POLYPHASE QUADRATURE FILTERS ~ A NEW ‘SUBBAND CODING TECHNIQUE Joseph Hl. Rothweiler RCA Government Communications Systems Route 202 Somerville, NJ 08876 ABSTRACT ‘A new method of implementing filter banks for subband ‘coding of speech is presented. First, Esteban’s Quadrature Mirror Filter principle is extended to allow the direct synthesis of filter ‘banks with any number of equal size filter bands. Then, by ‘combining the quadrature filter characteristic with the polyphase network implementation of filter banks, a new filter bank struc ture is obtained which requires 35% fewer computations than existing designs. In this paper the theory of operation of the Polyphase ‘Quadratuce Filter is presented and techniques for its efficient implementation are deseribed, Then, examples of filter banks ‘sing this approach are shown and compared with other designs. and a simulation of «16 Kbits/s coder using these filters i presented, INTRODUCTION ‘The technique of subband coding has been shown to be ‘capable of near tll quality speech transmission at 16 Kbits/s. ‘A disadvantage of SBC relative to other coding techniques, how: ‘ver, is the high amount of computation required in a digital implementation of the subband spitting and reconstruction filter banks. (One approach to subband coding of speech signals uses a filter bank of 8 equal size bands followed by adaptive differential ‘quantization or block quantization of the desampled bandpass filter outputs, These filter banks may be implemented using a three stage cascade of Quadrature Mirsor Filter pairs? to succes: sivoly divide the input signal spectrum in half and desample by 2 In practice, approximation procedures are used to design parallel filter banks which approximate the performance of the QMF cascade, These approximations educe the computation rate by rediucng the filter length and also by sharing computations ‘between pairs of filters. Disadvantages ofthis approach are that the computation rate is till high (160 000 multiplies per second in one ease!), optimization must be performed on each bandpass filter as wel as the original QMF pair and the filterbank size is restricted to powers of two, ‘This paper presents a more efficient structure for the implementation of banks of equal size bandsplitting and recon- struction filters, This structure, the multiband quadrature filter, 27.2 1280 (CH1841-6'8310000-1280 $1.00 © 1983 IEEE is variation of the FFT base filter bank which was originally proposed by Darlington* and later refined by Bellanger® and ‘others in the polyphase filter implementation of telephone transmultiplexers. ‘THEORY OF OPERATION Since its development by Esteban*, the QMF pair has ‘been used as th basis for most SBC filter banks because it has the desirable property that a signal may be divided into two equal ‘bands and desampled by two without Ioss of information, That Js, the two filter outputs may be recombined using a complemen tary filter pair with arbitrarily small distortion ofthe signal This property isa result of two filter characteristics (1). The aliasing components introduced by the desam- pling process cancel when the two bands are recombined, and (2) The filter frequency responses overlap and add in such a way that the composite frequency response is nearly flat for al frequencies. For a multiband filter, the corresponding requirements ‘are that cancellation of aliasing occur Between adjacent bands ‘and thatthe filter shapes be controlled such that the transition bands of adjacent filters add to produce a flat response ‘The following derivation demonstrates that a filter bank with these charactristies ean be Formed by first designing a low- pass prototype filter with a controlled transition band frequency response. The filter bank is conceptually formed by multiplying the impulse response ofthis lowpass prototype by sinusoids at frequencies corresponding to the center frequencies of the desired filters. It will be shown that proper phasing of the dif- ferent sinusoids allows cancellation of aliasing to be achieved, ‘while proper desig of the lowpass prototype produces nearly Fat frequency response at signal reconstruction In the folowing analysis, a sampling rate of 1 is assumed, so the frequency range t0 be covered is Oto x radians/sec, A bank of M filters is to be synthesized, as shown in Fig. 1. The nominal bandwidth of each filter is x/M, and the filter center frequencies are at odd multiples of x/2M. Fach bandpass filter is conceptually formed by trans- lating @ lowpass filter H(2) of bandwidth 1/2M to the desied ‘center frequency, forming the bandpass filter Hi) oF Kj(2) in ICASSP 83, BOSTONFig. 1. For analytical purposes, this real bandpas filter will, be viewed as the sum of two complex filters F(z) and Gj(2) located respectively atthe positive and negative center frequencies. FIGURE 1. Desamping and reconstruction ter banks for Subband Coding If the prototype filter i FIR filter with impulse re sponse h(n) and z transform H(2), the complex bandpass filters Fi(2) = Hee t(2i+ 2M) a) Gila) = Hee RZ 2M) «apy and the composite filters are Ha) = Fi) + byGye) en Kile) = GF 2+ G00) ci) where aj bj. and dj are complex constants. If 4)= bj". the Jmpulse response of His real and given by (0) = {Re(ajdcos{ (241) Qn 4M ~ Im(a)sinfx2i+ 1 Qn 19/481) bin) @ Replacing a; and bj with oj andj, a corresponding equation may be obtained for k(n) Referring to Fi. 1, the input signal X(2) and the out put from filter Hy is Xi) Desampling by M before transmission and subsequent interpol tion by M produces the signal Yi(2) whick has the 2 transform” Xe) 6 Mt Yi@ = MAE phy + pice V2 1/Myy, xe? My) 6 This equation shows that the spectrum of ¥; consists of the filtered input signal (corresponding to 1=0) along with images of the signal spaced 2x/M apart, as shown in Fig. 2 Its assumed thatthe filter Kj is sufficiently sharp that all components of Yj willbe eliminated except the orginal signal ‘band and the edges ofthe images adjacent tothe higher and lower passband edges, as shown in Fig. 2d. It can easily be shown 27.2 ICASSP 83, BOSTON A FIGURE 2, Frequency domain view of he operation ofS band dexamping se nepali tes, that images ofthe output of complex filter F corresponding to values of I= ~iand 1 = (+ 1) le at the low and high edges e+ spectively, ofthe signal band. Similarly, images of the output of Gat 1=iand Lil are adjacent tothe desired band. Therefore ater eliminating those terms of Eq. S which ae completely eliminated by filter Kj the signal atthe filter outpot is Uyead = KY = HIKE) fa/F{A)XE2) + BLOX + sitel2AiMyy x (eh2HiMy) + bo x(e"My) e324 DIMay i280 + Gf F2MGHDYIM x eA yf a where the fist two tems represent the original signa, the thin’ and fourth terms represent aliasing atthe low edge, and te lst to terms represent aliasing atthe high edge. Note that Ea, 6 {8 valid fori from I to M-2. For band Othe low edge aliasing components are absent while for band M-I, the high edge components ate absent, ‘We wish to synthesize the filter in uch a way that the aliasing components at the low edge of one band exactly cancel the components atthe high edge ofthe preceding band. This condition i achieved if Kier F(e2M xc « ie Mayxce2HiMyy j=1(2) {aj} F302" My) x (@)27 My) + 1G IIMe xe o which sti it aOR (CMG = KC eM bKi(2G,(0 FFM a) = p51 K;_y(2)Gy(e22FMQy (8b) 1By substituting Equations | and 2b into 8 and simplifying, this equation reduces to aye FRCH*1/2Myy(@FFCIDIIMpy «gel 2i4 12M, wap 11H FFHDIIM, ie /2M,y maid eMCHDIM yy iAHD/My — The expressions Hie#OHIM ang Weit(-1)/2Myy ‘may be viewed as images ofthe lowpass prototype appearing respectively below and above the Nyquist frequency. If rater than zero, these images do not overlap in frequency, so their producti zero andthe frst term on the left side of Fa. 9 may be eliminated. By a similar argument, the frst term on the Fight side is zero also ‘The remaining terms in Eq. 9 canbe seen tobe equal if dja] dy, orequivaently, (10) mish A similar derivation wil show thatthe relationship of Ea. 10 alo satisies Ea. 8b, Assuming perfect cancellation of aliasing, the output signal is wa ue) ="S' igre + sfoentorn +fororxe) «ay 0 For from 1 to M2 the product of F; and Gj 2r0, so (11) may be rewstton Ua = tag seFoteK gt) M-1MeL * MAT MDF G41) we +S athe sate 0 Feo xen ay To maintain flat phase response for the composite system, i is desired that aj", o astuming both have unit magnitude, a as) Anal constraint onthe weights i that the Fst two terms of Eq. 12 most disappear inorder to achieve Mat sponse tO and yz. The comesponding constraints 1 andy ‘here unit magnitude is agin assumed. “4 4 ay In summary, Eq. 14 defines one of 4 possible values to be inserted in Eq. 3 to synthesize the band 0 bandsplittng filter. 27.2 1282, Combining Fquations 10 and 13, the higher order filters may be determined by the recursive relationship a Se as) Finally, the reconstruction filters are determined from the corres: ponding bandspiting filters using the relationship of Eq. 13. IMPLEMENTATION One efficient implementation ofa multiband quadrture filter bank is shown in Fig. 3. As indiated, the stored input values are read from memory and multiplied by the coefficients ‘of the lowpass prototype filter hin). Since te sinusoid in Eq. 3 ‘contains an odd numberof half cycles in 2M points, blocks of 2M products of the multiplications are accumulated with the sign of alternate blocks negated. These 2M values ae then multiplied by M sinusoids to generate the M output values FIGURE 3. Suet for eficeat implementation ofa mulband quad ‘are ler bank [An even more efficient implementation is possible when this technique is used to process voice signals. Since flat response {to DCis not required, the constraint of Eq. 14 is unnecessary With this constraint removed, the coefficient canbe either ‘pure real or pure imaginary, so Eq. 3 will contain either the sine Dr cosine term But nat both. A further simplification of the {implementation is then posible. By taking advantage of the symmetry and antisymmetry ofthe cosine and sine, respectively, ‘the numberof multiplications in a DFT implementation is reduced to M? rather than 2M? EXAMPLES ‘Two filter banks were synthesized and simulated. The fist san 8 band filterbank based on 240 tap lowpass prototype filter. This design allows a direct comparison of performance and computation with a design derived from QME pair. The second design is aS band design using 2 30 tap prototype, In both cases the lowpass prototype was designed using the Hooke and Jeaves optimization algorithm, which was org: Inally applied tothe design of QMF pairs by Johnston’. ICASSP 83, BOSTON