𝟏. 𝑪𝒂𝒍𝒄𝒖𝒍𝒂𝒓 𝒆𝒍 𝒄𝒂𝒍𝒐𝒓 𝒍𝒊𝒃𝒆𝒓𝒂𝒅𝒐 𝒆𝒏 𝒍𝒂 𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒄𝒄𝒊ó𝒏 𝒆𝒏 𝒄𝒂𝒍𝒐𝒓í𝒂𝒔.

𝑪𝒂𝒍𝒄𝒖𝒍𝒂𝒓 𝒆𝒍 (𝑯𝟏)𝒄𝒂𝒎𝒃𝒊𝒐 𝒅𝒆 𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒂𝒍𝒑í𝒂 𝒑𝒂𝒓𝒂

𝒍𝒂 𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒄𝒄𝒊ó𝒏 𝟏, 𝒆𝒏 𝑲𝒄𝒂𝒍/𝒎𝒐𝒍 𝒅𝒆 𝒉𝒊𝒅𝒓ó𝒙𝒊𝒅𝒐 𝒅𝒊𝒔𝒖𝒆𝒍𝒕𝒐.

𝑹𝒆𝒂𝒄𝒄𝒊ó𝒏 𝟏:
𝐻2 𝑂
𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻(𝑠) → 𝑁𝑎 + (𝑎𝑐) + 𝑂𝐻 − (𝑎𝑐) ∆𝐻1 =?

𝐷𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑠:
𝑇1 = 23°𝐶
𝑇2 = 32°𝐶
∆𝑇 = 9°𝐶
𝑔 𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻 = 2𝑔
𝑣𝐻2 𝑂 = 100𝑚𝑙 = 100𝑔
𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑎𝑠𝑜𝑙. = 102𝑔
𝐶𝑝 = 1 𝑐𝑎𝑙/𝑔 • °𝐶
∆𝐻𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑜𝑙. = ?
𝑄𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑐𝑐. = −𝑄𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑜𝑙.

𝑆𝑒 𝑑𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎 𝑒𝑙 𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑜𝑟 𝑑𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑐𝑐𝑖ó𝑛:

𝐐 = 𝐦 • 𝐂𝐩 • ∆𝐓

𝑄 = 102𝑔 • 1 𝑐𝑎𝑙/(𝑔 • °𝐶) • 9°𝐶

𝑄 = −918 𝑐𝑎𝑙

−918 𝑐𝑎𝑙 • (1 𝐾𝑐𝑎𝑙)/(1000 𝑐𝑎𝑙) = −0,918 𝐾𝑐𝑎𝑙

𝑀𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻:
2 𝑔𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻 • (1𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻)/40𝑔𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻 = 0,050𝑚𝑜𝑙

𝐶𝑎𝑚𝑏𝑖𝑜 𝑑𝑒 𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑙𝑝𝑖𝑎 𝑠𝑜𝑏𝑟𝑒 𝑢𝑛𝑎 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟:

∆𝐇 = 𝐐/𝐧

∆𝐻1 = (−0.918 𝐾𝑐𝑎𝑙)/(0.050 𝑚𝑜𝑙) = −18.36 𝐾𝑐𝑎𝑙/𝑚𝑜𝑙

𝟐. 𝑪𝒂𝒍𝒄𝒖𝒍𝒂𝒓 𝒆𝒍 𝒄𝒂𝒍𝒐𝒓 𝒍𝒊𝒃𝒆𝒓𝒂𝒅𝒐 𝒆𝒏 𝒍𝒂 𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒄𝒄𝒊ó𝒏 𝒆𝒏 𝒄𝒂𝒍𝒐𝒓í𝒂𝒔. 𝑪𝒂𝒍𝒄𝒖𝒍𝒂𝒓 𝒆𝒍 𝒄𝒂𝒎𝒃𝒊𝒐 𝒅𝒆 𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒂𝒍𝒑í𝒂 𝑯𝟐

𝒑𝒂𝒓𝒂 𝒍𝒂 𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒄𝒄𝒊ó𝒏 𝟐, 𝒆𝒏 𝒌𝒄𝒂𝒍/𝒎𝒐𝒍 𝒅𝒆 𝒉𝒊𝒅𝒓ó𝒙𝒊𝒅𝒐 𝒅𝒊𝒔𝒖𝒆𝒍𝒕𝒐.

𝑹𝒆𝒂𝒄𝒄𝒊ó𝒏 𝟐:

𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻(𝑠) + 𝐻3 𝑂 + (𝑎𝑐) + 𝐶𝑙 − (𝑎𝑐) → 𝑁𝑎 + (𝑎𝑐) + 𝐶𝑙 − (𝑎𝑐) + 2 𝐻2 𝑂(𝑙) ∆𝐻2 =?

𝐷𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑠:
𝑇1 = 29°𝐶
𝑇2 = 43°𝐶
∆𝑇 = 14 °𝐶
𝑔 𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻 = 2𝑔
𝑣 𝐻𝐶𝑙 = 30𝑚𝑙 = 30𝑔
𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑎𝑠𝑜𝑙. = 32𝑔
𝐶𝑝 = 1 𝑐𝑎𝑙/𝑔 • °𝐶
∆𝐻𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑜𝑙. = ?
𝑄𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑐𝑐. = −𝑄𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑜𝑙.

𝑆𝑒 𝑑𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎 𝑒𝑙 𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑜𝑟 𝑑𝑒 𝑙𝑎 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑐𝑐𝑖ó𝑛:

𝐐 = 𝐦 • 𝐂𝐩 • ∆𝐓

𝑄 = 32𝑔 • 1 𝑐𝑎𝑙/(𝑔 • °𝐶) • 14°𝐶

𝑄 = −448 𝑐𝑎𝑙

−448 𝑐𝑎𝑙 • (1 𝐾𝑐𝑎𝑙)/(1000 𝑐𝑎𝑙) = −0.448 𝐾𝑐𝑎𝑙

𝑀𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻:
2𝑔𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻 • (1𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻)/40𝑔𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻 = 0.050𝑚𝑜𝑙

𝐶𝑎𝑚𝑏𝑖𝑜 𝑑𝑒 𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑙𝑝𝑖𝑎 𝑠𝑜𝑏𝑟𝑒 𝑢𝑛𝑎 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟:

∆𝐇 = 𝐐/𝐧

∆𝐻2 = (−0.448 𝐾𝑐𝑎𝑙)/(0.050 𝑚𝑜𝑙) = −8.96 𝐾𝑐𝑎𝑙/𝑚𝑜𝑙

𝟑. 𝑪𝒂𝒍𝒄𝒖𝒍𝒂𝒓 𝒆𝒍 𝒄𝒂𝒍𝒐𝒓 𝒍𝒊𝒃𝒆𝒓𝒂𝒅𝒐 𝒆𝒏 𝒍𝒂 𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒄𝒄𝒊ó𝒏 𝒆𝒏 𝒄𝒂𝒍𝒐𝒓í𝒂𝒔. 𝑪𝒂𝒍𝒄𝒖𝒍𝒆 𝒆𝒍 𝒄𝒂𝒎𝒃𝒊𝒐 𝒅𝒆 𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒂𝒍𝒑í𝒂 𝑯𝟑 𝒑𝒂𝒓𝒂
𝒍𝒂 𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒄𝒄𝒊ó𝒏 𝟑 𝒆𝒏 𝑲𝒄𝒂𝒍/𝒎𝒐𝒍 𝒅𝒆 𝑵𝒂𝑪𝒍 𝒂𝒄𝒖𝒐𝒔𝒐 𝒇𝒐𝒓𝒎𝒂𝒅𝒐.

𝑁𝑎+ (𝑎𝑐) + 𝑂𝐻 − (𝑎𝑐) + 𝐻3 𝑂+ (𝑎𝑐) + 𝐶𝑙 − (𝑎𝑐) → 𝑁𝑎 + (𝑎𝑐) + 𝐶𝑙 − (𝑎𝑐) + 2𝐻2 𝑂(𝑙) ∆𝐻3 =?

𝐷𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑠:
𝑇1 = 27°𝐶
𝑇2 = 31°𝐶
∆𝑇 = 4°𝐶
𝑣. 𝑠𝑜𝑙 𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻 = 20𝑚𝑙 = 20𝑔
𝑣. 𝑠𝑜𝑙 𝐻𝐶𝑙 = 20𝑚𝑙 = 20𝑔
𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑎𝑠𝑜𝑙. = 40𝑔
𝐶𝑝 = 1 𝑐𝑎𝑙/𝑔 • °𝐶
∆𝐻𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑜𝑙. = ?
𝑄𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑐𝑐. = −𝑄𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑜𝑙.

𝑆𝑒 𝑑𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎 𝑒𝑙 𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑜𝑟 𝑑𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑐𝑐𝑖ó𝑛:

𝐐 = 𝐦 • 𝐂𝐩 • ∆𝐓

𝑄 = 40𝑔 • 1 𝑐𝑎𝑙/(𝑔 • °𝐶) • 4°𝐶

𝑄 = −160 𝑐𝑎𝑙

−160 𝑐𝑎𝑙 • (1 𝐾𝑐𝑎𝑙)/(1000 𝑐𝑎𝑙) = −0.160 𝐾𝑐𝑎𝑙

𝑀𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑁𝑎𝐶𝑙: 0.0342𝑚𝑜𝑙

𝐶𝑎𝑚𝑏𝑖𝑜 𝑑𝑒 𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑙𝑝𝑖𝑎 𝑠𝑜𝑏𝑟𝑒 𝑢𝑛𝑎 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟:

∆𝐇 = 𝐐/𝐧

∆𝐻3 = (−0.160 𝐾𝑐𝑎𝑙)/(0.0342 𝑚𝑜𝑙) = −4.67 𝐾𝑐𝑎𝑙/𝑚𝑜𝑙

4.
𝑪𝒐𝒏 𝒃𝒂𝒔𝒆 𝒆𝒏 𝒍𝒂𝒔 𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒔 𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒄𝒄𝒊𝒐𝒏𝒆𝒔 𝒂𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒊𝒐𝒓𝒆𝒔 𝒚 𝒔𝒖𝒔 𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒑𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒗𝒐𝒔 𝒄𝒂𝒎𝒃𝒊𝒐𝒔 𝒅𝒆 𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒂𝒍𝒑í𝒂, 𝒅𝒆𝒎𝒖𝒆𝒔𝒕𝒓𝒆 𝒍𝒂
𝒂𝒑𝒍𝒊𝒄𝒂𝒃𝒊𝒍𝒊𝒅𝒂𝒅 𝒅𝒆 𝒍𝒂 𝑳𝒆𝒚 𝒅𝒆 𝑯𝒆𝒔𝒔, 𝒕𝒂𝒍 𝒄𝒐𝒎𝒐 𝒔𝒆 𝒉𝒊𝒛𝒐 𝒑𝒂𝒓𝒂 𝒍𝒂𝒔 𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒔 𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒄𝒄𝒊𝒐𝒏𝒆𝒔 𝒅𝒆 𝒄𝒐𝒎𝒃𝒖𝒔𝒕𝒊ó𝒏 𝒆𝒏 𝒍𝒂 𝒔𝒆𝒄𝒄𝒊ó𝒏
𝒅𝒆 𝒂𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒄𝒆𝒅𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒔.

𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻(𝑠) → 𝑁𝑎 + (𝑎𝑐) + 𝑂𝐻 − (𝑎𝑐) ∆𝐻1 = −18.36𝐾𝑐𝑎𝑙/𝑚𝑜𝑙 (−1)

𝑁𝑎 + (𝑎𝑐) + 𝑂𝐻 − (𝑎𝑐) → 𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻(𝑠) ∆𝐻1 = 18.36𝐾𝑐𝑎𝑙/𝑚𝑜𝑙

𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻(𝑠) + 𝐻3 𝑂+ (𝑎𝑐) + 𝐶𝑙 − (𝑎𝑐) → 𝑁𝑎+ (𝑎𝑐) + 𝐶𝑙 − (𝑎𝑐) + 2𝐻2 𝑂(𝑙) ∆𝐻2 = −8.96 𝐾𝑐𝑎𝑙/𝑚𝑜𝑙

𝑁𝑎+ (𝑎𝑐) + 𝑂𝐻 − (𝑎𝑐) + 𝐻3 𝑂+ (𝑎𝑐) + 𝐶𝑙 − (𝑎𝑐) → 𝑁𝑎 + (𝑎𝑐) + 𝐶𝑙 − (𝑎𝑐) + 2𝐻2 𝑂(𝑙)

∆𝐻3 = −4.67 𝐾𝑐𝑎𝑙/𝑚𝑜𝑙

∆𝐻2 = ∆𝐻3 + ∆𝐻1

∆𝐻2 = −4.67 𝐾𝑐𝑎𝑙/𝑚𝑜𝑙 + 18.36 𝐾𝑐𝑎𝑙/𝑚𝑜𝑙

∆𝐻2 = −13.69/𝑚𝑜𝑙 (𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑜𝑟 𝑎𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑑𝑜)

𝐿𝑎 𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑙𝑝í𝑎 𝑑𝑜𝑠 𝑑𝑎 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑜 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑢𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑑𝑜 𝑙𝑎 𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑙𝑝𝑖𝑎 𝑑𝑒 𝑙𝑎 𝑠𝑒𝑔𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑎 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑐𝑐𝑖ó𝑛 𝑞𝑢𝑒 𝑠𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑙𝑖𝑧ó 𝑒𝑥𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑙𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑒,
𝑝𝑜𝑟 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑜, 𝑠𝑒 𝑑𝑎 𝑙𝑎 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑏𝑎𝑐𝑖ó𝑛 𝑑𝑒 𝑙𝑎 𝐿𝑒𝑦 𝑑𝑒 𝐻𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑜 𝑙𝑎 𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑎 𝑑𝑒 𝑙𝑎𝑠 𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑙𝑝𝑖𝑎𝑠 𝑑𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑐𝑐𝑖ó𝑛.

𝟓. 𝑨 𝒑𝒂𝒓𝒕𝒊𝒓 𝒅𝒆 𝒍𝒐𝒔 𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒑𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒗𝒐𝒔 𝒄𝒂𝒎𝒃𝒊𝒐𝒔 𝒅𝒆 𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒂𝒍𝒑í𝒂 𝒂 𝟐𝟓𝒐𝑪 𝒑𝒂𝒓𝒂 𝒍𝒂𝒔 𝒔𝒊𝒈𝒖𝒊𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒔 𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒄𝒄𝒊𝒐𝒏𝒆𝒔 𝒅𝒆
𝒄𝒐𝒎𝒃𝒖𝒔𝒕𝒊ó𝒏 𝒄𝒂𝒍𝒄𝒖𝒍𝒆 𝒆𝒍 𝒄𝒂𝒎𝒃𝒊𝒐 𝒅𝒆 𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒂𝒍𝒑í𝒂 𝒑𝒂𝒓𝒂 𝒍𝒂 𝒇𝒐𝒓𝒎𝒂𝒄𝒊ó𝒏 𝒅𝒆 𝒖𝒏𝒂 𝒎𝒐𝒍 𝒅𝒆 𝒎𝒆𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒐 𝑪𝑯𝟒
𝒈𝒂𝒔𝒆𝒐𝒔𝒐 𝒂 𝟐𝟓𝒐𝑪, 𝒂 𝒑𝒂𝒓𝒕𝒊𝒓 𝒅𝒆 𝒍𝒐𝒔 𝒆𝒍𝒆𝒎𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒐𝒔 𝑪 𝒔ó𝒍𝒊𝒅𝒐 𝒆 𝑯𝟐 𝒈𝒂𝒔𝒆𝒐𝒔𝒐.

𝐶𝐻4 (𝑔) + 2𝑂2 (𝑔) → 𝐶𝑂2 (𝑔) + 2𝐻2 𝑂(𝑙) ∆𝐻1 = −212.8 𝐾𝑐𝑎𝑙(−1)
𝐶𝑂2 (𝑔) + 2𝐻2 𝑂(𝑙) → 𝐶𝐻4 (𝑔) + 2𝑂2 (𝑔) ∆𝐻1 = 212.8 𝐾𝑐𝑎𝑙

𝐶(𝑠) + 𝑂2 (𝑔) → 𝐶𝑂2 (𝑔) ∆𝐻2 = −94.1 𝐾𝑐𝑎𝑙/𝑚𝑜𝑙

2𝐻2 (𝑔) + 𝑂2 (𝑔) → 2𝐻2 𝑂(𝑙) ∆𝐻3 = −136.6 𝐾𝑐𝑎𝑙/𝑚𝑜𝑙

𝐶(𝑠) + 2𝐻2 (𝑔) → 𝐶𝐻4 (𝑔)

∆𝐻(𝐶𝐻4) = ∆𝐻1 + ∆𝐻2 + ∆𝐻3

∆𝐻(𝐶𝐻4) = 212.8 𝐾𝑐𝑎𝑙 − 94.1 𝐾𝑐𝑎𝑙 − 136.6 𝐾𝑐𝑎𝑙

∆𝐻(𝐶𝐻4) = −17.9 𝐾𝑐𝑎𝑙