Teating of Concrete Compression Test Specimens! C6850 685M Specification for Concrete Made by Volu- tmetrie Baiching and Continuous Mixing® (C887. Specification for Packaged, Dry, Combined Materials for Surface Bonding Mortar C995 ‘Test Method for Time of Flow of Conerese Through Inverted Slump Cone* €1017/C 101M Specification for Chemical Admixtares for Use in Producing Flowing Concrete! C1018 Tex Method for Flexural Toughness and First Crack Strength of Fiber-Reinforced Concrete (Using Beam with Third-Point Loading)" C1077 Practice for Laboratories Testing Concrete and Con- crete Aggregates for Use in Construction and Criteria for Laboratory Evaluation’ C1141 Specification for Admixtures for Shoverete? C 1240 Specification for Silica Fume for Use in Hydraulic~ Cement Concrete, Mortar, and Grout € 1399 Tet Method for Obtaining Average Residual- Strength of Fiber-Reinforsed Conerete® D512 ‘Text Methods for Chloride fom in Water® D516 Test Methods for Sulfate lon in Water 2.2. ACI Standards and Reports: 2ILI Standard Practice for Selecting Proportions for Nor- ‘mal and Heavyweight Concrete” 211.2 Standard Practice for Selecting Proportions for Siruc- ‘url Lightweight Concrete” 214 Recommended Practice for Evaluati Results of Concrete” '506.1R, State-of-the-Art Repert on Fiber-Reinforced Shot- crete’ 506.2. Specification for Materials, Proportioning and Appli- cation of Shoterete? 506.R. Guide for Shotereting? 544.38 Guide for Specifying, Mixing. Placing andl Finish- ing Steel Fiber Reinforced Concrete? 2.3 AASHTO Standard: 726 Test Method for Solids Coment of Wash Water* 3, Terminology 3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific wo This Standard: 3.1.1 fibers—slender and elongated filaments in the form of bundles. networks, oF strands of any natural or manufactured material that can’ be distributed throughout freshly mixed concrete. 3.1.2 manyfacturer—the contractor, subcontractor, supplier. 6 proxtucer who fumishey the fiber-reinforced concrete, 3.1.3 purchaser—the owner or representative thereof. 4, Classification 4.1 This specification classifies fiber-reinforced concrete or shotcrete by the material type of the fiber incorporated. The iber-Reinforced of Strength Test Aa ok if AST Stns, NLS ‘Arle Tom Atsercun Crouse Molene, XBox 1919), Dati, ML (nichde, Westman OC performance of a fiberreinforced concrete or shoterete de- pends strongly upon the suscepibilty ofthe fibers to physical damage during the mixing or shotereting process, their chemi- cal. compatibility with the normally alkaline environment within cement paste, and their resistance to service conditions encountered within uncracked eonerete or ava consequence of ‘racking, involving, for example, carbon dioxide, chlorides or sulphates in solution with water and oxygen or ultraviolet fight in the atmosphere. ‘The magnitude of improvements in the mechanical properties of the concrete or shoterete imparted by fibers also reflects the material characteristics of the fiber type ‘with fibers having a high modulus of elasticity and tensile Strength being more effective on an equivalent volume basis, than fibers of low modulus and strength, ALLL Type I Steel Fiber-Reinjorced Concrete or Shi Contains stainless steel, alloy steel, or carbon steel fibers, (see Note b. Nove 1Stoo hers are nt cuily damaged by the ming ee chtcrt. tg processes an uncoated sel fet are chemically compatible withthe rornally alkaline environment within cemert peste Some coatings, sach 4s aluminum, my he detrnetal a cmcrete. Carbon sto Hes wil st tuer condaions that caucereting of conventional tel, or example. the nearsurface pertion af caerete subject 1 carbonation, 412 Type Glass Fiber-Reinforeed Concrete or Shoterete—Conain alkali-esistant glass fibers, (see Note 2) ie 2—Glaes Shere in concrete or shutcrte wbjcted 9 wetting. uni atmosphere, or comtact with moist ground have the poteaia to sea with the alkali pretea ia cetieat puse ueteky veabening dhe fiers. They asa ten to become embritled by hydration puadicte penetrating the fiber bundles and lag the lace spaces beeen the Individual glass oh mechanisms cause reductions seength, Aoughne, and impact restance nih age, The alba tenistant (AR) type> ‘of gl fiber developed fee we with cement are move fesstant 0 alkalies than the Egle and ether types not marketed specially for use in ‘cement an should he used imepejunstion with established techniques suppressing the abalisitica reaction, fr exatple, we of a low alba ement or a mineral admixture, of bath. However, even the use AARplass thers does not prevent deterieaton in glase ber relsforced fate at which Ih occur ‘Gas hes canbe damaged by conventional eanrete ming processes employing couse Speci prepared by the sprayup process (under the jorisd Subcommittee C2740), gate, but have been ased in shoicete aad in her et a mechanically tiged mony MIELE (5 CANT) und thinaection law Sherrenteced “concrete mn of ASTM 4.13 Type IN Symihetic. Fiber-Reinforced Conerew or ‘Shoterete—Contuins synthetic fibers for which documentary evidence can be produced confirming theit long-term resis- tance to deterioration when in contact with the moisture and alkalies present in cement paste oF the substances present in tir-entraining and chemical admixtures, (see Note 3 and 4.2), Now Fibers composed al some polymers may deteriorate when in ct with mote, alkalies, or some of the ingredienls of chemical ute, Fiber nic as polyols (plypruprtens and polythene rho have beer shown be dure in concrete nylon and 4.2 When the purchaser chooses to peunit the use of fibers ‘other than those complying with the classifications in 4.1, for ‘example: natural fibers. metalic fibers other than steel. carbon fibers. ee. the nroducer shall show evidence satisfactory to the