November 24, 1997

Art Montemayor Valve Resistance to Flow

Rev: 0

DURCO VALVES
Durco SLEEVELINE non-lubricated plug valves are used as block valves and
as 3-way directional valves. One style of the straightway model, V-PORT, has
a triangular-shaped port that offers better control valve characteristics. The
sleeve used is made of PTFE for positive shut-off, self-lubrication and
extended service life.

Another model is the T-LINE, which has the plug and all other wetted internal
parts sleeved with PTFE as well as the plug proper itself.

The Chemical service butterfly control valve is 100% PTFE-sleeved on all

internal wetted parts.

Standard SLEEVELINE model V-Port SLEEVELINE model Standard T-LINE model V-Port T-LINE model BIG MAX Butterfly model CHEMICAL Service Butterfly model

Valve size, in Max. Cv K Valve size, in Max. Cv K Valve size, in Max. Cv K Valve size, in Max. Cv K Valve size, in Max. Cv K Valve size, in Max. Cv K

0.5 0.5 5.6 1.781728

0.8 0.8 12.0 1.964355
1.0 48.8 0.375403 1.0 27.2 1.208369 1.0 33.9 0.777926 1.0 23.3 1.646742
1.5 83.5 0.649127 1.5 31.3 4.619701 1.5 95.4 0.497286 1.5 39.6 2.886105
2.0 153.4 0.607865 2.0 53.8 4.941889 2.0 199.0 0.361203 2.0 43.8 7.456058
3.0 322 0.698411 3.0 121.0 4.945974 3.0 343.0 0.615509 3.0 66.3 16.47386 3.0 210.0 1.642041 3.0 172 2.447742
4.0 555 0.743005 4.0 190.0 6.339723 4.0 813.0 0.346255 4.0 415.0 1.328866 4.0 300 2.542933
6.0 955 1.270386 6.0 400.0 7.2414 6.0 1105.0 0.948895 6.0 1115.0 0.93195 6.0 670 2.581029
8.0 1410 1.841871 8.0 1424.0 1.805833 8.0 2020.0 0.897418 8.0 1190 2.585851
10.0 2130 1.970508 10.0 3230.0 0.856905 10.0 1830 2.669533
12.0 12.0 4825.0 0.796284 12.0 2650 2.639798
14.0 3430 2.919184 14.0 6800.0 0.742731 14.0 3690 2.522301
16.0 7000 1.195698 16.0 8800.0 0.756575 16.0 4842 2.499009
18.0 18.0 11500.0 0.70963 18.0 6129 2.498321
20.0 20.0 14000.0 0.729796 20.0 7566 2.498762
24.0 24.0 20500.0 0.705789 24.0 10895 2.49878

Electronic FileName: 426674125.xls

Page 1 of 36
WorkSheet: Durco Valves
 Art Montemayor Jamesbury Valves November 22, 1997

JAMESBURY Valves ---- Cv values

This valve flow resistance data is taken from the Jamesbury

Valve Catalog.
Art Montemayor

SIZE, in inches
MODEL 0.25 0.375 0.5 0.75 1 1.25 1.5 2 3 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20

CLINCHER, Type 2000; screwed 11 16 16 37 49 49 100 115

Style A DOUBLE-SEAL; screwed 8.3 8.3 8.3 14 35 55 94 115 350

Series 4000, REDUCED PORT 13 33 44 46 95 111

Series 4000, FULL PORT; Le in ft 0.13 0.19 0.24 0.27 0.31

Type 5150 & 530S; flanged 9 19 45 125 165 350 690

Floating Ball; flanged 765 1890 3900
Trunnion model; flanged 1890 3900 6700 5100 8100 11000 16000

Typr 6150 & 6300; Full Port 50 100 270

Floating Ball; Full Port 500 1330 2560 5600 10000
Trunnion Model; Full Port 10000 16400 23800 27000 37000 47000 60000

3-Way Flanged Ball Valve 50 155 270 440 880 1500 2300

FIRE-TITE Butterfly
Series F815W & F815L 165 400 950 1800 2900 4300 5800 8000 10500 14000
Series F830W & F830L 165 400 950 1800 2900 4300 5200 6900 9300 11300

Electronic File: 426674125.xls

Page 2 of 36
WorkSheet: Jamesbury Valves
 November 24, 1997
Art Montemayor Valve Flow Resistance
Rev: 0

ORBIT Valves --- Cv values

Source: Orbit Valve Catalog

For each Orbit valve there is a flow coefficient C v. This is defined as the flow in gallons per minute of water at 60 oF with a
pressure drop of 1 psi across the valve. By using the following simplified formulas, the pressure drop for a given set of flow
conditions may be calculated:

FOR LIQUIDS: Dp = G(Q/Cv)2 FOR GASES: Dp = 541 x 10-9 (Q/Cv)2(GT/P)

Where, Dp = PSI drop across valve Dp = PSI drop across valve

G = Specific gravity of liquid (water=1) G = Specific gravity (Air @ 14.7 psi & 60 oF = 1.0)
Q = Flow in gpm T = Absolute temperature, oR
Cv = Valve coefficient P = Line pressure, psia
Q = Flow in SCFH (@ 14.7 psi & 60 oF)
Cv = Valve coefficient

SIZE, in inches
MODEL 1 1.5 2 3 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20

ANSI 150
Regular Port; flanged 153 200 572 762 2090 4537 7513 13119 10129 21217 15167
Full Port; flanged 49 123 439 1018 2080 4865 6905 11106 17148 30556 41551

ANSI 300
Regular Port; flanged 160 243 610 760 1560 4513 7513 13119 10129 21217 15167
Full Port; flanged 49 123 407 920 2080 4865 6778 11106 17148 30556 41551

ANSI 1500
Regular Port; flanged 205 505 921 2081 3986 5912 11185
Full Port; flanged 31 267 676 1359 2951 7301 11603 17030

Electronic File: 426674125.xls

Page 3 of 36
WorkSheet: Orbit Valves
 Valve Fittings November 24, 1997
Art Montemayor
Resistance to Flow Rev: 0

VOGT Valves --- Cv values (Reference: VOGT Catalog F-12, 1980)

TYPICAL CV FACTORS FOR VOGT VALVES & STRAINERS
(FOR ALL VALVES IN FULL-OPEN POSITION)

Swing Check

Swing Check
Needle Point

Needle Point
Meter Globe

Meter Angle

12443 Flow

15443 Flow

Y" Pattern
Strainers
Compact

Compact

Compact

Compact
Full Port

Full Port

Full Port

Full Port

Full Port
Valve

Control

Control
H. & V.
Check

Check
Globe

Globe

check

Angle

Angle
Globe
Gate

Size Gate
inches

0.250 2.6 2.6 1.3 1.5 0.6 0.8 1.3 1.5 1.8 1.0 1.2
0.375 3.9 3.9 2.0 2.9 1.4 0.8 1.9 2.9 3.3 2.1 1.2 2.5
0.500 9.3 9.3 2.8 3.6 1.8 0.8 2.7 3.6 9.0 7.6 5.9 5.2 2.7 1.2 1.5 1.5 4.0 6.0
0.750 9.5 28.7 3.2 6.7 3.5 1.0 3.2 6.7 8.8 13.4 10.3 9.1 5.2 1.5 2.4 2.4 6.5 14.0
1.000 7.5 46.5 6.8 11.9 5.8 1.5 6.7 11.9 16.0 21.7 16.7 14.7 8.7 2.3 4.5 4.5 14.0 14.0
1.250 80.5 80.5 15.2 20.3 7.6 3.5 14.8 20.3 37.5 28.9 25.5 5.2 23.0
1.500 83.6 109.6 19.6 26.1 13.2 5.5 19.2 26.1 40.0 51.1 39.2 34.7 8.2 9.7 12.2 32.0 40.0
2.000 96.7 181.0 27.0 43.4 21.5 5.5 26.6 43.4 65.0 84.2 64.7 57.1 8.2 14.6 19.6 52.0 40.0
2.500 165.0 258.0 57.6 57.6 81.5
3.000 247.0 398.0 89.0 89.0
4.000 410.0 685.0 153.3 153.3

PIPE FITTINGS K
45o Elbow 0.42
Standard Elbow 0.90
Long Sweep Elbow 0.60
Medium Sweep Elbow 0.75
Close Return Elbow 2.20
Tee-Straight Flow 0.60
Tee-Side Outlet Flow 1.80

TYPICAL PIPE-TANK RESISTANCES

Electronic File: 426674125.xls

Page 4 of 36
WorkSheet: Vogt Valves
 Valve Fittings November 24, 1997
Art Montemayor
Resistance to Flow Rev: 0

Entrance Loss: From Tank to Pipe

Type of Resistance Illustration K

Flush Connection 0.50

Projecting Pipe 0.78

Slightly Rounded 0.23

Well Rounded 0.04

Exit Loss: From Pipe to Tank Any of the above, reversed 1.00

d2

d1
SUDDEN ("ABRUPT") CONTRACTION
d1/d2 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9
K 0.46 0.45 0.42 0.4 0.36 0.28 0.19 0.1 0.04

SUDDEN ("ABRUPT") EXPANSION

d1/d2 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9
K 0.98 0.92 0.83 0.71 0.56 0.41 0.28 0.13 0.04

d1

d2

Electronic File: 426674125.xls

Page 5 of 36
WorkSheet: Vogt Valves
 December 1, 1997
Art Montemayor Ball Valve Flow Resistance
Rev: 0

KTM Ball Valves --- Cv values

TYPICAL CV FACTORS FOR KTM BALL VALVES
(FOR ALL VALVES IN FULL-OPEN POSITION)

Valve Reduced Percent Reduction in

Full Bore
Size Bore Ball Flow by using reduced
Ball Cv
inches Cv bore

0.50 26 KTM Ball Valves Cv Values

0.75 50 10 1.5
1.00 94 80 30 6
1.50 260 40 10
480 f(x) = 0.0002177698x^3 - 0.0178147072x^2 + 0.7165546442x - 4.3458646617 50 15
2.00 70 R² = 0.9993427223
2.50 750 60 22
3.00 1300 420 67.69 70 32.5
60
4.00 2300 770 66.52 80 50
6.00 5400 1800 66.67 90 75
8.00 10000 2500 75.00 % of Maximum Cv 50
10.00 16000 4500 71.88
12.00 24000 8000 66.67 40
14.00 31400 12000 61.78
16.00 43000 14000 67.44
57000 18000 68.42 30
18.00
20.00 73000 22000 69.86
20

KTM Ball Valves have inherent equal percentage flow

10
characteristics and are ideally suited for control
applications over the widest possible range of flow.
0
Equal percentage flow characteristics, in simple terms, 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
means that a given percentage change in the valve
opening will produce the same percentage change in % of Ball Opening
flow.

Electronic File: 426674125.xls

Page 6 of 36
WorkSheet: KTM Ball Valves
 December 3, 1997
Art Montemayor Valve Flow Resistance
Rev: 0

KITZ Valves --- Cv values

TYPICAL CV FACTORS FOR KITZ VALVES
(FOR ALL VALVES IN FULL-OPEN POSITION)
From Zidell Valve Corp.-Stafford, TX & KITZ catalog No. 510-E

ANSI CLASS 1500

ANSI CLASS 2500

ANSI CLASS 150

ANSI CLASS 300

ANSI CLASS 600

ANSI CLASS 900

Trunnion Ball Reduced

Trunnion Ball Reduced

Trunnion Ball Reduced

Trunnion Ball Reduced

Trunnion Ball Reduced

Trunnion Ball Reduced

Trunnion Ball Full Bore

Trunnion Ball Full Bore

Trunnion Ball Full Bore

Trunnion Ball Full Bore

Trunnion Ball Full Bore

Trunnion Ball Full Bore

ANSI CLASS 1500

ANSI CLASS 2500

ANSI CLASS 900
ANSI CLASS 150

ANSI CLASS 300

ANSI CLASS 600

Swing Check
Valve
Size Gate Globe
inches

Bore

Bore

Bore
Bore

Bore

Bore
2 230 44 75 2 500 460 400 330 330 300
3 530 105 175 180 1,350 195 1,150 180 1,050 187 935 187 830 150 740
4 930 180 320 545 2,500 535 2,200 550 1,850 510 1,760 510 1,660 410 1,460
6 2,380 446 740 790 5,300 765 5,290 745 4,460 740 4,405 740 4,100 590 2,600
8 4,180 1,350 1,945 10,500 1,945 9,600 2,220 8,730 2,035 8,475 1,930 8,010 1,400 5,370
10 6,840 2,200 4,050 17,500 4,040 16,750 4,065 14,250 4,050 14,205 3,860 13,310 3,050 8,630
12 9,690 3,600 6,900 26,300 7,100 25,500 7,050 22,550 7,025 21,430 6,670 17,070 5,350 12,500
14 13,000 5,200 13,100 31,850 13,200 30,050 13,350 28,400 13,300 26,800 12,630 24,275
16 17,380 7,000 14,600 43,300 14,580 41,700 14,300 38,150 14,200 36,700 13,490 33,215
18 22,800 8,500 19,750 57,300 19,800 55,370 20,350 50,950 19,750 48,700 18,760 43,400
20 28,500 9,800 27,750 74,500 28,050 72,300 28,300 65,600 27,300 62,500 20,470 55,930
24 41,800 11,600 27,100 112,300 27,130 109,150 27,250 98,150 26,900 94,050 25,500 84,025
30 68,000 39,700 179,300 39,800 171,200 40,750 158,900
36 96,000 63,100 258,300 63,100 243,050 68,950 226,300

Cv VALUES FOR KITZ LOW-COST, ONE-PIECE, THREADED, CLASS 600, REDUCED BORE BALL VALVES ARE:
Size, in. 0.25 0.375 0.5 0.75 1 1.25 1.5 2
Cv 1.0 2.5 5.5 10.0 15.0 20.0 37.0 60.0

Electronic File: 426674125.xls

Page 7 of 36
WorkSheet: Kitz Valves
 Feb 16, 1999
Art Montemayor Marlin/Crane Check Valves
Rev: 0

Marlin Style M High Performance Dual Disc Check Valves

Source: Marlin Catalog # MC - 196

Valve Size, In. Liquid Cv Value

Marlin Check Valves
2 54.3
2.5 82.1
3
4
139.3
271.3
350000
5 482.5 f(x) = 8.9400776758 x^2.4581460201
6
8
725
1509
300000 R² = 0.9994626703
10 2640 Cv Value for Liquid
12
14
4075
5303
250000
16 7340
18
20
9940
12960
200000
24 20500
30
36
37200
59000
150000
42 92000
48
54
126000
186000
100000
60 217000
66
72
280000
325000
50000
Note: 0
These are very low pressure drop,
wafer type of valves that require little 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
"cracking" pressure to start to open.
Nominal Valve Size, Inches
02/16/99 As per Carlos Davila, Marlin/Crane Valves; Montgomery, TX: The "Cracking Pressure" required for Marlin
Valves with standard springs is 6" WC and for valves with special, low torque it is 3.5" WC.

Electronic FileName: 426674125.xls

Page 8 of 36
WorkSheet: Marlin Check Valves
 Velan Valves July 27, 1998
Art Montemayor
Cv Flow Coefficients Rev: 0

Sources of Flow Coefficient (Cv) values: Velan Catalogs #VEL-SFV-96 & #VEL-BV-97

Gate Piston Check Piston Check Ball Valves Ball Valves Ball Valves
Size Gate Valve Valve Full Globe Valves Globe Valves Globe Valves Swing Check Valves Valves Split Body Top-Entry Body Unibody
Inches Reduced Port Port St'd Design Bellows Seal Y - Pattern Valves (Inclined) (Vertical) SB-150/300/600 SB-150/300/600 UB-150/300
150-800 900-1500 150-1500 150-800 900-1500 150-800 1500-2500 1500-2680 4500 150-800 600-2680 150-800 900-1500 Reduced Port Full Port Reduced Port Full Port Reduced Port Only

1/2 7 14 14 3 3 2.5 5 7 4 9 7 2 2 12 8 26 9
3/4 14 14 22 4 4 3.5 7 8 7 10 8 3 4 50 13.5 75 15
1 30 30 34 6 8 6 9 12 9 22 12 6 9 100 34 103 38
1-1/2 100 100 110 14 19 12 34 25 23 55 25 14 21 250 65 206 125
2 160 160 200 33 29 28 38 60 47 82 60 25 25 130 430 104 322 165
2-1/2 720
3 250 1020 200 760 250
4 540 2000 720 540
6 770 5500
8 1900 9800
10 3900 16400
12 6700 23800
14 5200 27500
16 8050 36000
18 12500 46000
20 15500 57000
24 27000 75000

Electronic FileName: 426674125.xls

Page 9 of 36
WorkSheet: Velan Valves
 Fittings' Losses
December 1, 1997
Art Montemayor FRICTION LOSS IN STANDARD VALVES AND FITTINGS
REV 0
Table gives equivalent lengths in feet of straight pipe

NOMINAL PIPE DIAMETER, INCHES

TYPE OF FITTING
1/2" 3/4" 1" 1-1/4" 1-1/2" 2" 2-1/2" 3" 4" 5" 6" 8" 10"

Gate Valve, 100% open 0.35 0.5 0.6 0.8 1.2 1.2 1.4 1.7 2.3 2.8 3.5 4.5 5.7
Globe Valve, 100% open 17.0 22.0 27.0 38.0 44.0 53.0 68.0 80.0 120.0 140.0 170.0 220.0 280.0
Angle Valve, 100% open 8.0 12.0 14.0 18.0 22.0 28.0 33.0 42.0 53.0 70.0 84.0 120.0 140.0
Standard Elbow 1.5 2.2 2.7 3.6 4.5 5.2 6.5 8.0 11.0 14.0 16.0 21.0 26.0
Medium Sweep Elbow 1.3 1.8 2.3 3.0 3.6 4.6 5.5 7.0 9.0 12.0 14.0 18.0 22.0
Long Sweep Elbow 1.0 1.3 1.7 2.3 2.8 3.5 4.3 5.2 7.0 9.0 11.0 14.0 17.0
Tee (straight run) 1.0 1.3 1.7 2.3 2.8 3.5 4.3 5.2 7.0 9.0 11.0 14.0 17.0
Tee (branch run) 3.2 4.5 5.7 7.5 9.0 12.0 14.0 16.0 22.0 27.0 33.0 43.0 53.0
Return Bend 3.5 5.0 6.0 8.5 10.0 13.0 15.0 18.0 24.0 30.0 37.0 50.0 63.0

Source of data: Viking Pump Catalog

Section 510 - Engineering Data
Page 510.12; Issue C; Figure 11

NOTE: It is unclear what is meant by "Standard", "Medium Sweep" & "Long Sweep" Elbows.
The pipe fitting industry supplies two basic Elbow geometries:

1) Short Radius Elbow: R/D = 1.0 (based on nominal, not specific, dimensions)
2) Long Radius Elbow: R/D = 1.5 (based on nominal, not specific, dimensions)

Where, R = Radius of the Elbow curvature (nominal size)

D = Nominal diameter of the Elbow (nominal size)

Checking out other fittings' resistance data, it is established that

Standard Elbow = Short Radius Elbow
Long Sweep Elbow = Long Radius Elbow
Medium Sweep Elbow = ? unknown ?

Electronic File: 426674125.xls

Page 10 of 36
WorkSheet: Fittings' Losses
 EQUIVALENT LENGTH OF VALVES AND FITTINGS IN FEET March 11, 1998
Art Montemayor
Source: Rules of Thumb for Chem. Engrs; C.R. Branan; Gulf Publ.; p. 3 Rev: 0

Globe Valve or Ball Check

Nominal Pipe size, in.

90o Ell, Short Radius

90o Ell, Long Radius
Swing Check Valve

Gate or Ball Valve

Expander Reducer
90o Miter

Through Tee
Angle valve

Branch Tee
Plug Cock
Elbows

45o Ell
Valve

Sudden Std Redu Sudden Std Redu

Equivalent Length in terms of small diameter

2 Miters

3 Miters

4 Miters

d/D=1/4

d/D=1/2

d/D=3/4

d/D=1/2

d/D=3/4

d/D=1/4

d/D=1/2

d/D=3/4

d/D=1/2

d/D=3/4
1.5 55.0 26.0 13.0 7.0 1.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 8.0 2.0 5 3 1 4 1 3 2 1 1
2.0 70.0 33.0 17.0 14.0 2.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 10.0 3.0 7 4 1 5 1 3 3 1 1
2.5 80.0 40.0 20.0 11.0 2.0 2.0 3.0 5.0 12.0 3.0 8 5 2 6 2 4 3 2 2
3.0 100.0 50.0 25.0 17.0 2.0 2.0 4.0 6.0 14.0 4.0 10 6 2 8 2 5 4 2 2
4.0 130.0 65.0 32.0 30.0 3.0 3.0 5.0 7.0 19.0 5.0 12 8 3 10 3 6 5 3 3
6.0 200.0 100.0 48.0 70.0 4.0 4.0 8.0 11.0 28.0 8.0 18 12 4 14 4 9 7 4 4 1
8.0 260.0 125.0 64.0 120.0 6.0 6.0 9.0 15.0 37.0 9.0 25 16 5 19 5 12 9 5 5 2
10.0 330.0 160.0 80.0 170.0 7.0 7.0 12.0 18.0 47.0 12.0 31 20 7 24 7 15 12 6 6 2
12.0 400.0 190.0 95.0 170.0 9.0 9.0 14.0 22.0 55.0 14.0 28 21 20 37 24 8 28 8 18 14 7 7 2
14.0 450.0 210.0 105.0 80.0 10.0 10.0 16.0 26.0 62.0 16.0 32 24 22 42 26 9 20 16 8
16.0 500.0 240.0 120.0 145.0 11.0 11.0 18.0 29.0 72.0 18.0 38 27 24 47 30 10 24 18 9
18.0 550.0 280.0 140.0 160.0 12.0 12.0 20.0 33.0 82.0 20.0 42 30 28 53 35 11 26 20 10
20.0 650.0 300.0 155.0 210.0 14.0 14.0 23.0 36.0 90.0 23.0 46 33 32 60 38 13 30 23 11
22.0 688.0 335.0 170.0 225.0 15.0 15.0 25.0 40.0 100.0 25.0 52 36 34 65 42 14 32 25 12
24.0 750.0 370.0 185.0 254.0 16.0 16.0 27.0 44.0 110.0 27.0 56 39 36 70 46 15 35 27 13
30.0 312.0 21.0 21.0 40.0 55.0 140.0 40.0 70 51 44
36.0 25.0 25.0 47.0 66.0 170.0 47.0 84 60 52
42.0 30.0 30.0 55.0 77.0 200.0 55.0 98 69 64
48.0 35.0 35.0 65.0 88.0 220.0 65.0 112 81 72
54.0 40.0 40.0 70.0 99.0 250.0 70.0 126 90 80
60.0 45.0 45.0 80.0 110.0 260.0 80.0 190 99 92

Electronic FileName: 426674125.xls

Page 11 of 36
WorkSheet: Equiv. Lengths #1
 Art Montemayor Equivalent Length of Fittings March 16, 1998
Source: Compressed Air Gas Data; Ingersoll-Rand; 1969; p. 34-78 Rev: 0

90o
Swing Standard Tee Close 90o Welding Elbow
Pipe's Inside Globe Angle Gate Plug 45 Std. 90 Std
o o
Long
Nominal Check Return
Sched. Diameter Valve Valve Valve Cock Elbow Elbow Radius
Pipe Size, Valve Bend
Number Elbow
Inches Through-Flow Branch Flow (L/D=16) (L/D=12)
Inches Feet L/D=340 L/D=145 L/D=13 L/D=135 L/D=18 L/D=16 L/D=30 L/D=20 L/D=20 L/D=60 L/D=50 Short Radius Long Radius

1/2 40 0.622 0.052 17.6 7.5 0.7 7.0 0.9 0.8 1.6 1.0 1.0 3.1 2.6 0.8 0.6
3/4 40 0.824 0.069 23.3 10.0 0.9 9.3 1.2 1.1 2.1 1.4 1.4 4.1 3.4 1.1 0.8
1 40 1.049 0.087 29.7 12.7 1.1 11.8 1.6 1.4 2.6 1.7 1.7 5.2 4.4 1.4 1.0
1-1/2 40 1.610 0.134 45.6 19.5 1.7 18.1 2.4 2.1 4.0 2.7 2.7 8 6.7 2.1 1.6

2 40 2.067 0.172 59 25 2.2 23.3 3.1 2.8 5.2 3.4 3.4 10 8.6 2.8 2.1
2-1/2 40 2.469 0.206 70 30 2.7 27.8 3.7 3.3 6.2 4.1 4.1 12 10 3.3 2.5
3 40 3.068 0.256 87 37 3.3 34.5 4.6 4.1 7.7 5.1 5.1 15 13 4.1 3.1
4 40 4.026 0.336 114 49 4.4 45.3 6.0 5.4 10 6.7 6.7 20 17 5.4 4.0

5 40 5.047 0.421 143 61 5.5 57 7.6 6.7 13 8.4 8.4 25 21 6.7 5.0
6 40 6.065 0.505 172 73 6.6 68 9.1 8 15 10 10 30 25 8 6
8 40 7.981 0.665 226 96 8.6 90 12 11 20 13 13 40 33 11 8
10 40 10.020 0.835 284 121 10.9 113 15 13 25 17 17 50 42 13 10

12 40 11.938 0.995 13 134 18 16 30 20 20 60 50 16 12

14 30 13.250 1.104 14 149 18 33 22 22 66 55 18 13
16 30 15.250 1.271 17 172 20 38 25 25 76 64 20 15
18 30 17.124 1.427 19 193 23 43 29 29 86 71 23 17

20 20 19.250 1.604 21 217 26 48 32 32 96 80 26 19

24 20 23.250 1.938 25 262 31 58 39 39 116 97 31 23

Electronic FileName: 426674125.xls

Page 12 of 36
WorkSheet: Equiv. Lengths #2
Art Montemayor
April 21, 1998
Reference: Dobie Pump Spreadsheet EQUIVALENT LENGTHS OF FITTINGS
Rev: 0
Dobie Engineering (1992)

BASIS:
All equivalent lengths are calculated using Crane Tech Paper #410.
Pipe walls typical for 150 ASA carbon steel with 1/8 in. corrosion allow.
Bends are based on using screwed or SO fittings < 3 in.; long radius weld elbows for 3 to 24 in; miter elbows for > 24i
Valves (except for Ball type) are based on full port types and swing check valves.
Reducers assume a 30o included angle. Equivalent feet of the larger size pipe is indicated.
The entrance losses are based on a sharp edge with no inward projection.
Ball valves are assumed as Jamesbury Type 5150, ANSI CLASS 150, with reduced ball Cv

EQUIVALENT LENGTHS OF TYPICAL FITTINGS, IN FEET

ER

E
ER

C
N
D

IT
C

A
N
U

EX
TR
PA
Nom. ---- BENDS ----

ED
----- TEES ----- ------------- VALVES -------------

EN
EX
R
Size,
In. 90o ELL 45o ELL LINEAR BRANCH GATE GLOBE BALL BUTTERFLY CHECK one size one size Loss Loss

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0.50 1.4 0.7 0.9 2.7 0.4 15.5 1.7 n/a 2.3 n/a n/a 0.8 1.7
0.75 1.9 1 1.2 3.7 0.5 21 1.9 n/a 3.1 0.8 1.2 1.2 2.5
1.00 2.4 1.3 1.6 4.8 0.6 27.1 1.3 n/a 4 0.8 1 1.7 3.5
1.50 3.8 2 2.5 7.5 1 42 1.7 n/a 6.2 4.3 8.1 2.8 5.7
2.00 4.8 2.6 3.2 9.7 1.3 55 5.4 n/a 8.1 2 2.6 4.3 8.5
3.00 3.4 2.2 5.1 15.3 2 87 9.2 11.5 12.8 11.5 22.1 7.3 14.6
4.00 4.4 2.9 6.7 20.1 2.7 114 9.7 15.1 16.8 5.4 7.2 10.4 20.7
6.00 6.7 4.3 10.1 30 4 172 69.6 22.7 25.3 20.4 36.4 16.8 34
8.00 8.7 5.6 13.2 39 5.3 224 48.2 29.6 33 11.6 15.1 23.5 47
### 11 7.1 16.7 50 6.7 284 35.3 29.2 42 12.8 15.5 31 62
### 13.2 8.5 20 60 8 340 n/a 35 50 10.1 9.7 38 77
### 14.6 9.4 22.1 66 8.8 n/a n/a 39 55 4.9 2.8 44 88
### 16.8 10.8 25.4 76 10.2 n/a n/a 32 64 15.3 7.3 52 103
### 19 12.2 28.8 86 11.5 n/a n/a 36 72 9 6.3 60 120
### 21.2 13.6 32 96 12.8 n/a n/a 40 80 8.7 5.5 68 136
### 25.6 16.5 39 116 15.5 n/a n/a 48 97 23.5 23.6 84 167
### 73 37 49 146 19.5 n/a n/a 61 122 42.2 49.5 109 218
### 88 44 59 176 23.5 n/a n/a 73 147 37.5 37.3 136 272
### 103 52 69 206 27.5 n/a n/a 86 172 35.1 30.2 165 331
### 118 59 78 235 31.3 n/a n/a 98 196 31.8 23.3 196 392
### 132 66 88 265 35 n/a n/a 110 221 33.7 23 232 465
### 148 74 98 295 39 n/a n/a 123 246 33.3 20.5 267 534

Electronic FileName: 426674125.xls

Page 13 of 36
WorkSheet: Equiv. Lengths #3
 Art Montemayor
April 21, 1998
Reference: Dobie Pump Spreadsheet EQUIVALENT LENGTHS OF FITTINGS
Rev: 0
Dobie Engineering (1992)
E
C
N

IT
A

EX
TR
EN

Electronic FileName: 426674125.xls

Page 14 of 36
WorkSheet: Equiv. Lengths #3
 May 20, 1998
Art Montemayor Equivalent Feet of Pipe Fittings and Valves
Rev: 0

EQUIVALENT LENGTH WORKSHEET

FITTINGS & VALVES QUANTITY SIZE EQ FT FEET

90o ELL 10 2.00 4.8 48.00

45o ELL 0 0.00 0.0 0.00
Through-Flow TEE 0 0.00 0.0 0.00
Branch-Flow TEE 0 1.00 4.8 0.00
GATE VALVE 0 0.00 0.0 0.00
GLOBE VALVE 0 0.00 0.0 0.00
BUTTERFLY VALVE 0 0.00 0.0 0.00
BALL VALVE 0 0.00 0.0 0.00
SWING CHECK VALVE 0 0.00 0.0 0.00
REDUCTION-ONE SIZE 0 0.00 0.0 0.00
EXPANSION-ONE SIZE 0 0.00 0.0 0.00
ENTRANCE LOSS 0 0.00 0.0 0.00
EXIT LOSS 0 0.00 0.0 0.00
OTHER 0 0.00 0.0 0.00
Straight Length PIPE 1250

TOTAL EQUIVALENT FEET = 9.6 1298.0

INSTRUCTIONS:

1) Enter the known quantities and sizes of each fitting type in your hydraulic circuit in the
designated YELLOW cells as well as the amount of straight pipe.
Note: The sizes of the fittings to be keyed in are the NOMINAL pipe size, not the I. D..
You must furnish both the quantities and sizes to generate a calculated answer.
2) The resultant calculated equivalent pipe length(s) appear in RED numbers.

Art Montemayor

Electronic FileName: 426674125.xls

Page 15 of 36
WorkSheet: Equiv. Lengths #4
 May 20, 1998
Art Montemayor Equivalent Feet of Pipe Fittings and Valves
Rev: 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0.5 1.4 0.7 0.9 2.7 0.4 15.5 n/a 2.3

0.75 1.9 1 1.2 3.7 0.5 21 n/a 3.1
1 2.4 1.3 1.6 4.8 0.6 27.1 n/a 4
1.5 3.8 2 2.5 7.5 1 42 n/a 6.2
2 4.8 2.6 3.2 9.7 1.3 55 n/a 8.1
3 3.4 2.2 5.1 15.3 2 87 11.5 12.8
4 4.4 2.9 6.7 20.1 2.7 114 15.1 16.8
6 6.7 4.3 10.1 30 4 172 22.7 25.3
8 8.7 5.6 13.2 39 5.3 224 29.6 33
10 11 7.1 16.7 50 6.7 284 29.2 42
12 13.2 8.5 20 60 8 340 35 50
14 14.6 9.4 22.1 66 8.8 n/a 39 55
16 16.8 10.8 25.4 76 10.2 n/a 32 64
18 19 12.2 28.8 86 11.5 n/a 36 72
20 21.2 13.6 32 96 12.8 n/a 40 80
24 25.6 16.5 39 116 15.5 n/a 48 97
30 73 37 49 146 19.5 n/a 61 122
36 88 44 59 176 23.5 n/a 73 147
42 103 52 69 206 27.5 n/a 86 172
48 118 59 78 235 31.3 n/a 98 196
54 132 66 88 265 35 n/a 110 221
60 148 74 98 295 39 n/a 123 246

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Page 16 of 36
WorkSheet: Equiv. Lengths #4
 May 20, 1998
Art Montemayor Equivalent Feet of Pipe Fittings and Valves
Rev: 0

0 0 0 0 0

n/a n/a 0.8 1.7 1.7

0.8 1.2 1.2 2.5 1.9
0.8 1 1.7 3.5 1.3
4.3 8.1 2.8 5.7 1.7
2 2.6 4.3 8.5 5.4
11.5 22.1 7.3 14.6 9.2
5.4 7.2 10.4 20.7 9.7
20.4 36.4 16.8 34 69.6
11.6 15.1 23.5 47 48.2
12.8 15.5 31 62 35.3
10.1 9.7 38 77 n/a
4.9 2.8 44 88 n/a
15.3 7.3 52 103 n/a
9 6.3 60 120 n/a
8.7 5.5 68 136 n/a
23.5 23.6 84 167 n/a
42.2 49.5 109 218 n/a
37.5 37.3 136 272 n/a
35.1 30.2 165 331 n/a
31.8 23.3 196 392 n/a
33.7 23 232 465 n/a
33.3 20.5 267 534 n/a

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Page 17 of 36
WorkSheet: Equiv. Lengths #4
 Typical Resistance Coefficients March 12, 1998
Art Montemayor
Fluid Flow in Piping Systems Rev: 0

TYPICAL K VALUES FOR PIPE FITTINGS

This table is taken from API Recommended Practice 521, 2nd Edition, Sep.1982, which obtained it in turn from:

Tube-Turn Catalogue and Engineering Data Book No. 211, Chemetron Corp., Louisville, Kentucky.

K Art's Notes
VALVES:
Globe, Open 9.70 100% wide open position
Typical Depressuring, Open 8.50 ---' ????
Angle, Open 4.60 100% wide open position
Swing Check, Open 2.30 100% wide open position
Gate, Open 0.21 100% wide open position

SCREWED FITTINGS:
180o close return 1.95
Branch-Flow Tee 1.72 w/ flow in all 3 branches
90o Standard Elbow 0.93
Through-Flow Tee 0.50 w/ flow in all 3 branches
45o Elbow 0.43

MITERED FITTINGS:
90o Single-Miter Elbow 1.72
60o Single-Miter Elbow 0.93
90o Double-Miter Elbow 0.59
90o Triple-Miter Elbow 0.46
45o Single-Miter Elbow 0.46

FABRICATED FITTINGS:
Through-Flow Tee 0.50 w/ flow in all 3 branches

WELDED FITTINGS:
Branch-Flow Tee 1.37 w/ flow in all 3 branches
45o Branch-Flow Lateral 0.76 w/ flow in all 3 branches
90o Long-Sweep Elbow 0.59
Through-Flow Lateral 0.50 w/ flow in all 3 branches
180o Return 0.43
Through-Flow Tee 0.38 w/ flow in all 3 branches
90o Elbow 0.32
45o Elbow 0.21
d/d'
CONTRACTION OR EXPANSION: 0.000 0.200 0.400 0.600 0.800

Contraction (ANSI) --- --- 0.210 0.135 0.039

Contraction (Sudden) 0.500 0.460 0.380 0.290 0.120
Expansion (ANSI) --- --- 0.900 0.500 0.110
Expansion (Sudden) 1.000 0.950 0.740 0.410 0.110

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Page 18 of 36
WorkSheet: Typical K values
 March 12, 1998
Art Montemayor Typical Pipe Friction Factors
Rev: 0

Typical Friction Factors and Conversion Factors for Clean Steel Pipe
(Based on Equivalent Roughness of 0.00015 Feet)
Source: API Recommended Practice 521; 2nd Ed., Sep. 1982 (p.49)

Conversion Factor for Equivalent

Length per Unit of K
Nominal Pipe Size, Inches Moody Friction Factor (f) Feet Meters

NPS 2, Schedule 40 0.0195 8.8 2.7

NPS 3, Schedule 40 0.0178 14.3 4.4
NPS 4, Schedule 40 0.0165 20.5 6.3
NPS 6, Schedule 40 0.0150 33.6 10.2
NPS 8 x 1/4-inch wall 0.0140 48.2 14.7
NPS 10 x 1/4-inch wall 0.0135 63.0 19.2
NPS 12 x 1/4-inch wall 0.0129 78.8 24.0
NPS 14 x 1/4-inch wall 0.0126 89.6 27.3
NPS 16 x 1/4-inch wall 0.0123 104.6 31.9
NPS 20 x 1/4-inch wall 0.0119 136.0 41.5
NPS 24 x 1/4-inch wall 0.0115 169.6 56.7
NPS 30 x 1/4-inch wall 0.0110 222.6 67.9
NPS 36 x 1/4-inch wall 0.0107 273.4 83.3

Note:
NPS = Nominal Pipe Size. The above friction factors and conversion factors apply at
high Reynolds numbers, namely above 1 x 106 for NPS 24 and larger.
For smaller pipe, down to NPS 2", the applicable Reynolds number is 2 x 10 5.

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Page 19 of 36
WorkSheet: Typical Friction Factors
 May 07, 1998
Art Montemayor Pipe Pro
Revision: 0

This information is taken from the PipePro computer program sold by:

Professional Designers & Engineers, Inc.

P.O. Box 11380
Boulder, CO 80301
Phone & Fax: (303) 530-1551

VALUES OF ABSOLUTE ROUGHNESS, e, FOR VARIOUS MATERIALS

Type of Pipe Material Range of values (x 10-6), Ft Normal Design value (x 10-6), Ft

Asphalted Cast Iron 400 400

Brass & Copper 5 5
Concrete 1,000 to 10,000 4,000
Cast Iron 850 850
Galvanized Iron 500 500
Wrought Iron 150 150
Plastic 5 5
Steel 150 150
Riveted Steel* 3,000 to 30,000 6,000
Wood Stave* 600 to 3,000 2,000

* Note: These two types of material have been obsolete and outdated for approximately
50 years. They are kept here as a reminder to young engineers of the danger and
stupidity that some data represents when the authors do not review, proof and edit their
technical product(s).
Art Montemayor

Electronic FileName: 426674125.xls

Page 20 of 36
WorkSheet: Pipe Pro
 May 07, 1998
Art Montemayor Pipe Pro
Revision: 0

REASONABLE VELOCITIES FOR WATER FLOW THROUGH PIPE

Application & Service Condition Range of Typical Velocities, Ft/sec

Municipal Water Distribution System 2 to 7

General Plant Service 4 to 10
Pump Suction 4 to 7
Drain Lines 4 to 7
Boiler Feed System 8 to 15

Note: Long piping systems may require lower velocities to prevent an undesirable pressure
drop. Higher velocities may be used or exceeded where pressure drop is not important.

Electronic FileName: 426674125.xls

Page 21 of 36
WorkSheet: Pipe Pro
 May 07, 1998
Art Montemayor Pipe Pro
Revision: 0

RESISTANCE COEFFICIENTS "K" FOR PIPE ENTRANCE AND EXITS

The K resistance coefficient represents the resistance to flow in pipes for various configurations of
entrances, exits, contraction or enlargement. The resistance coefficient method is based on the
assumption that the fluid's pressure loss is all due to pressure drag and is independent of the
Reynolds Number.

Description of Pipe Entrance or Exit Coefficient K

Inlet - Sharp edge flush to the tank or reservoir 0.50

Inlet - Slightly rounded at connection to tank, r/d=0.02 0.28
Inlet - Slightly rounded at connection to tank, r/d=0.04 0.24
Inlet - Medium rounded at connection to tank, r/d=0.06 0.15
Inlet - Medium rounded at connection to tank, r/d=0.10 0.09
Inlet - Well rounded at pipe connection, r/d=0.15 & up 0.04
Inlet - Pipe projecting into tank or reservoir 0.78

Exit - Open discharge (complete loss of velocity head) 1.00

Exit - Submerged gradual enlargement discharge 0.00
(complete recovery of velocity head)

Description of Enlargement or Contraction:

Flow may be directed through pipes of differing sizes by using especially designed enlargements or
contractions to achieve the desired coefficient "K". These designs are generally required when a
minimum "K" value is desired to limit the pressure drop in the system. The input cells below are
provided to calculate the "K" value based on the dimensions of the enlargement or contraction.

Where,
Large Diameter, D =
Small Diameter, d =
Length, L =

Coefficient K
Gradual contraction from large diam. to small diam.
Gradual enlargement from small diam. to large diam.

Sudden square edge contraction from D to d

Sudden square edge enlargement from d to D

Electronic FileName: 426674125.xls

Page 22 of 36
WorkSheet: Pipe Pro
 May 07, 1998
Art Montemayor Pipe Pro
Revision: 0

RESISTANCE COEFFICIENTS "K" FOR VALVES AND FITTINGS

The resistance coefficient K represents the reduction in static head for flow in pipes caused by valves
and fittings. The K value is the number of velocity heads and is valid for all flow conditons.
K/f = Constant
where,
f = turbulent Darcy friction factor

DESCRIPTION OF VALVES AND FITTINGS RECOMMENDED K/f

15 degree Corner Miter 4
30 degree Corner Miter 8
45 degree Standard Elbow 16
45 degree Street Elbow 26
45 degree Corner Miter 15
60 degree Corner Miter 25
90 degree Short Radius Elbow 20
90 degree Long Radius Elbow 14
90 degree Street Elbow 50
90 degree Square Corner Miter 60
180 degree Close Pattern Return Bend 50
Tee Flow-through Run 20
Tee Flow-through Branch 60
Globe valve; perdendicular stem with unguided disc 340
Globe valve; perdendicular stem with guided disc 600
Globe valve; 60o stem to run with unguided disc 175
Globe valve; 45o stem to run with unguided disc 145
Angle valve; 90o with unguided disc 150
Angle valve; 90o with guided disc 200
Gate valve; full size, fully open 8
Gate valve; 3/4 open 35
Gate valve; 1/2 open 160
Gate valve; 1/4 open 900
Ball valve; round opening with full bore 3
Plug valve; round opening with full bore 3
Plug valve; rectangular opening with full bore, fully open 18
Plug valve; 3-way rectangular opening with full bore, straignt flow 30
Plug valve; 3-way 80% bore, fully open, branch flow 90
Butterfly valve; 2" to 8", fully open 45
Butterfly valve; 10" to 14", fully open 35
Butterfly valve; 16" to 24", fully open 25
Check valve; conventional swing, angle seat, fully open 100
Check valve; conventional swing, perpendicular seat, fully open 50
Check valve; tilting disc at 5o to flow (2" to 8") 40
Check valve; globe type 400
Foot valve; hinged disc with strainer 75
Foot valve; poppet disc with strainer 420

Electronic FileName: 426674125.xls

Page 23 of 36
WorkSheet: Pipe Pro
 May 07, 1998
Art Montemayor Pipe Pro
Revision: 0

FLOW COEFFICIENT, Cv, FOR CONTROL VALVES

The Cv flow coefficient for valves expresses the flow rate of 60 oF water in gallon per minute with 1.0
psi pressure drop across the valve. Cv varies for other fluids according to the square root of the
weight density of the fluid.
For Control Valves:
Cv = Q x (density/62.37/pressure drop)0.5
Where,
Q = liquid flowrate in gpm
density = liquid density in lb/ft3
pressure drop = pressure drop in psi

Values for Cv are normally provided by the control valve manufacturer. However, desired values for
Cv may be calculated below as follows:

For Control Valves:

Flowrate, gpm = 100.00
Density, lb/ft3 = 62.37
Pressure drop, psi = 5.00

Cv = 44.72

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Page 24 of 36
WorkSheet: Pipe Pro
 May 07, 1998
Art Montemayor Pipe Pro
Revision: 0

The Cv sizing coefficient must be obtained from the valved manufacturer; however, a sampling of
some typical valve coefficients is listed below.

Size, inches Control Valve Description Flow Characteristic Liquid coefficient, Cv

1/2 Plug; top guided Equal percentage 4.2

3/4 Plug; top guided Equal percentage 8.65
1 Plug; cage guided Equal percentage 17.4
1 1/4 Plug; top guided Equal percentage 22.2
1 1/2 Plug; cage guided Equal percentage 33.4
2 Plug; cage guided Equal percentage 56.2
2 1/2 Plug; cage guided Equal percentage 87.2
3 Plug; cage guided Equal percentage 121
4 Plug; cage guided Equal percentage 203
6 Plug; cage guided Equal percentage 357
8 Plug; cage guided Equal percentage 808
10 Plug; port guided Quick opening 1280
12 Plug; port guided Quick opening 1700
1 Ball; V-notched 90o Opening 22.3
1 1/2 Butterfly; disc 60o Opening 26.3
2 Butterfly; disc 60o Opening 55.1
2 1/2 Butterfly; disc 60o Opening 91.4
3 Butterfly; disc 60o Opening 136
4 Butterfly; disc 60o Opening 271
6 Butterfly; disc 60o Opening 768
8 Butterfly; disc 60o Opening 1340
10 Butterfly; disc 60o Opening 2170
12 Butterfly; disc 60o Opening 3180
14 Butterfly; disc 60o Opening 3880
16 Butterfly; disc 60o Opening 5210
18 Butterfly; disc 60o Opening 6510
20 Butterfly; disc 60o Opening 8210
24 Butterfly; disc 60o Opening 12200
30 Butterfly; disc 60o Opening 19900
36 Butterfly; disc 60o Opening 29400
48 Butterfly; disc 60o Opening 54200
60 Butterfly; disc 60o Opening 85300
72 Butterfly; disc 60o Opening 123000

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Page 25 of 36
WorkSheet: Pipe Pro
 RESISTANCE TO FLUID FLOW May 08, 1998
Art Montemayor
Source: Crane Tech Paper #410 Rev: 0

CONCENTRIC REDUCERS
for included angle less than 45o
l
Steps:
1) Enter the required information in the YELLOW cells
2) The calculated results appear in RED numbers.

d = small diameter, in. 3.068 d

=
D = large diameter, in. = 6.065
b = diameter ratio = 0.505853
L = length of fitting, in. = 5.5
a = included concentric angle, degrees = 30
f = included concentric angle, radians = 0.523599

K1 = Resistance Coefficient (based on small diameter) = 0.2

K2 = Resistance Coefficient (based on large diameter) = 2.4

CONCENTRIC EXPANDERS
for included angle less than 45o

d = small diameter, in. = 3.068

D = large diameter, in. = 6.065
b = diameter ratio = 0.505853
L = length of fitting,in = 5.5
a = included concentric angle, degrees = 30
f = included concentric angle, radians = 0.523599

K1 = Resistance Coefficient (based on small diameter) = 0.0

K2 = Resistance Coefficient (based on large diameter) = 1.5

NOTE:
Resistance to fluid flow due to pipe reducers, pipe expanders, entrances and exits to pipes is
independent of the pipe and fluid's friction factor.
These pressure losses are caused by local disturbances, such as changes in pipe cross section.
Although considered "minor", these may actually be major losses in the case of a short pipe run.
Whenever the velocity of a flowing stream is altered either in direction or in magnitude, eddy currents
are set up and a loss of energy in excess of the pipe friction in that same length is created. Such
losses may be expressed as velocity heads (KV2/2g) --- where K must be determined for each case.
For concentric reducers, a minimum K value of about 0.10 is obtained with an included angle of 20 o
to 40o. Smaller or larger angles result in higher values of K.

Page 26 of 36 Electronic FileName: 426674125.xls

WorkSheet: Reducers & Expanders
 RESISTANCE TO FLUID FLOW May 08, 1998
Art Montemayor
Source: Crane Tech Paper #410 Rev: 0

This table calculates the included angle for Stainless

Steel, schedule 40s, Concentric Reducers. It should
also apply to Carbon Steel fittings as well as to
Concentric Expanders.

Data source: Flowline Fittings Catalog; 1965; p.48 D d

Fitting Size Large Diameter, in. Small Diameter, in. Length, in, Included Angle, Degrees

2x1 2.067 1.049 3.000 19

2 x 1-1/2 2.067 1.610 3.000 9

3x1 3.068 1.049 3.500 32

3 x 1-1/2 3.068 1.610 3.500 24

3x2 3.068 2.067 3.500 16

4x2 4.026 2.067 4.000 28

4x3 4.026 3.068 4.000 14

6x3 6.065 3.068 5.500 30

6x4 6 4 6 21

8x6 8 6 6 18

10 x 6 10 6 7 32

12 x 6 12 6 8 41

Page 27 of 36 Electronic FileName: 426674125.xls

WorkSheet: Reducers & Expanders
 June 02, 1999
Art Montemayor
Rev: 0

VOLUMETRIC CAPACITY FOR BUTT-WELDING FITTINGS

All volumes expressed in cubic inches
Reference: Piping Engineering; Tube Turns Division of Chemetron Corp.; Nov. 1971; p.47

Nominal 90o Elbows 180o Returns 45o Elbows Tees

Pipe Long Radius Short Radius Long Radius Short Radius Long Radius Full-size outlets
Size, in. Standard X-Strong Standard X-Strong Standard X-Strong Standard X-Strong Standard X-Strong Standard X-Strong

1/2 0.7 0.6 1.4 1.1 0.4 0.2 0.8 0.6

3/4 0.9 0.8 1.9 1.5 0.5 0.4 1.6 1.3
1 2.0 1.7 1.4 4.1 3.4 2.7 1.0 0.8 3.5 2.9
1-1/4 4.4 3.7 2.9 8.7 7.4 5.9 2.2 1.8 7.5 6.5
1-1/2 7.2 6.2 4.8 4.2 14.4 12.5 9.6 8.3 3.6 3.1 12.4 10.8
2 15.8 13.9 10.5 9.2 31.6 27.8 21.1 18.3 7.9 7.0 22.2 19.7
3 52.2 46.7 34.8 31.1 104.4 93.3 69.6 62.2 26.1 23.3 65.2 58.7
4 119.8 108.3 79.9 72.0 239.7 216.6 159.9 143.9 59.9 54.1 135.8 123.6
6 408.1 368.3 272.1 245.4 816.1 736.6 544.3 490.8 204.0 184.2 413.2 367.1
8 942.3 860.3 628.3 572.7 1884.7 1720.6 1256.7 1145.5 471.1 430.1 881.1 811.2
10 1856.9 1758.2 1238.0 1172.2 3713.8 3516.5 2476.0 2344.3 928.5 879.1 1675.4 1594.9
12 3195.9 3064.2 2130.7 2042.8 6391.8 6128.5 4261.5 4085.6 1598.0 1532.1 2816.9 2712.3
14 4545.9 4376.1 3030.7 2917.4 9091.8 8752.2 6061.4 5834.8 2273.0 2188.1 3809.3 3681.0
16 6882.2 6658.4 4301.4 4161.5 13764.5 13316.9 8602.8 8323.0 3441.1 3329.2 5804.3 5634.3
18 9906.5 9621.7 6054.0 5879.9 19813.1 19243.4 12108.0 11759.8 4953.3 4810.8 8396.5 8179.2
20 13707.5 13353.8 9366.8 9125.1 27415.0 26707.6 18733.6 18250.2 6853.8 6676.9 11701.3 11429.4
22 18365.2 17935.8 36730.9 23914.5 9182.7 8967.9 14348.0 14049.2
24 23995.6 23482.4 14664.0 14350.3 47991.1 46964.7 29327.9 28700.7 11997.8 11471.2 20647.2 20249.7
26 30644.8 30041.0 61289.6 40054.6 15322.4 15020.5 23912.3 23493.2
30 47449.7 46642.1 31648.8 31110.5 94899.4 62189.4 63297.7 62221.0 35985.0 35442.5
34 69490.1 68449.0 110260.5 34745.0 34224.5 52836.7 52135.9
36 82695.4 81526.6 55130.3 54351.0 176155.6 110260.5 108702.1 41347.7 40763.3 62945.1 62157.5
42 132116.7 130520.2 88077.8 87013.4 66054.8 65260.1 94207.0 93209.0
48 198322.0 196203.0 40971.0 40538.0 145443.0 144092.0

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Page 28 of 36
WorkSheet: Fittings' Volumes
 June 02, 1999
Art Montemayor
Rev: 0

90o Elbows:
V = P 2D2A/8

V = Volume
D = Inside diameter
A = Center to face distance

180o Returns:
V = P 2D2O/8

V = Volume
D = Inside diameter
A = Center to center distance

45o Elbows:
V = P 2D2A/8

V = Volume
D = Inside diameter
A = Center to face distance

Full Size Outlet Tees:

V = (PD2/2) (C + M/2) - D3/3

V = Volume
D = Inside diameter

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Page 29 of 36
WorkSheet: Fittings' Volumes
 June 02, 1999
Art Montemayor
Rev: 0

C = Center to end of run

M = center to end of branch

Pipe Caps:
V = (PD2/4) (E - t - D/12)

V = Volume
D = Inside diameter
E = length
t = wall thickness

Crosses:
V = (PD2/2) (C + M) - (2/3)D3

V = Volume
D = Inside diameter
C = Center to end of run
M = center to end of branch

Concentric & eccentric reducers:

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Page 30 of 36
WorkSheet: Fittings' Volumes
 June 02, 1999
Art Montemayor
Rev: 0

Caps Crosses Stub Ends Nominal Pipe Size, Reducers Tees

Full-size outlets Lap Joint in. Concentric & Eccentric with Reducing Outlet
Standard X-Strong Standard X-Strong Standard X-Strong Large end Small end Standard X-Strong Standard X-Strong

0.3 0.2 0.9 0.7 3/8 1.5 1.3 2.7 2.3

0.6 0.4 1.6 1.3 1 1/2 1.8 1.4 2.8 2.4
1.1 0.9 3.5 2.9 3/4 2.1 1.8 3.0 2.6
1.8 1.5 9.5 8.2 6.0 5.1 1/2 2.6 2.2 5.8 5.1
2.5 2.0 15.5 13.7 8.1 7.1 1-1/4 3/4 3.1 2.6 6.0 5.4
3.9 3.2 27.7 24.7 20.1 17.8 1 3.7 3.1 6.3 5.7
11.1 9.4 80.5 72.9 44.4 39.6 1/2 4.0 3.4 9.4 8.3
24.2 20.8 166.5 152.4 76.4 69.0 3/4 4.6 3.9 9.6 8.6
1-1/2
77.3 65.7 501.3 441.0 231.1 208.5 1 5.3 4.5 9.9 9.1
148.5 122.3 1061.9 983.0 400.2 365.3 1-1/4 6.5 5.6 10.8 9.9
295.6 264.4 2010.4 1920.6 788.5 746.6 3/4 7.6 6.6 16.7 15.2
517.0 475.0 3371.9 3255.9 1131.0 1084.3 1 8.5 7.4 16.9 15.6
2
684.6 640.0 4171.5 4043.7 1654.6 1592.8 1-1/4 10.0 8.8 17.6 16.5
967.6 911.0 6311.7 6144.0 2191.8 2120.6 1-1/2 11.4 10.0 18.4 17.4
1432.6 1363.0 9081.3 8868.1 2804.5 2723.8 1 50.9 45.5
2026.4 1938.0 12634.1 12368.2 3492.5 3402.4 1-1/4 20.2 17.9 51.8 46.4
2784.1 2682.9 3 1-1/2 21.9 19.4 52.9 47.3
3451.0 3313.0 22189.4 21802.9 5094.7 4985.7 2 25.5 22.7 55.1 49.5
4014.3 3884.1 2-1/2 29.5 26.3 58.6 52.6
5163.1 5006.4 1-1/2 37.3 33.4 108.0 97.7
2 41.8 37.5 110.4 99.9
7010.8 6811.5 4 2-1/2 46.6 41.8 113.9 103.2
10936.3 10666.7 3 54.4 48.9 119.7 108.6
13480.0 13157.0 3-1/2 62.1 55.9 125.9 114.5
2-1/2 11.9 100.6 334.1 301.8
3 123.7 111.3 340.0 307.4
6 3-1/2 134.8 121.5 346.3 313.7
4 147.1 132.8 354.1 321.2

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 June 02, 1999
Art Montemayor
6 Rev: 0

5 175.3 158.7 375.7 361.8

3 716.9 655.5
3-1/2 221.7 201.8 722.6 661.0
8 4 235.6 215.0 730.6 668.7
5 269.6 245.8 753.0 690.5
6 309.2 280.9 791.1 719.4
4 385.9 362.0 1373.0 1300.0
5 428.3 401.4 1396.0 1323.0
10
6 476.8 444.8 1432.0 1350.0
8 586.0 546.7 1506.0 1426.0
5 639.4 606.4 2318.0 2224.0
6 697.7 658.8 2348.0 2250.0
12
8 827.0 779.8 2430.0 2329.0
10 993.8 947.7 2567.0 2468.0
6 1496 1419 1992 1915
8 1738 1646 2587 2488
14
10 2041 1952 2922 2816
12 2382 2288 2976 3022
6 2621 2532
8 2321 2212 3396 3283
16 10 2656 2552 3803 3701
12 3029 2920 4891 4741
14 3289 3175 5054 4902
8 4318 4191
10 3413 3291 4849 4711
18 12 3821 3695 4993 5013
14 4104 3973 6147 5976
16 4598 4458 7180 6985
8 5360 5214
10 6010 5855
12 6248 6059 6204 6221
20
14 6922 6717 7606 7414
16 7974 7747 8877 8657
18 9404 9150 10163 9916
10 12027 11745

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12 12226 11944
14 7333 7129 12394 12110
22
16 8055 7841 12620 12337
18 8848 8622 12995 12710
20 9711 9474 1345813172
10 8701 8519
12 14972 14603
14 10979 10745
24 16 8637 8419 12795 12526
18 9451 9221 14628 14325
20 10334 10094 16477 16141
22 16606 16287
12 20062 19668
14 20233 19837
16 20465 20070
26 18 20846 20449
20 21316 20919
22 21887 21487
24 22565 22164
14 30283 29768
16 30520 30006
18 30908 30392
20 31386 30869
30
22 31964 31445
24 32652 32131
26 33458 32936
28 34102 33583
16 44385 43724
18 44779 44116
20 45265 44600
22 45851 45184
34 24 46548 45879
26 47364 46693
28 48018 47351
30 49058 48389
32 50242 49571

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Art Montemayor
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16 52701 51958
18 53098 52353
20 53587 52841
22 54177 53429
24 54878 54128
36
26 55700 54947
28 56359 55610
30 30539 30071 57404 56653
32 32314 31831 58594 57842
34 34176 33698 59940 59185
20 76746 75825
22 77172 76253
24 32031 31561 77639 76723
26 33617 33132 78899 77972
42 28 79574 78650
30 37053 36540 80636 79710
32 38902 38375 81462 80540
34 40840 40229 82341 81425
36 42866 42311 83276 82365
22 125186 123874
24 85143 83984 125667 124358
26 89354 88163 126693 125377
28 127344 126031
30 98305 97047 128044 126736
32 103044 101753 129561 128245
48 34 107959 106635 130462 129151
36 113050 111693 131419 130113
38 118317 116927 133521 132207
40 123760 122337 134710 133402
42 129378 127923 135960 134660
44 135173 133685 138742 137432
46 141144 139622 140256 138954

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WorkSheet: Fittings' Volumes
 Pipe Schedule Number
Pipe Size
10 20 30 40 80 160
1 1.097 N.A. N.A. 1.049 0.957 0.815
2 2.157 N.A. N.A. 2.067 1.939 1.687
3 3.260 N.A. N.A. 3.068 2.900 2.624
4 4.260 N.A. N.A. 4.026 3.826 3.624
6 6.357 N.A. N.A. 6.065 5.761 5.187
8 8.329 8.125 8.071 7.981 7.625 6.813
10 10.420 10.250 10.136 10.020 9.562 8.500
12 12.390 12.250 12.090 11.938 11.374 10.126
14 13.500 13.376 13.250 13.124 12.500 11.188