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ASTM D4186-06 - One-Dimensional Consolidation CRS PDF
ASTM D4186-06 - One-Dimensional Consolidation CRS PDF
1. Scope* sion behavior of essentially free draining soils but will not
1.1 This test method is for the determination of the magni- provide a measure of the hydraulic conductivity or coefficient
tude and rate-of-consolidation of saturated cohesive soils using of consolidation.
continuous controlled-strain axial compression. The specimen 1.9 All recorded and calculated values shall conform to the
is restrained laterally and drained axially to one surface. The guide for significant digits and rounding established in Practice
axial force and base excess pressure are measured during the D 6026.
deformation process. Controlled strain compression is typically 1.9.1 The procedures used to specify how data are collected/
referred to as constant rate-of-strain (CRS) testing. recorded and calculated in this standard are regarded as the
industry standard. In addition, they are representative of the
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1.2 This test method provides for the calculation of total and
effective axial stresses, and axial strain from the measurement significant digits that should generally be retained. The proce-
of axial force, axial deformation, and base excess pressure. The dures used do not consider material variation, purpose for
effective stress is computed using steady state equations. obtaining the data, special purpose studies, or any consider-
1.3 This test method provides for the calculation of the ations for the user’s objectives; and it is common practice to
coefficient of consolidation and the hydraulic conductivity increase or reduce significant digits of reported data to be
throughout the loading process. These values are also based on commensurate with these considerations. It is beyond the scope
steady state equations. of this standard to consider significant digits used in analysis
1.4 This test method makes use of steady state equations methods for engineering design.
resulting from a theory formulated under particular assump- 1.9.2 Measurements made to more significant digits or
tions. Section 5.4 presents these assumptions. better sensitivity than specified in this standard shall not be
1.5 The behavior of cohesive soils is strain rate dependent regarded a non-conformance with this standard.
and hence the results of a CRS test are sensitive to the imposed 1.10 This standard is written using SI units. Inch-pound
rate of strain. This test method imposes limits on the strain rate units are provided for convenience. The values stated in
to provide comparable results to the incremental consolidation inch-pound units may not be exact equivalents; therefore, they
test. shall be used independently of the SI system. Combining
1.6 The determination of the rate and magnitude of consoli- values from the two systems may result in non-conformance
dation of soil when it is subjected to incremental loading is with the this standard.
covered by Test Method D 2435. 1.10.1 The gravitational system of inch-pound units is used
1.7 This test method applies to intact (Group C and Group when dealing with inch-pound units. In this system, the pound
D of Practice D 4220), remolded, or laboratory reconstituted (lbf) represents a unit of force (weight), while the unit for mass
samples or specimens. is slugs. The rationalized slug unit is not given, unless dynamic
1.8 This test method is most often used for materials of (F = ma) calculations are involved.
relatively low hydraulic conductivity that generate measurable 1.10.2 It is common practice in the engineering/construction
excess base pressures. It may be used to measure the compres- profession to concurrently use pounds to represent both a unit
of mass (lbm) and of force (lbf). This implicitly combines two
separate systems of units; that is, the absolute system and the
gravitational system. It is scientifically undesirable to combine
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D18 on Soil and the use of two separate sets of inch-pound units within a single
Rock and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D18.05 on Strength and
Compressibility of Soils.
standard. As stated, this standard includes the gravitational
Current edition approved Sept. 1, 2006. Published December 2006. Originally system of inch-pound units and does not use/present the slug
approved in 1982. Last previous edition approved in 1998 as D 4186 – 89 (1998) e1. unit for mass. However, the use of balances or scales recording
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D 653 Terminology Relating to Soil, Rock, and Contained stress testing, the pressure that exists in the pore fluid relative
Fluids to (above or below) the back pressure.
D 854 Test Methods for Specific Gravity of Soil Solids by
3.2.4 total axial stress, sa (FL-2)—in effective stress testing,
Water Pycnometer
the total stress applied to the free draining surface of the
D 1587 Practice for Thin-Walled Tube Sampling of Soils
specimen in excess of the back pressure.
for Geotechnical Purposes
D 2216 Test Methods for Laboratory Determination of Wa- 3.3 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
ter (Moisture) Content of Soil and Rock by Mass 3.3.1 axial displacement reading, AD (volts)—readings
D 2435 Test Methods for One-Dimensional Consolidation taken during the test of the axial displacement transducer.
Properties of Soils Using Incremental Loading 3.3.2 axial force reading, AF (volts)—readings taken during
D 2487 Practice for Classification of Soils for Engineering the test of the axial force transducer.
Purposes (Unified Soil Classification System) 3.3.3 average effective axial stress, s’a (FL-2)—the effec-
D 2488 Practice for Description and Identification of Soils tive stress calculated using either the linear or nonlinear theory
(Visual-Manual Procedure) equations to represent the average value during constant strain
D 3550 Practice for Thick Wall, Ring-Lined, Split Barrel, rate conditions.
Drive Sampling of Soils 3.3.4 base excess pressure, Dum (FL-2)—the fluid pressure
D 3740 Practice for Minimum Requirements for Agencies in excess of the back pressure that is measured at the
Engaged in the Testing and/or Inspection of Soil and Rock impervious boundary of the specimen under conditions of one
as Used in Engineering Design and Construction way drainage.
D 4220 Practices for Preserving and Transporting Soil 3.3.5 base pressure, um (FL-2)—the fluid pressure measured
Samples at the impervious boundary (usually at the base of the
D 4318 Test Methods for Liquid Limit, Plastic Limit, and consolidometer) of the specimen under conditions of one way
Plasticity Index of Soils drainage.
D 4452 Test Methods for X-Ray Radiography of Soil
Samples 3.3.6 base pressure reading, BP (volts)—readings taken
D 4753 Guide for Evaluating, Selecting, and Specifying during the test of the base pressure transducer.
Balances and Standard Masses for Use in Soil, Rock, and 3.3.7 chamber pressure, sc (FL-2)—the fluid pressure inside
Construction Materials Testing the consolidometer. In most CRS consolidometers, the cham-
D 6026 Practice for Using Significant Digits in Geotechni- ber fluid is in direct contact with the specimen. For these
cal Data devices (and this test method), the chamber pressure will be
D 6519 Practice for Sampling of Soil Using the Hydrauli- equal to the back pressure.
cally Operated Stationary Piston Sampler 3.3.8 chamber pressure reading, CP (volts)—readings taken
D 6913 Test Methods for Particle-Size Distribution (Grada- during the test of the chamber pressure transducer.
tion) of Soils Using Sieve Analysis 3.3.9 constant rate-of-strain, CRS—a method of consolidat-
D 7015 Practices for Obtaining Undisturbed Block (Cubical ing a specimen in which the surface is deformed at a uniform
and Cylindrical) Samples of Soils rate while measuring the axial deformation, axial reaction
force, and induced base excess pressure.
3. Terminology 3.3.10 dissipation—change over time of an excess initial
3.1 Definitions: condition to a time independent condition.
3.1.1 For definitions of other terms used in this Test Method, 3.3.11 equilibrated water—potable water that has come to
see Terminology D 653. equilibrium with the current room conditions including tem-
3.2 Definitions of Terms: perature, chemistry, dissolved air, and stress state.
3.3.12 linear theory (calculation method)—a set of equa-
tions derived based on the assumption that the coefficient of
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or volume compressibility (mv) is constant.
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on 3.3.13 monofilament nylon screen—thin porous synthetic
the ASTM website. woven filter fabric made of single untwisted filament nylon.
steady state strain distribution. 5.4.3 The compressibility of the soil particles and water is
negligible.
4. Summary of Test Method 5.4.4 Flow of pore water occurs only in the vertical direc-
4.1 In this test method the specimen is constrained axially tion.
between two parallel, rigid platens and laterally such that the 5.4.5 Darcy’s law for flow through porous media applies.
cross sectional area remains constant. Drainage is provided 5.4.6 The ratio of soil hydraulic conductivity to compress-
along one boundary (typically the top) and the fluid pressure is ibility is constant throughout the specimen during the time
measured at the other sealed boundary (typically the base). interval between individual readings.
4.2 A back pressure is applied to saturate both the specimen 5.4.7 The compressibility of the base excess pressure mea-
and the base pressure measurement system. surement system is negligible compared to that of the soil.
4.3 The specimen is deformed axially at a constant rate 5.5 Theoretical Solutions:
while measuring the time, axial deformation, reaction force, 5.5.1 Solutions for constant rate of strain consolidation are
and base pressure. A standard test includes one loading phase, available for both linear and nonlinear soil models.
one constant load phase, and one unloading phase. The 5.5.1.1 The linear model assumes that the soil has a constant
constant load phase allows the base excess pressure to return to coefficient of volume compressibility (mv). These equations are
zero prior to unloading. More extensive tests can be performed presented in 13.4.
by including more phases to obtain unload-reload cycle(s). 5.5.1.2 The nonlinear model assumes that the soil has a
4.4 The rate of deformation is selected to produce a pore constant compression index (Cc). These equations are pre-
pressure ratio that is between 3 % and 15 % at the end of the sented in Appendix X1.
loading phase.
NOTE 1—The base excess pressure measured at the boundary of the
4.5 During loading and unloading, the measurements are specimen is assumed equal to the maximum excess pore-water pressure in
first evaluated in order to be sure transient effects are small. the specimen. The distribution of excess pore-water pressure throughout
Steady state equations are then used to compute the one- specimen is unknown. Each model predicts a different distribution. As the
dimensional stress versus strain relationship. During the load- magnitude of the base excess pressure increases, the difference between
ing phase, when base excess pressures are significant, the the two model predictions increases.
measurements are used to compute both the coefficient of 5.5.2 The equations for the linear case are used for this test
consolidation and hydraulic conductivity throughout the test. method. This test method limits the maximum time interval
between readings and the maximum pore-water pressure ratio
5. Significance and Use to values that yield similar results when using either theory.
5.1 Information concerning magnitude of compression and However, it is more precise to use the model that most closely
rate-of-consolidation of soil is essential in the design of earth matches the shape to the compression curve.
structures and earth supported structures. The results of this test 5.5.3 The nonlinear equations are presented in Appendix X1
method may be used to analyze or estimate one-dimensional and their use is not considered a non-conformance with this test
settlements, rates of settlement associated with the dissipation method.
of excess pore-water pressure, and rates of fluid transport due 5.5.4 The equations used in this test method apply only to
to hydraulic gradients. steady state conditions. The transient strain distribution at the
5.2 Strain Rate Effects: start of the test is insignificant after the pore-water pressure
5.2.1 It is recognized that the stress-strain results of con- factor (F) exceeds 0.4. Data corresponding to lower pore-water
solidation tests are strain rate dependent. Strain rates are pressure factors are not used in this test method.
limited in this test method by specification of the pore-water 5.6 This test method may be used to measure the compres-
pressure ratio. This specification provides comparable results sion behavior of free draining soils. For such materials, the
to the 100 % consolidation compression behavior obtained base excess pressure will be zero and it will not be possible to
using Test Method D 2435. compute the coefficient of consolidation or the hydraulic
6.1.2 A power supply is required to energize each trans- interface. The bottom drainage lines shall be connected to the
ducer. The specific type of power supply will depend on the bottom drainage valve and shall be designed to minimize dead
details of the individual transducers. Ideally, all the transducers space in the lines. This valve, when open, shall permit the
will operate using the same power supply. Some data acquisi- application of back pressure to the base of the specimen; when
tion systems provide transducer power. closed, it shall prevent the leakage of water from the specimen
6.1.3 Recording Devices: base and base pressure measuring device. However, if high air
6.1.3.1 A digital voltmeter is useful in setting up tests and entry stones are used, then different means will be required to
obtaining zero readings but the actual test requires far too many keep the system saturated.
readings to be collected manually.
6.4.1 A pressurized hydraulic system may be activated by
6.1.3.2 A data acquisition system is required to collect and
store data during the test. The specifications (bit precision and deadweight acting on a piston, a gear driven piston with
voltage range) of the data acquisition system must be matched feedback control, a hydraulic regulator, or any other pressure-
to the individual transducers in order to obtain the capacity maintaining device capable of applying and controlling the
necessary for the individual test and readability requirement for back pressure within the specifications stated above. The
each device. These requirements will depend on the stiffness of system should be filled with equilibrated potable water.
the soil, the magnitude of the back pressure and the specific 6.4.2 A pressure reservoir partially filled with potable water
transducers. and having a gas/water interface may be controlled by a
6.1.3.3 A reading set must contain a measurement of base precision pressure regulator. As much as practicable, the device
pressure (or base excess pressure), back pressure, axial force, should minimize the air diffusion into the back pressure water.
axial deformation, excitation voltage, and elapsed time (or All gas/water interfaces should be small in area relative to the
time). Time must be recorded to three significant digits of the area of the specimen and should be in reservoirs connected to
reading interval. The reading set must be completed within the consolidometer by a length of small diameter tubing. Any
0.1 s if the measurements are made sequentially. water remaining in the reservoir should be flushed out after
6.2 Axial Loading Device—This device may be a screw jack each test and replenished with equilibrated water.
driven by an electric motor through a geared transmission, a 6.4.3 The bottom drainage valve may be assumed to pro-
hydraulic or pneumatic loading device, or any other compres- duce minimum volume change if opening or closing the valve
sion device with sufficient force and deformation capacity. It in a closed, saturated pore-water pressure system does not
significant digits at the maximum applied axial stress. to the soil or other parts of the consolidometer. The bottom of
6.6 Base Pressure Measuring Device—This device can be a the confinement ring shall form a leak proof seal with the rigid
differential pressure transducer referenced to the back pressure base capable of withstanding internal pressures of 1500 kPa
or a separate pressure transducer measuring pressure at the (200 lbf/in.2). The consolidometer shall be constructed such
base of the specimen. If a separate pressure transducer is used, that placement of the confinement ring (with specimen) into the
then it’s zero value must be adjusted to give the same pressure consolidometer will not entrap air at the base of the specimen.
reading as the back pressure transducer at the end of back The axial loading device and back pressure maintaining device
pressure saturation and with the bottom drainage valve open. may be an integral part of the consolidometer. A schematic
The device shall be constructed and located such that the water drawing of a typical CRS consolidometer is shown in Fig. 1.
pressure at the base of the specimen can be measured with 6.8.1 The axial load piston seal must be designed so the
negligible drainage from the specimen due to changes in variation in axial load due to friction does not exceed 0.05 %
pore-water pressure. To achieve this requirement, a very stiff of the maximum axial load applied to the specimen.
electronic pressure transducer must be used. The compliance of
all the assembled parts of the base pressure measurement NOTE 6—The use of two linear ball bushings to guide the piston is
system relative to the total volume of the specimen shall satisfy recommended to minimize friction and maintain alignment.
the following requirement: 6.8.2 The confinement ring shall be made of a material that
~DV/V! / Dum , 3.2 3 1026 m2/kN ~2.2 3 1025 in.2/lbf! (1) is noncorrosive in relation to the soil and pore fluid. The inner
surface shall be polished and coated with a low-friction
where: material (silicone/vacuum grease). The ring shall be stiff
DV = change in volume of the base measurement system enough to prevent significant lateral deformation of the speci-
due to a pressure change, mm3 (in.3), men throughout the test.
V = total volume of the specimen, mm3 (in.3), and 6.8.2.1 The thickness of the ring (for metallic rings) shall be
Dum = change in base excess pressure, kPa (lbf/in.2). no less than 3.2 mm (1⁄8 in.) for stresses up to 3000 kPa (400
NOTE 4—To meet this compressibility requirement, tubing between the lbf/in.2) or 6.4 mm (1⁄4 in.) for stresses up to 6000 kPa (800
specimen and the measuring device should be short and thick-walled with lbf/in.2).
small bores. Thermoplastic, copper, and stainless steel tubing have been 6.8.3 The test specimen dimensions shall conform to the
used successfully. following specifications.
6.6.1 A differential pressure transducer shall have an accu- 6.8.3.1 The minimum diameter shall be about 50 mm (2.0
racy of 60.25 % of full range, a capacity of at least 50 % of the in.).
maximum applied axial stress, a burst pressure that exceeds the 6.8.3.2 The minimum height shall be about 20 mm (0.75
applied back pressure plus 50 % of the maximum applied axial in.), but shall not be less than 10 times the maximum particle
stress, and a readability of at least 5 significant digits at the diameter as determined in accordance with Test Method
maximum applied axial stress. D 6913. If, after completion of a test, it is found based on
6.6.2 A separate pressure transducer shall have an accuracy visual observation that oversize (> 2 mm; 0.075 in.) particles
of 60.25 % of full range, a capacity of at least the applied back are present, indicate this information in the report of test data.
pressure plus 50 % of the maximum applied axial stress, and a 6.8.3.3 The maximum height-to-diameter ratio shall be 0.5.
readability of at least 5 significant digits at the maximum 6.9 Porous Disks—The porous disks at the top and bottom
applied axial stress. of the specimen shall be made of silicon carbide, aluminum
oxide, or other material of similar stiffness that is not corroded
NOTE 5—Typically, pressure transducers with a capacity of 1500 kPa by the specimen or pore fluid. The disks shall have plane and
(200 lbf/in.2) will meet these requirements.
smooth surfaces and be free of cracks, chips, and nonunifor-
6.7 Deformation Measuring Device—The axial deformation mities. They shall be checked regularly to ensure that they are
of the specimen is usually determined from the travel of the not clogged. For fine-grained soils, fine-grade porous disks
piston acting on the top platen of the specimen. The deforma- shall be used. The disks shall be fine enough that the soil will
tion measuring device may be a linear variable differential not penetrate into their pores, but have sufficient hydraulic
transformer (LVDT), extensometer, or other electronic measur- conductivity so as not to impede the flow of water from the
ing device and shall have a range of at least 50 % of the initial specimen. (Exact criteria have not been established but the disc
height of the specimen. The device shall have an accuracy of at should be at least 10 times more permeable than the soil.)
6.9.1 The diameter of the top disk shall be 0.2 to 0.5 mm container of water to allow it to equilibrate before testing.
(0.01 to 0.02 in.) less than the inside diameter of the confine- 6.11 Balances—The balance shall be suitable for determin-
ment ring. ing the mass of the specimen and shall be selected as discussed
6.9.2 The surfaces of the disks, as well as the bearing in Specification D 4753. The mass of specimens shall be
surfaces in contact with them, shall be flat and rigid enough to determined to at least four significant digits.
prevent breakage of these disks. 6.12 Sample Extruder—When the material being tested is
6.9.3 The disks shall be regularly cleaned by ultrasonifica- contained in a sampling tube, the soil shall be removed from
tion or boiling and brushing and checked routinely for signs of the sampling tube with an extruder. The sample extruder shall
clogging. Disks will last longer if stored in water between be capable of extruding the soil from the sampling tube in the
testing. same direction of travel that the soil entered the tube and with
6.10 Filter Screen—To prevent intrusion of material into the minimum disturbance of the soil. If the soil is not extruded
pores of the porous disk, a filter screen must be placed between vertically, care should be taken to avoid bending stresses on the
the top porous disk and the specimen. The screen shall have soil due to gravity. Conditions at the time of soil extrusion may
negligibly small hydraulic impedance. A monofilament-nylon dictate the direction of removal, but the principle concern is to
filter screen or Whatman No. 54 filter paper may be used for avoid causing further sample disturbance.
the top of the specimen.
NOTE 8—Removing the soil from a short section of the tube will reduce
NOTE 7—Filters should be cut to approximately the same shape as the the amount of force required to extrude the sample and hence cause less
cross section of the test specimen. Soak the filter paper, if used, in a disturbance. This can be done by cutting a section from the tube with a
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7.1 Measure diameter (Dr) and height (Hr) of the confine- 7.8.4 Compute the effective area of the piston (Ap) as the
ment ring to the nearest 0.01 mm (0.001 in.). slope of this line and the effective piston weight (Wp) as the
7.2 The cross sectional area (A) of the specimen may be intercept with the force axis .
computed from the inside diameter of the consolidometer ring
to four significant digits in mm2 (in.2). 8. Sampling
7.3 Apply a thin coat of grease to the inside perimeter and 8.1 Intact samples having satisfactory quality for testing by
measure the mass of the confinement ring plus the filter screen this test method may be obtained using sampling procedures
and the recess spacer (Mr) to the nearest 0.01 g. and apparatus described by Practices D 6519, D 1587 and
7.4 Measure the thickness of the recess spacer plus the filter D 3550. Specimens may also be trimmed from large intact
screen (Trs). block samples as obtained using Practice D 7015.
soil and form the final diameter. Repeat the process until the these index tests.
specimen protrudes from the top of the ring. 10.2 Specific Gravity—The specific gravity (Gs), when
9.3.2 Specimens obtained using a ring-lined sampler may be required, shall be determined in accordance with Test Method
used without perimeter trimming, provided they comply with D 854 on material as specified in 10.1. The specific gravity
the requirements of Practice D 3550. determined from another sample judged to be similar to that of
9.4 Trim the top surface of the specimen to be flat and the test specimen may be used for calculations in Section 13
perpendicular to the sides of the consolidometer ring. For soft whenever an approximate void ratio is acceptable. If the
to medium soils, a wire saw should be used to rough-cut the specific gravity is assumed, the assumption shall be based on
surface. For stiff soils and all final surfaces, a straightedge with experience gained from testing similar soils, or select a value
a sharpened cutting surface should be used to assure flatness. ranging between 2.7 and 2.8 with a typical value being 2.76.
where:
Vs = volume of solids, in cm3 (4 SD),
um,n 5 S BPn BPo
D
VIn – VIo · CFbp (10)
time or line of data as follows: 13.4.2 Calculate the specimen height, Hn, at any given time
or line of data as follows:
sc,n 5 S CPn CPo
D
VIn – VIo · CFcp (9) Hn 5 Ho – DHn (14)
where: where:
sc,n = chamber pressure, in kPa (4 SD), Hn = specimen height, in cm (4 SD), and
CPn = chamber pressure transducer reading, in volts (4 Ho = initial specimen height, in cm (4 SD at initial height).
SD), 13.4.3 Calculate the void ratio, en, at any given time or line
CPo = chamber pressure transducer reading at the start of of data as follows:
test, in volts (4 SD), and Hn – H s
CFcp = chamber pressure transducer calibration factor, in en 5 Hs (15)
kPa/(volt/volt) (4 SD).
13.3.3 Calculate the base pressure, um,n, at any given time or where:
en = void ratio, (nearest 0.001).
line of data as follows:
um,n
axial stress),
= base pressure, kPa (4 SD at the maximum axial
S 2
s’a,n 5 sa,n – 3 · Dum,n D (21)
stress), and
where:
sc,n = chamber pressure, kPa (4 SD at the maximum
s’a,n = average effective axial stress, kPa (4 SD at maxi-
axial stress).
mum axial stress).
13.4.6 Compute the total axial stress, sa,n, at any given time 13.4.10 If Fn is greater than 0.4, then calculate the hydraulic
or line as follows: conductivity, kn, for a given time or line of data as follows:
fa,n ·
sa,n 5 A 3 10 000 (18) e n · Hn · Ho · gw 1
kn 5 2 · Dum,n 3 10 000 (22)
where:
sa,n = total axial stress, in kPa (4 SD at maximum axial where:
stress), and kn = hydraulic conductivity, in m/s (SD will depend on
fa,n = net force, kN, (4 SD at maximum axial force). values), and
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gw = unit weight of water, at 20°C, kN/m3 (4 SD).
NOTE 20—If applied axial force is measured outside the chamber, the 13.4.11 If Fn is greater than 0.4, then calculate the volume
measurement must be corrected to account for the force caused by the compressibility, mv,n, for a given time or line of date as follows:
back pressure acting on the piston.
en11 – en–1 1
NOTE 21—The following equations are all based on incremental calcu- mv,n 5 s’ (23)
a,n11– s’a,n–1 3 100
lations between individual readings. As the readings are taken more
frequently, the significant digits for the result will decrease and the scatter where:
(noise) will increase. This effect can be reduced by smoothing the mv,n = volume compressibility, in m2/kN (SD will depend
measurements prior to the calculations or performing the calculations over
larger increments (for example, using n+2 and n–2). Use Practice D 6026
on values).
to determine the appropriate number of significant digits to report for each 13.4.12 If Fn is greater than 0.4, then calculate the coeffi-
value. cient of consolidation, cv,n, for a given time or line of data as
NOTE 22—The linear case assumes that the soil has a constant coeffi- follows:
cient of volume compressibility (mv). The linear theory will be presented kn
in the following section in order to calculate parameters. cv,n 5 m · gw (24)
v,n
·
13.4.7 Calculate the strain rate, en, for each time or line of where:
data as follows: cv,n = coefficient of consolidation, in m2/s (SD will depend
DHn11 – DHn–1 1 on values).
·
en 5 H ·t – tn–1 (19) 13.4.13 If Fn is greater than 0.4, then calculate the pore
o n11
pressure ratio, Ru,n, for a given time or line of data as follows:
where: Dum,n
·
e = strain rate, in strain/s (SD will depend on values), and Ru,n 5 s
v,n
(25)
t = time in seconds.
13.4.14 If the values of effective vertical stress do not
Subscript (n+1) denotes the next time or line of data and change significantly between consecutive readings, the time
subscript (n–1) denotes the previous time or line of data. interval of the calculations may be increased.
13.4.8 Calculate the function Fn to determine if the transient
conditions are small enough to proceed with the steady state 14. Report: Test Data Sheet(s)/Form(s)
equations as follows: 14.1 The methodology used to specify how data are re-
~sa,n – sa,l! – ~Dum,n – Dum,l! corded on the test data sheet(s)/form(s), as given below, is
Fn 5 sa,n – sa,l (20)
covered in 1.9.
14.2 Record as a minimum the following general informa-
where:
tion (data):
APPENDIX
(Nonmandatory Information)
Fn 5
~log sa,n – log sa,l! – ~Dum,n – Dum,l!
~log sa,n – log sa,l!
(X1.1)
cv,n 5 –
Ho · Hn · log s S D
sa,n11
a,n–1
(X1.3)
s’a,n 5 ~s3a,n – 2 · s2a,n · Dum,n 1 sa,n · Du2m,n!1/3 (X1.2) X1.4 Hydraulic Conductivity:
·
0.434 · en · Ho · Hn · gw
kn 5 – (X1.4)
S D
Dum,n
2 · s’a,n · log s
a,n
Committee D18 has identified the location of selected changes to the standard since the last issue of
D 4186 – 89 (reapproved 1998)e1 that may impact the use of this standard.
(1) In general this standard has been extensively revised and (32) New calibration requirement in Section 7.
the following changes are considered to be the most significant. (33) Clarification of the discussion on sampling in Section 8.
(2) Additional clarification items added to Section 1. (34) Modification to procedure on specimen preparation in
(3) Reference to Practice D 6026 added in Section 1. Section 9.
(4) Expanded discussion of SI units in Section 1. (35) New section on determination of soil index properties in
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