EE 221

Laplace Transform
And
Applications
Building the Case…
 Definition

problem in solution in
time time
domain inverse domain
Laplace solution Laplace
transform in transform
s domain

- Other Transforms
• Fourier Transform
• Z-transform
• Wavelet-Transform
 Laplace Transformation
time domain

linear time
differential domain
equation solution

Laplace transform
inverse Laplace
transform
Laplace algebra Laplace
transformed
solution
equation

Laplace domain or
complex frequency domain
 The Laplace Transform
The Laplace Transform of a function, f(t), is defined as;


L[ f (t )]  F ( s)   f (t )e dt
 st

where s    j
 The Laplace Transform

Laplace Transform of the unit step.


 1  st 
L[u(t )]   1e dt  e |
 st

0
s 0

1
L[u(t )] 
s
The Laplace Transform of a unit step is:
1
s
 The Laplace Transform
The Laplace transform of a unit impulse:

Pictorially, the unit impulse appears as follows:

f(t) (t – t0)

0 t0

Mathematically:
t 0 

(t – t0) = 0 t  t0  (t  t )dt 1

t0 
0  0
 The Laplace Transform
The Laplace transform of a unit impulse:

An important property of the unit impulse is a shifting

or sampling property. The following is an important.

t2
 f (t 0 ) t1  t 0  t 2

t1
f (t ) (t  t 0 )dt  
0 t 0  t1 , t 0  t 2
 The Laplace Transform

The Laplace transform of a unit impulse:

In particular, if we let f(t) = (t) and take the Laplace


L[ (t )]    (t )e dt  e
 st 0 s
1
0
 The Laplace Transform

An important point to remember:

f (t )  F ( s )

The above is a statement that f(t) and F(s) are

transform pairs. What this means is that for
each f(t) there is a unique F(s) and for each F(s)
there is a unique f(t). If we can remember the
Pair relationships between approximately 10 of the
Laplace transform pairs we can go a long way.
 The Laplace Transform
Building transform pairs:
 e
L[e u(t )]   e e dt   e
at at  st ( s  a ) t
dt
L(e
0 0

 st
e  1
L[e u( t )] 
 at
|0 
(s  a) sa

at 1
A transform e u(t ) 
pair sa
 The Laplace Transform
Building transform pairs:


L[tu (t )]   te dt
 st

0
 
 u=t
 udv  uv |   vdu
0
0
0
dv = e-stdt

1 A transform
tu(t )  2 pair
s
 The Laplace Transform
Building transform pairs:

(e jwt  e  jwt )  st
L[cos( wt )]   e dt
0
2
1 1 1 
   
2  s  jw s  jw 
s
 2
s  w2

s
cos(t )u (t )  A transform
s2   2 pair
 The Laplace Transform
Time Shift

L[ f (t  a )u(t  a )]   f (t  a )e  st
a

Let x  t  a, then dx  dt and t  x  a

As t  a , x  0 and as t  , x  . So,
 


0
f ( x )e  s ( x  a ) dx  e as  f ( x )e  sx dx
0

 as
L[ f (t  a)u(t  a)]  e F ( s)
 The Laplace Transform
Frequency Shift


L[e  at
f (t )]   [e  at
f (t )]e dt st

0


 f ( t )e
( s  a ) t
 dt  F ( s  a )
0

 at
L[e f (t )]  F ( s  a)
 The Laplace Transform
Example: Using Frequency Shift
Find the L[e-atcos(wt)]
In this case, f(t) = cos(wt) so,

s
F ( s)  2
s  w2
(s  a)
and F ( s  a ) 
(s  a)2  w 2
( s  a)
L[e  at
cos(t )] 
( s  a) 2  ( ) 2
 The Laplace Transform
Time Integration:

The property is:

  t   st
L   f (t )dt      f ( x )dx e dt
0  0 0 
Integrate by parts :
t
Let u   f ( x )dx , du  f (t )dt
0

and
 st 1  st
dv  e dt , v  e
s
 The Laplace Transform
Time Integration:

Making these substitutions and carrying out

The integration shows that

  1
L  f (t )dt    f (t )e  st dt
0  s0
1
 F ( s)
s
 The Laplace Transform
Time Differentiation:

If the L[f(t)] = F(s), we want to show:

df (t )
L[ ]  sF ( s)  f (0)
dt
Integrate by parts:

u  e , du   se dt and
 st  st

df ( t )
dv  dt  df ( t ), so v  f ( t )
dt
 The Laplace Transform
Time Differentiation:

Making the previous substitutions gives,


 df 
L    f ( t )e
 dt 
|  f (t ) se dt
 st 
0
 st

0

 0  f (0)  s  f (t )e  st dt
0

So we have shown:

 df (t ) 
L   sF ( s)  f (0)
 dt 
 The Laplace Transform
Time Differentiation:
We can extend the previous to show;
 df (t ) 2  2
L 2 
 s F ( s )  sf (0)  f ' (0)
 dt 
 df (t ) 3 
L 3 
 s 3
F ( s )  s 2
f (0)  sf ' (0)  f ' ' (0)
 dt 
general case
 df (t ) n  n 1 n2
L n 
 s n
F ( s )  s f ( 0)  s f ' ( 0)
 dt 
 ...  f ( n1) (0)
 The Laplace Transform
Transform Pairs:
f(t) F(s)
 (t ) 1
1
u( t ) ____________________________________
f ( t ) F ( s )

s
 st 1
e
sa
1
t
s2
n n!
t
s n 1
 The Laplace Transform
Transform Pairs:
f(t) F(s)
 at 1
te
s  a 2
n  at n!
t e
( s  a )n 1
w
sin( wt )
s2  w2
s
cos(wt )
s2  w2
 The Laplace Transform
Transform Pairs:
f(t) F(s)
w
e at sin( wt )
(s  a)2  w 2
 at sa
e cos( wt )
(s  a)  w
2 2

s sin   w cos 
sin( wt   )
s2  w2
s cos   w sin 
cos( wt   )
s w
2 2
 The Laplace Transform
Common Transform Properties:
f(t) F(s)
t s
f (t  t )u (t  t ), t  0 e o F (s)
0 0 0
t s
f (t )u (t  t ), t  0 e o L[ f (t  t )]
0 0
e  at f (t ) F ( s  a)
d n f (t )
s n F ( s )  s n 1 f (0)  s n  2 f ' (0)  ...  s 0 f n 1 f (0)
dt n
dF ( s )
tf (t ) 
ds
t
1
 f ( )d
s
F ( s)
0
 The Laplace Transform
Theorem: Initial Value Theorem:

If the function f(t) and its first derivative are Laplace transformable and f(t)
Has the Laplace transform F(s), and the lim sF ( s ) exists, then
s

lim sF ( s )  lim f ( t )  f (0) Initial Value

s t 0 Theorem

The utility of this theorem lies in not having to take the inverse of F(s)
in order to find out the initial condition in the time domain. This is
particularly useful in circuits and systems.
 The Laplace Transform
Example: Initial Value Theorem:
Given;
( s  2)
F ( s) 
( s  1)2  5 2

Find f(0)

( s  2)  s 2  2s 
f (0)  lim sF ( s )  lim s  lim  2 
s   ( s  1)  5
 s  2 s  1  25 
s 2 2 s

s2 s2  2 s s2
 lim 1
s 2
s s  2 s s  ( 26 s )
2 2 2
 The Laplace Transform
Theorem: Final Value Theorem:

If the function f(t) and its first derivative are Laplace transformable and f(t)
has the Laplace transform F(s), and the lim sF ( s ) exists, then
s

lim sF ( s )  lim f ( t )  f ( ) Final Value

s0 t  Theorem

Again, the utility of this theorem lies in not having to take the inverse
of F(s) in order to find out the final value of f(t) in the time domain.
This is particularly useful in circuits and systems.
 The Laplace Transform
Example: Final Value Theorem:
Given:

( s  2) 2  3 2
note F 1 ( s )  te 2 t cos 3t
F ( s) 
( s  2) 2
 32 

Find f ( ) .

( s  2) 2  3 2
f ( )  lim sF ( s )  lim s
s0 s0 ( s  2) 2
3 2
 0
 Apply Initial- and Final-Value Theorems to
this Example

2 • Laplace transform
F ( s) 
s ( s  2) ( s  4) of the function.

• Apply final-value
lim t   f (t ) 
2 (0) 1
 theorem
(0) (0  2) (0  4) 4
• Apply initial-value
2 ( ) theorem
lim t 0  f (t )  0
() (  2) (  4)
 The Inverse Laplace Transform
  j
Definition: 1

1
L [ F ( s)]  f (t )  F ( s ) e ts
ds
2 j   j
F(s) is generally a ratio of two polynomials:
N ( s)
F ( s) 
D( s )
Finding the inverse Laplace transform of F(s) involves two
steps:
1. Decompose F(s) into simple terms using partial fraction
expansion.
2. Find the inverse of each term by matching entries in
Laplace Transform Table. 31
 Partial Fraction Expansions

s 1 A B
  • Expand into a term for each
( s  2) ( s  3) s  2 s  3 factor in the denominator.
• Recombine RHS
s 1 A( s  3)  Bs  2

( s  2) ( s  3) ( s  2) ( s  3)
• Equate terms in s and
constant terms. Solve.
A  B 1 3 A  2 B 1
• Each term is in a form so
that inverse Laplace
s 1 1 2
  transforms can be applied.
( s  2) ( s  3) s  2 s  3
 The Inverse Laplace Transform

Example:
Find the inverse Laplace transform of
 2s 3  9s 2  8s  18
F ( s) 
s( s 2  4)( s  1)

Solution:
3 5 6
F ( s)    2
s s 1 s  4
 3  5  1  6 
f (t )  L1    L1   L  2 
s  s 1  s 4
 (3  5e t  3 sin(2t ))u (t ), t  0 33
 Example of Solution of an ODE

d2y dy
2
 6  8 y  2 y(0)  y ' (0)  0 • ODE w/initial conditions
dt dt

s 2 Y ( s )  6s Y ( s )  8 Y ( s )  2 / s • Apply Laplace transform

to each term
Y ( s) 
2 • Solve for Y(s)
s ( s  2) ( s  4)

1 1 1 • Apply partial fraction

Y (s)   
4s 2 ( s  2) 4 ( s  4) expansion
1 e 2t e 4t • Apply inverse Laplace
y(t )    transform to each term
4 2 4
 APPLICATION LAPLACE
TRANSFORM TO CIRCUIT
ANALYSIS
Example:
Find v0(t) in the circuit shown below, assuming zero
initial conditions.

40
Solution:
Transform the circuit from the time domain to the s-
domain, we have

1
u (t ) 
s
1H  sL  s
1 1 3
F  
3 sC s

41
Solution:
Apply mesh analysis, on solving for V0(s)

3 2
V0 ( s) 
2 ( s  4) 2  ( 2 ) 2

Taking the inverse

transform give

3  4t
v0 (t )  e sin( 2t ) V, t  0
2

42
Example:
Determine v0(t) in the circuit shown below, assuming zero
initial conditions.

Ans : 8(1  e2t  2te 2t )u(t ) V

43
Example:
Find v0(t) in the circuit shown below. Assume v0(0)=5V .

Ans : v0 (t )  (10et  15e2t )u(t ) V

44
Example:
The switch shown below has been in position b for a long
time. It is moved to position a at t=0. Determine v(t) for t
> 0.

Ans : v(t )  (V0  I0 R)et /  I0 R, t  0, where   RC

45
Example:
Consider the circuit below. Find
the value of the voltage across the
capacitor assuming that the value
of vs(t)=10u(t) V and assume that
at t=0, -1A flows through the
inductor and +5 is across the
capacitor.

46
Solution:
Transform the circuit from time-domain (a) into s-
domain (b) using Laplace Transform. On rearranging the
terms, we have

35 30
V1  
s 1 s  2

By taking the inverse transform, we get

v1 (t )  (35et  30e2t )u(t ) V

47
 Example:
The initial energy in the circuit below is zero at t=0. Assume that vs=5u(t)
V. (a) Find V0(s) using the thevenin theorem. (b) Apply the initial- and
final-value theorem to find v0(0) and v0(∞). (c) Obtain v0(t).

Ans: (a) V0(s) = 4(s+0.25)/(s(s+0.3)) (b) 4,3.33V, (c) (3.33+0.667e-0.3t)u(t) V.

48
Example:
The output of a linear system is y(t)=10e-tcos4t when the input is equal to
x(t)=e-tu(t). Find the transfer function of the system and its impulse
response.

Solution:
Transform y(t) and x(t) into s-domain and apply H(s)=Y(s)/X(s), we get
Y ( s) 10( s  1) 2 4
H ( s)    10  40
X ( s) ( s  1) 2  16 ( s  1) 2  16

Apply inverse transform for H(s), we get

h(t )  10 (t )  40et sin(4t )u(t )

49
Example :
The transfer function of a linear system is

2s
H ( s) 
s6

Find the output y(t) due to the input e-3tu(t) and its impulse
response.

Ans :  2e3t  4e6t , t  0; 2 (t) -12e-6tu(t )

50