Cayford, Michelle, and Wolter Pieters.

“The Effectiveness of Surveillance Technology:

What Intelligence Officials Are Saying.” ​Taylor & Francis​, 8 Mar. 2018,
www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/01972243.2017.1414721.
Michelle Cayford and Wolter Pieters, professors of technology at the Delft University of
Technology in the Netherlands published their paper “The Effectiveness of Surveillance
Technology: What Intelligence Officials Are Saying” in the March 2018 issue of The Information
Society, an international journal focused on technology and science. The article discusses the
opinions and thoughts of government officials from the United States and the United Kingdom
about their surveillance programs, including discussions of effectiveness and cost. The article is
not intended to be a criticism or support of surveillance programs, but an analysis from the
perspective of people who have worked with these programs. The audience is likely people who
are trying to make their own opinions on the programs, but are still unsure. The article was
written in 2018, 5 years after the Snowden leaks, giving a good amount of time for analysis of
facts on the programs, rather than knee-jerk reactions.
The authors have several other published papers accredited to them and are faculty at
the Delft University of Technology, a specialized college in the Netherlands. The article was
found on the website of the Taylor and Francis Group, a well known publisher of academic
journals.
In the paper, this article will be used to show the views of government officials in regards
to surveillance programs, rather than just the views of normal citizens. As with all things, it is
important to look at this issue for many angles.

“Cooperation or Resistance?: The Role of Tech Companies in Government Surveillance.”

Harvard Law Review​, Harvard Law Review, 10 Apr. 2018,
harvardlawreview.org/2018/04/cooperation-or-resistance-the-role-of-tech-compani
es-in-government-surveillance/.
On April 10, 2018, an article titled “Cooperation or Resistance?: The Role of Tech Companies in
Government Surveillance” was published by the Harvard Law Review. The article details how
companies like Facebook or Google have facilitated (or obstructed) attempted government
surveillance using their platforms. It explores how the power of these “surveillance
intermediaries” can be beneficial as well as detrimental to surveillance programs. Additionally, it
explains the duties and rights of the intermediaries from a legal perspective, and goes in depth
about various related lawsuits. The article is mostly aimed at an audience with a legal
background, such as lawyers or those involved in the judicial system.
While the Review does not publish the names of the authors involved with their articles,
it can still be seen as a credible source. It is published by students at Harvard Law School, and
is officially sanctioned by the university. The Harvard Law Review Association, along with
several other university law reviews such as the Yale Law Journal, collectively publish the
Bluebook, a renowned authority of legal citations in the United States.
This article is important because it allows us to see the issue from a legal perspective,
rather than just the views of citizens. It includes a great deal of information about the roles of
corporations in surveillance as well.
“Data Surveillance Powers Unlawfully Wide, Court Told.” ​BBC News​, BBC, 17 June 2019,
www.bbc.com/news/uk-48663613.
On June 17, 2019, BBC News published their article “Data Surveillance Powers Unlawfully
Wide, Court Told” on their website. The article is a story about how a U.K. court ruled that some
uses of the Investigatory Powers Act in the U.K. is in conflict with the European Convention on
Human Rights, of which the U.K. is a member. The article is written for a common audience of
British citizens, and was written to explain the court’s interpretation of the Act.
While there is no author listed, BBC News is a well known and popular news source in
the U.K. and Europe, as well as occasionally in the U.S. as well.
This article is useful because it gives information on a very recent struggle in regards to
surveillance and its legality. While most other sources are in relation to things at least one year
or more ago, this article is less than a month old (at the time this casebook was written)

Geiger, A.W. “How Americans Have Viewed Surveillance and Privacy since Snowden
Leaks.” ​Pew Research Center​, Pew Research Center, 4 June 2018,
www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2018/06/04/how-americans-have-viewed-governme
nt-surveillance-and-privacy-since-snowden-leaks/​.
Abigail Geiger, a writer for the Pew Research Center published her article “How Americans
Have Viewed Government Surveillance and Privacy Since Snowden Leaks” on the Pew
Research Center website on June 4, 2018. The article discusses how American attitudes
towards surveillance programs and privacy changed in the months and years following the
PRISM leaks. The article is intended to explain the fears and concerns that the American people
have had in regards to their privacy. The audience is made of concerned citizens who want to
know the public opinion on these programs. The article was written 5 years after the Snowden
leaks, and draws from data gathered just before and shortly after the leaks.
The author, Abigail Geiger, has written nearly 40 articles for the Pew Research Center
since beginning in 2016. The statistics in the article come from the Pew Research Center’s
polls, which are considered nonpartisan and generally unbiased.
The information from this article can be used to give information about how the American
populace’s opinions of privacy and surveillance have changed over time, and how much trust
they generally have in these programs.

Greenwald, Glenn, and Ewen MacAskill. “NSA Prism Program Taps in to User Data of
Apple, Google and Others.” ​The Guardian,​ Guardian News and Media, 7 June
2013, ​www.theguardian.com/world/2013/jun/06/us-tech-giants-nsa-data​.
Glenn Greenwald and Ewen MacAskill, writers for The Guardian published their article “NSA
Prism Program Taps in to User Data of Apple, Google, and Others” on June 7, 2013 to the
popular UK newspaper. This article is the first public release of the information that Edward
Snowden leaked about the NSA in 2013. The article shows images from a leaked PowerPoint
presentation about Prism, and explains the sort of powers that the program has. It was written
as an exposé about the secretive Prism project, with the audience being more-or-less anyone
who uses the internet. This article was the very first one published regarding the Prism leaks,
and in fact was the first location that the leaked documents were sent in the first place.
 The writers, Glenn Greenwald and Ewen MacAskill, are long time writers for The
Guardian. Greenwald is a former constitutional lawyer, and an author of two books that criticize
the U.S. government (particularly the Bush administration). As such, it is important to recognize
the possibility of bias in his writing. MacAskill is the Guardian’s defense and intelligence
correspondent, and was the bureau chief of their Washington DC bureau from 2007 to 2013.
The documents referenced in the article were provided by Edward Snowden, who was an NSA
contractor who leaked them directly to the Guardian.
In the paper, this source can be used to provide plenty of information about the Prism
program, such as how it worked and who it affected.

“NSA Spying.” ​Electronic Frontier Foundation,​ ​www.eff.org/nsa-spying​.

The Electronic Frontier Foundation has published numerous pages about NSA spying
programs. Their pages include information on persons involved with the programs, as well as
several documents published about the projects and ongoing coverage about court cases
related to the surveillance. The articles are targeted at average citizens, and give a great deal of
information to people who come in with no knowledge of the topic.
While the foundation has a lot of quality information, it’s important to recognize that it is
also subject to a non-trivial amount of bias. It is explicitly “pro-privacy”, and as such is publicly
opposed to the surveillance projects.
The information from this page is useful because it includes a lot of data on court cases
related to surveillance programs, and goes into depth on the legality and constitutionality of the
projects.

Stuart, Avelie, and Mark Levine. “Beyond ‘Nothing to Hide’: When Identity Is Key to
Privacy Threat under Surveillance.” ​European Journal of Social Psychology​, vol.
47, no. 6, Oct. 2017, pp. 694–707. ​EBSCOhost,​ doi:10.1002/ejsp.2270.
Avelie Stuart and Mark Levine, psychology professors at the University of Exeter published their
paper “Beyond 'nothing to hide': When identity is key to privacy threat under surveillance.” to the
European Journal of Social Psychology in October of 2017. The article discusses the opinions
of various focus groups about privacy and surveillance, as well as assumptions they made
about surveillance programs. The article was written for psychologists, and was written to gather
information on how the public feels about specific parts of surveillance programs.
The authors have many other papers published in psychology journals, and are
professors at the University of Exeter in the U.K.. It was published by the European Journal of
Social Psychology, which is a known and trusted academic journal.
This paper will be useful, as it provides specific information on peoples’ concerns with
surveillance, as well as how its “visibility” affects their opinions.