj laosnu'khy ân;
osQ dkj.k lcosQ eu esa fo'ks"k LFkku cuk fy;kA
3- n`f"Vghuksa osQ fy, yqbZ us czsy fyfi dk vkfo"dkj djosQ mudh
nqfu;k esa Kku dk izdk'k iSQykdj [kqf'k;k¡ fc[ksj nhaA
4- (d) (iii) tks lkS Ípk,¡ fy[k nsaA
([k) (i) n`f"Vghuksa esa Kku dk izdk'k iSQyk;kA
Hkk"kk ls
ckr o.kZ dh
1- Lo;a dhft,A 2- Lo;a dhft,A
ckr 'kCn dh
1- foykse 'kCnµfunksZ"k] fuxqZ.k] vuknj
2- (d) bR;kfn] vR;qfDr] Lokxr] vR;fèkd] vR;kpkj] y?okns'k]
vUos"k.k
([k) (iii) vfr $ mRre
ckr okD; dh
1- (d) (ii) nh?kZrek lHkk d{k esa tkdj cSB x,A
([k) (iii) yqbZ us xgu vè;;u fd;kA
Nk=k Lo;a djsaA


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‚⁄USﬂÃË

«UÊÚ0 •Ê⁄U0∑§0 «U’Ê‚ «UÊÚ0 ◊ËŸÊˇÊË •ª˝ﬂÊ‹

eqæd % 'kkjnk izsl izkúfyú] xzsVj uks,Mk (múizú)

3- og fpfM+;k ,d vykeZ ?kM+h Fkh---

4- ftl lekt esa rqe jgrs gks

10- rqylhnkl osQ nksgs

14- Mk;jh osQ i`"Bksa ls

15- ek¡! eq>s vkus ns!

16- dysaMj dykdkj

17- izse&jax Mkjks

20- nks fodykax foHkwfr;k¡

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