Professional Documents
Culture Documents
CHAPTER 2 & 3 For Submission Today
CHAPTER 2 & 3 For Submission Today
Introduction
Policing in the Philippines had passed several police systems. On the
national level was the Philippine Constabulary, the 4rth Branch of Service
of the Armed Forces of the Philippines that institutionalized law enforcement
duties and at the local government units there was police force in every City
and Municipality under the supervision and control of the Mayor where the
police chief and policemen of every municipality are appointed by him with
the approval of the municipal council.
The desire of the Philippine Government to have a country’s national
police force, the Philippine Constabulary/Integrated National Police
(PC/INP) was established through Presidential Decree 765 integrating the
fragmented and diverse local police units into a National Police Force with
the PC as its nucleus. The merger of the Philippine Constabulary and the
local police force pave the way to a militarized police agency of the country.
The militarization was further enhance by the enactment of Republic Act
100200
In the year 1987, the Philippine Constitution was ratified expressly
providing the creation of a police force which is national in scope and civilian
in character (Sec. 6, Art. XVI, 1987 Philippine Constitution). Consequently,
Police act of 1991 was enacted under a Reorganized Department of the
Interior and Local government giving birth to the Philippine National Police
(PNP) as the country’s national police force whose role is to protect and
served its people. Originating from the defunct Philippine Constabulary and
the Integrated National Police, the PNP inherited the police functions of the
PC/INP (RA 6975). The PNP was further strengthened into a highly efficient
and competent police through the enactment of the PNP Reform and
Reorganization Act of 1998 and amending certain provision of the Police
Act of 1991 (R.A. 8551)
1
Despite the civilian nature of the PNP under existing laws the new
police organization continues its tradition by using the military approach in
the conduct of training. This training approach is a transition from civilian
care-free life to a regimented life requiring adaptation to an intense and
continuous supervision, strict discipline and mandatory physical activities
including sleep deprivation. The discipline and structure in the training
aimed in preparing young police recruits to meet the challenges of the
present complex policing environment which does not only include common
and ordinary petty crime but also includes violent extremism. A regimented
physical training program to new police recruits shall provide challenges that
prepare officers for the demands of law enforcement.
Policemen are legal bearer of arms to suppress criminality meaning it
has legal right and even obligation to carry weapons and use force when
needed. Their roles are to suppress civilian criminal activity, maintain
public order and safety, and keep citizens safe from crime. He should make
sure that everyone within his jurisdiction is obeying the law and take action
to make sure people do not violate the same. They spend a lot of time
looking for evidence of criminal activity and using this to arrest suspects
and have them formally charged in court. In doing the same, they should
spend much of thier time interacting with civilians whom they are supposed
to protect and serve. They are considered as partner in the suppression of
crime because maintenance of peace and order is not only a duty of the
police but by the members of the community as well
As legal bearers of ammunitions, police should undergo a
regimented training to instill discipline and fitness. This is a rigorous and
trying experience to test trainee’s courage, strength, faith and devotion on
his chosen profession to serve and protect the people. It is a challenge to
face the situation that needs mental and physical effort in order to adopt
and face a difficult situation during the course of actual police operations.
During this period the police trainees are encourage to increase their skills,
2
determination, and abilities by making them do more something new during
difficult situations.
Like the military, the police must possess the characteristics of
leadership, fidelity, chain of command, and team work in the performance
of police functions. They should be attuned under the regimented life
adhering the importance of discipline, punctuality, responsibility, team
work, and decision-making skills. He should be required to be quick on his
feet and have the ability to commit his decisions, whether that decision is
to make a drone strike or an arrest.
The police basic training as a tradition is aimed of developing the
new police recruits to be physically and mentally fit to perform the duties
and responsibilities of the law enforcement profession. They are required
to undergo physical activity as a way to instill both mental and physical
discipline. They are also being taught to push through pain and discomfort
to accomplish a task and even more importantly they are trained that way
in order for them to survive a violent encounter once they get into the road
during police operation.
The physical activities that the trainees used to undergo is the
Army Dozen Exercises a military routine exercise adopted by the PNP
during the conduct of training consist of two phases: (a) Warm Up
Exercises that include stork, Bobber, Back Field Croach and (b) Army
Dozen Proper to include High Jumper, Squat Bender, Squat Thrush, Bend
and Reach, Four Count Push Up, Knee Bender, Trunck Twister, Turn and
Bounch, Eight count Push Up, Side Bender, Mountain Climbing and
Buttoms up. This routine military exercises will help build muscle and
stamina to prepare the new police recruits to learn close combat fight
techniques which range from old martial arts techniques to newly
developed techniques used by elite combat units and offer knowledge on
how to disable or restrain multiple attackers as well as disarm them when
they hold knives, blunt force weapons or other dangerous material used by
criminals.
3
The researcher performs tasks that support the police organization
in the fulfillment of its goals, vision, mission and objectives specifically in
the area of education and training among police Non-Commissioned
Officers who are viewed as first responders in law enforcement. As a public
safety educator who spearhead the academic instruction in the Philippine
National Police Training Institute, the researcher is greatly concerned about
the effectiveness of regimented approached of police training with
strenuous physical exercises and sleep deprivation whether this traditional
activities is a means to determine physical and mental fitness as well as the
development of self discipline and self respect. To uncover remedial and
preventive measures appropriate to the maintenance of the traditional
police basic training, the researcher is highly motivated to conduct this
study, titled “Strenuous Physical Activities and Sleep Deprivation During
Police Basic Training: Bases for Policy Reformulation”.
4
during their police basic training in terms of the afore-cited variables?
3. What are the recommendations of the three (3) groups of
respondents to address the problems encountered on the strenuous
physical activity and sleep deprivation during their police basic training in
terms of the afore-cited variables?
4. Is there a significant difference in the:
4.1 assessment of the three (3) groups of respondents on
the strenuous physical activity and sleep deprivation during police
basic training
4.2 problems encountered during the police basic training
in terms of Expectancy, Instrumentality, Valence and Motivation?
5. From the findings of the study, what are the police training
policy/ies that can be proposed?
Null Hypothesis
There is no significant difference in the assessment and problems
encountered of the three (3) groups of respondents on the strenuous
physical activities and sleep deprivation during the police basic course in
terms of Expectancy, Instrumentalities, Valence and Motivation?.
5
in order to able to get the required knowledge for basic police education and
training. The result of this study may serve as a reference in making good
decision relative to proper physical exercise and effective sleep during the
basic training
The Community may gain from this study because the education
and training that will be acquired by a new member of the PNP from the
PNP training Institute will redound to the benefit of every member of the
community. The proper inculcation of the basic knowledge of law
enforcement especially the appreciation of applicable law and adherence
to human rights during arrest and other police operations is indispensable
to a professional policeman.
The Trainers and Training Staff maybe provided with the proper
information as the result of the study needs some adjustment in the training
policy. The outcome of the study will show that fatigue and sleepless nights
affect learning. Effective Learning could only be acquired on a relax body
and mind.
Police Trainees may realize that strenuous physical activities and
sleep deprivation are not the only factor to instill physical fitness, mental
fitness, self-discipline and self-respect and as effective policeman.
Researcher may also benefit the research considering that any
improvement of the training policy that will be introduced through this study
will be an achievement to his being a part of the PNP training institute policy
maker. This is professional satisfaction that will bolster self-esteem that no
amount of self- fulfillment can ever be bought.
Future Researcher and members of the public safety academe
may also benefit from this study who may conduct future research similar to
this study.
6
deprivation during the police basic training in terms of expectancy,
instrumentality, valence and motivation as a basis for reformulating training
policies for its improvement. This covers the eighteen (18) Police Training
Centers under the auspices of the Philippine National Police Training
Institute (PNTI) mandated by Republic Act 6975 as amended by RA 11279
to conduct education and training. The Police Regional Training Center is
strategically located in all regions of the country to cater the training needs
of the all uniform personnel with the rank of Patrolman to Senior Executive
Master Sergeant.
This study will focus on the new police recruits of the Philippine
National Police (PNP) presently undergoing Public Basic Recruit Course,
the Trainers, and Training Executives at the Eighteen (18) Police Training
Centers nationwide.
The respondents will be selected at random among trainees which
will be based on the PNPTI Master Education Program Training Program
for Academic Year 2019. The basic training of the new police recruit was
selected as setting the study because this is where the regimented training
approach is applied and the rigor, the acid test, test of courage and trying
experience are encountered by the trainee under the supervision of the
Tactical Officers and Training Executives of the Police Training Centers.
Nonetheless, this could be utilized as the basis for redesigning and policy
reformulation the PNP training program of the country.
7
dignity and honor of arrested criminals, and motivation- difficulty the
trainees encountered during training will encourage the policemen to be
good servant and protector of the people
Definition of Terms
The following are terms defined contextually and operationally to
guide the understanding of this research:
Army Dozen Exercises refers to the army routine exercises
adopted by the PNP during the conduct of training consist of two phases:
(a) Warm Up Exercises ( stork, Bobber, Back Field Croach) and Army
Dozen Proper (High Jumper, Squat Bender, Squat Thrush, Bend and
Reach, Four Count Push Up, Knee Bender, Trunck Twister, Turn and
Bounch, Eight count Push Up, Side Bender, Mountain Climbing and
Buttoms up)
Expectancy refers to the belief and optimism of any new member
of the PNP that the basic training and its practices by introducing necessary
skills, knowledge of the law & operational police procedures and actual
case-based operation scenarios will develop theme to be an effective
policemen. (feeling or hope that something exciting, interesting, or ood is
about to happen).
Instrumentality refers to the regimented practices to include
excessive physical activities and lack of sleep is effective means to improve
physical fitness, mental fitness and alertness.
Motivation. It refers to the difficulty the trainees encountered during
training will encourage the policemen to be good servant and protector of
the people. (factors that stimulate desire committed to a job, role)
Physical Activities refers to the regular physical exercises aimed
to develop muscular strength, endurance and vascular respiratory fitness of
policemen.
Police Commissioned Officers are members of the police service
who have the rank of Police lieutenant to Police General.
8
Police Non-Commissioned Officers are members of the police
service who holds the ranks of Patrolman to Police Executive Master
Sergeant.
Regimented Training Approach is the strategy of educating and
training of new members of the police service where the police trainees will
pass through an intense, closely supervised, disciplined, ordered, controlled
and in a military organized manner of training.
Acronym
NPTI - Philippine National Police Training Institute
PGEN - Police General
PLTGEN - Police Lieutenant General
PMGEN - Police Major General
PBGEN - Police Brigadier General
9
PCOL - Police Colonel
PLTCOL - Police Lieutenant Colonel
PMAJ - Police Major
PCPT - Police Captain
PLT - Police Lieutenant
PEMS - Police Executive Master Sergeant
PCMS - Police Chief Master Sergeant
PSMS - Police Senior Master Sergeant
PMSg - Police Master Sergeant
PSSg - Police Staff Sergeant
PCpl - Police Corporal
Pat - Patrolman/Patrolwoman
CHAPTER 2
This chapter presents local and foreign studies and literature that are
related and provide insights into the present day. They are herein to give
light on the relevance of the investigation.
10
The Policeman
11
The job of a police officer is risky, and officers incur a higher rate of
illnesses and injury than the national average for other jobs. Officers spend
a great deal of time working with criminals and dealing with threatening
scenarios, such as intervening in a domestic assault or foiling a burglary. As
a result, the possibility of conflicts and physical injury exist when attempting
to apprehend a suspect. Many of the risks associated with a law enforcement
career can be minimized by police officers following proper procedures.
12
Course (Sec 1, Rule 11, NPTI Training Guide 1986 Revised Edition)
The Public Safety Officers Candidate Course (PSOCC) is designed to the
senior police non-commissioned officers of the Philippine National Police
with the most intricate cognitive knowledge, skills proper attitudes required
in performing the duties and responsibilities of a member of the police
organization with an officer rank. Specifically, the program is intended to
improve the cognitive knowledge aptitude and effective facilities of the
potential officers to prepare them to assume officer rank and its
corresponding duties and responsibilities.
The Public Safety Senior Leadership Course (PSSLC) is designed to
equip police non-commissioned officers of the Philippine National Police
with the rank of Patrolman to Police Executive Master Sergeant with the
knowledge, attitudes, skills, habits and values needed for an effective
management and leadership to be able to (a) to demonstrate productive and
responsive supervisory and leadership qualities and skills; (b) assume
greater responsibility for mid-level position; (c) perform with competence the
responsibilities required of his/her position and assignment.
The Public Safety Junior Leadership Course (PSJLC) is designed to
equip the junior police non-commissioned officers of the Philippine National
Police with the rank of PO1-PO3 with fundamental knowledge, skills and
proper attitude required for team-leading assignments. The program intends
to instil leadership the leadership potentials of the police participants to
prepare them assume higher responsibilities within the organization. ‘
The Public Safety Basic Recruit Course (PSBRC) is a six months
highly disciplined training aimed of transforming the civilian care-free lives to
a regimented life in order to be equipped and develop the new recruits of the
Philippine National Police holding the rank of a Patrolman to acquire
knowledge, skills and proper attitude and discipline required of the duties
and responsibilities as the first responders during public safety operations.
These courses offered by the Philippine National Police Training Institute
are called mandatory courses the fact that these courses are mandatory
13
requirement for the appointment and promotions in the police service. The
three (3) senior courses are considered career courses where policemen
undergoing these courses are called police students in preparation for their
promotions to higher ranks. On the other hand the new police recruits are
called police trainees who experienced under a more organized, rigid, strict
discipline and uniformed manner.
The PNPTI conducts these career and recruit courses through its
Seventeen (18) Police Training Schools comprising 17 Regional Training
Centers and one (1) national headquarters training center, the former Institute
training Group and now renamed as the National Headquarters/National Service
Unit Training Center (NHQ-NSU Training Center) to cater the needs of police
education and training recruited and assigned in every police regional offices
nationwide. These are the National Capital Region Training School,
Cordillera Administrative Region Training School, CALABARZON Training
Center, MIMAROPA Training Center, CARAGA Training Center, ARMM
Training Center and Regional Training Center 1 , 2, 3 and Regional Training
Centers 5,6,7,8,9,10,11 & 12.
14
The Strenuous Physical Activities
15
fitness and health; this is also reflected in similar studies in other countries.
Morning exercises have a beneficial effect on the body in developing job
skills, therefore worries are caused by the fact that morning exercises were
not done by 23.3% to 54, 5% of respondents (Arnetz et al, 2019).
16
good health, but also to allow individuals to effectively perform their jobs. In
particular, the nature of police work carries with it a number of increased risks
that fall outside those present in the line of duty, such as a higher prevalence
of colon cancer, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and arthritis. A higher
incidence of these diseases was found among police officers when they were
compared with the local population they serve in. Some of the factors
responsible for these health problems include mental exhaustion, poor and
irregular sleep habits, and an unhealthy diet (Berg et al, 2016).
Its Advantages
17
b. The fact that warfare has become mechanized has accentuated
rather than minimized the importance of physical fitness. Police must still
perform most of the arduous tasks which fighting men for thousands of years
have had to do. There are always places where mechanized units cannot
maneuver, tasks which they cannot accomplish, and situations in which
equipment becomes disabled. Furthermore, the machines are no better than
the men operating them. Every new advance in the speed, maneuverability,
striking power, durability, and destructiveness of our machines must be
accompanied by a corresponding improvement in the quality and fitness of
their operators.
b. Strength.
(1) Every police must have sufficient strength for the heaviest tasks
he may encounter in routine and emergency activities. Arduous military
18
duties require a considerable degree of leg, back, abdominal and arm and
shoulder girdle strength.
(2) Muscles increase in size and strength with regular and strenuous
exercise. They atrophy and grow weaker when not exercised. Strength is
best developed in muscles when their power of contracting is challenged by
maximum loads. The closer a muscle works to its capacity load, the greater
will be its development of strength. Strenuous conditioning exercises, rifle
and log exercises, weight lifting, wrestling, and sprint running are excellent
strength-developing activities.
19
vascular system, and lungs. Running is the best way to develop circulo-
respiratory endurance.
d. Agility.
e. Coordination.
20
workouts. Further, chronic, negative energy expenditure leads to something
called “low energy availability,” which means that the body is consistently
pulling from its own energy stores (carbs, protein, fat). This can be the result
of too much training or too little fuelling (Papazoglou and Andersen, 2014).
Overused muscles and joints can cause constant aches or joint pain.
Pain that does not subside in two weeks (or so) should be considered a
notable injury. Overtraining taxes all of the body's systems and also makes
it more difficult to ward off infections. Thus, frequent illnesses and upper-
respiratory tract infections (URTIs) are signs as well. Medical complications
may also include low bone mineral density and low testosterone. Long-term
low energy availability may lead to nutrient deficiencies, such as iron
deficiency anemia, which have the potential to harm both health and
performance. Medical complications can also involve the cardiovascular,
gastrointestinal, endocrine, nervous or reproductive systems (e.g., menstrual
cycle disturbances in women).
21
arenas, rhabdomyolysis is a right of passage, but it is important to
understand that the kidneys shutting down is NOT the sign of an
accomplished workout (but rather a sign of acute overtraining).A better
approach is to follow a periodized training program that includes both active
recovery and complete rest. Rest can be frustrating, but recognize that a day
or two spent on the foam roller is better than a day or two in a hospital bed.
Recovery today not only allows for greater production tomorrow, but likely
fewer missed training days over the next few month (De Loës and Goldie,
2015).
22
In the challenge domain, officers were taught the skill of goal
setting, which should enhance confidence and motivation, and enhance
attention to the important aspects of handling the upcoming task.
Visualization was also a part of the challenge domain, and taught officers to
visualize a real-life event, which could be used as a learning experience for
preparing to handle stressful situations.
The domains and all the individual components were derived from
interventions and psychological insights created using sports populations,
that is: athletes and management of athletes. It is expected that these
interventions, and the logic of its resilience enhancement capabilities, are
also applicable to other populations, including the policing population, as they
both are often expected to perform under heightened pressure and in
changing difficult circumstances. Moreover, most parts of the current training
were used in previous studies on police stress training. The different
components in the current study were also used in training developments of
23
previous studies. However, in those instances, components of the current
training were used, while mixing in other components not used in the current
training. Within these different compositions of training components, a
plurality of outcomes had been associated with these differing training types.
Among others, these training types have been found to enhance general
health (Arnetz et al. 2019) mental health (Williams et al. 2015), and/or reduce
stress levels.
24
have a higher risk of developing diseases such as colon cancer, diabetes,
cardiovascular disease, arthritis, and ulcers. Officers also have a high risk of
obesity due to a lack of physical fitness and an unhealthy lifestyle. The risk
of developing these diseases puts police officers at a higher risk of premature
death when compared to the general population. Collingwood et al (2015)
discusses that without fitness maintenance programmes for law enforcement
officers the gains achieved in the academy are rapidly lost. Dillern et al.
(2016) the relevance of such functional testing within the police and the
emergency response industry and note that understanding functional
capacity assists ergonomists in designing standards of fitness for
occupations and worker groups and also assists in designing training
programs to meet job demands and injury avoidance.
25
heterogeneous, they include cardio-respiratory capacity, strength and
muscle resistance, flexibility, and body composition (particularly adiposity –
waist measurement as used in this particular reserach) (Martínez-Vizcaíno
& Sánchez-López, 2008). Cornum et al. (2015) identified that the health-
related components of physical fitness (as used in this study) are (a)
cardiorespiratory endurance (V02 max), (b) muscular endurance (pressups
and sit-ups), (c) muscular strength (press-ups and sit-ups), (d) body
composition (body fat test), and (e) flexibility (sit and reach test). ‘Just as the
amount of physical activity ranges from low to high so do the level of physical
fitness’.
26
correspond any more to their expectations” (Fortenbery, 2016). The difficulty
of police work has resulted in an increase of the proposed in-service training
for police officers. These training sessions address diverse areas of concern,
including areas related to legal, information technology, and security matters.
..
The issue of training has become so significant that, for the past
30 years, practicing psychologists have been working closely with police
forces, distinguishing themselves from nonspecialized trainers,
psychologists intervening in training initiatives aim to bring new knowledge
in human sciences to police officers. Moreover, the issue of police officers’
motivation is also recurrent for psychologists. These practitioners
(psychologists) are confronted with the difficulty of maintaining a sufficient
level of motivation and engagement during training sessions. Psychologists
regularly try to estimate police officers’ motivation and engagement due to
the nature of police work itself. Frequent situations of aggressiveness and
violence bring to light how much the question of police officer motivation and
engagement should be investigated.
27
officers’ global motivation (i.e., a general motivational orientation) and
contextual motivation (i.e., motivation in a specific broad life domain) during
recruitment or reclassification processes may be of interest to psychologists,
as these dimensions should then be positively related to work engagement
and engagement in vocational training.
Studies
28
Heneweer (2016) investigated the effects of physical exertion to the
point of fatigue on two visual perception tasks. Results suggest that under
decreased.
29
Other studies used a step-test protocol and found no significant effect of
physical exertion on mathematical ability. The studies cited have provided
some information about the effects of physical exertion on cognitive
performance. However, the results have been inconclusive. This research is
an attempt to shed additional light on the problem, especially in regard to
police performing cognitive activities during physical activity.
During the police basic training the trainees experience less than eight
hour sleep considering that they raise up from bed as early as 3:30 in
preparation start their activity at four (4) o’clock in the morning and will end
the day’s activity at Ten (10) O’clock in the evening to go to bed. The less
that eight hours sleep every day is part of the basic training during the six (6)
months period so that they will be able to adjust and adapt the police life of
working even during night shift as required by the police organization to be
on guard twenty four (24) hours a day.
30
on alert during these wee hours to guard and counter any attack from
enemies of the people and the state.
While on the basic police training the trainees are being develop to be
adjusted to the police training environment of working even during on night
shift experiencing less than eight (8) hours sleep while on duty. The PNPTI
Training Guide 2016 Revision provides Schedule of Daily Activities starting
from 4:00 in the morning where they stated with body conditioning, morning
physical exercises and reveille and they end up the training activities at 10:00
in the evening for the TAPS or Time for all Personnel to Sleep (Sec. 1, Rule
V, NPTI Training Guide 2016)). The schedule of daily activities in the training
guide implicitly reduced the the eight hours sleep of every trainee as part of
a regimented training approach in instilling police discipline including the
police culture of performing duties and responsibilities. This lack of sleep or
sleep deprivation as experience by every police trainee as implicitly stated in
the training guide is only applied the during the six months period of police
basic training after which they will go back to their normal sleep requirement
except during night duties in their work shift requirement. The schedule sleep
hours that lasted for an average of five to six hours every day will help them
adjust and adopt the night assignment of police duties and law enforcement
operation job.
31
The view of Kenda Nunes was supported by Katleen Davis (20180 of
Medical News Today that the main symptom of lack of sleep or sleep
deprivation is excessive daytime sleepiness, but other symptoms include
yawning, moodiness, fatigue, irritability, depressed mood, difficulty learning
new concepts, forgetfulness, inability to concentrate or a "fuzzy" head, lack
of motivation and clumsiness. When an individual gets less sleep than they
need to feel awake and alert can lead to excessive daytime sleepiness,
emotional difficulties, poor job performance, and a lowered perception of
quality of life along with some key points on fast facts on sleep deprivation
such as: a) Sleep loss alters normal functioning of attention and disrupts the
ability to focus on environmental sensory input (b) Lack of sleep has been
implicated as playing a significant role in tragic accidents (c) Children and
young adults are most vulnerable to the negative effects of sleep deprivation
(d) Sleep deprivation can be a symptom of an undiagnosed sleep disorder or
other medical problem (e) When one fail to get your required amount of
sufficient sleep, you start to accumulate a sleep debt.
32
deprivation and risky decisions. Unfortunately, very little exists on this topic
in the literature for military specific studies. One of the most conclusive
studies was done in 2015 by William and colleagues from the Walter Reed
Army Institute of Research. In a 49.5-hour sleep deprivation experiment,
thirty-four participants completed the Iowa Gambling test (this test is used to
replicate real life decision making under uncertainty conditions) at baseline
and at the end of the experimentation. At baseline the participants quickly
learned to avoid the high risk deck of cards in favor of the most advantageous
(in the long term) deck of cards. However, in the test at the end of the sleep
deprivation period, their pattern of performance was strikingly different from
the baseline: they tended to choose the risky deck of cards more often than
not as the game progressed, demonstrating that risky decisions may
increase with sleep deprivation.
33
tasks: they were struggling to generate spontaneous ideas. In a combat
situation, innovative thinking skills are essential for dealing with the very first
nature of combat: a complex and unpredictable situation. In 2015, the Army
Research Institute of Environmental Medicine (US ARIME) conducted a
study of cognition during sustained operations, using a laboratory simulation
of a field’s sustained operation to determine the change in cognitive function
and mood after a prolonged sleep deprivation period. During the 92-hour
study, 13 volunteers were conducting scenarios including road marches,
battles drills and land navigation. They were only permitted two 1h rest
periods each day; while not performing physical tasks, the participants were
performing mental tasks to keep them awake. The study concluded that they
experienced a significant decrement in reaction time and visual vigilance.
Two areas remained relatively stable throughout the period: marksmanship
and physical performance. This shows that cognitive function decreases
significantly faster than physical performance. Also, the volunteers’ mood
significantly deteriorated over the course of the study.
34
compensate for lack of sleep in the first 24 hours. However, brain
compensation is not forever; in all subjects after 60 hours no more
compensation could be observed. The brain can be trained to compensate
for the first day or so, so with training our police could become a little bit more
resilient to the effects of memory loss due to sleep deprivation. Jonavonic
(2014) studied the impact on a specific shooting task of sleep deprivation
conditions. The research was conducted using a sample of 19 members
during the Croatian Special Operation Battalion training course. The main
objective of the test was to assess the sleep deprivation factor during a
specific task of shooting targets in four different ways with regards to body
position in relation to the target. His secondary finding is what is important
for this paper. The result obtained suggested that during the training,
adaptation to stress had occurred resulting in better shooting performance in
stressful and sleep-deprived situations. But training under sleep deprivation
conditions should not be done at every level. And some training/courses
should optimize the amount of sleep the candidates are receiving by allowing
a certain amount of sleep in accordance with the circadian cycle to maximize
the leaning during the awake period.
35
First with regards to decision-making under sleep deprivation, sleep
deprivation has minimal effects on simple decision-making but a sleep
deprivation effect will be visible after only 24 hours where the police require
flexibility and need to conduct plan revision. So in other words, police will
cope well with convergent tasks but not with innovative thinking tasks. Thus,
compared to physical tasks, cognitive function decreases significantly faster.
And sleep deprived police will be more averse to risk-taking, as
demonstrated by the Iowa Gambling Test. Also, the short answer to whether
police are aware that they are tired or on the verge of falling asleep; is that
unfortunately it is very difficult to predict if we will be falling asleep in the next
minute. Therefore, a police can fall asleep at any time, regardless of his
willpower. Fortunately, studies have demonstrated that there are mitigating
factors that can help in training for sleep deprivation prior to departing on a
mission (Ruiz and Morrow, 2015).
However, studies point out that such negative health effects can be
neutralized by increased physical activity, especially through endurance and
strength training (Dishman and Sallis, 2014) confirming the earlier findings
that a high level of physical activity is effective in reducing the incidence of
non-communicable diseases and lowering the mortality rate of a population.
Therefore, of considerable importance in recruiting potential police
candidates is selecting individuals who are able to meet criteria that can
determine best the peak physical fitness, such as those linked to high levels
of physical activity and strength abilities. Although the candidates that end
up attending police academies differ in terms of their morphological features,
it has been found that, due to the specificity of the physical activity that is
required of them in the uniformed services, they undergo similar changes in
their somatic and tissue characteristics.
36
that body composition variables increased significantly regardless of gender
or race. Bates (2006) highlights that objective measures of physical activity
and physical fitness quantify the level, and with some devices, the duration,
intensity and patterning of daily physical activity in individuals in ways that
are not influenced by recall ability, ethnicity, culture or socioeconomic status.
As a result, objective measures can provide important insights into the
activity levels of participants.
37
engagement theory, research, and practice” Based on self-determination
theory, the purpose of the present research was thus to identify and explain
the underlying mechanisms promoting engagement at both contextual (i.e.,
in the work context) and situational (i.e., in a training session) levels.
Specifically, using two different methodologies (i.e., single and multiple
measurement points), we tested a model that incorporated police officers’
perceptions of organizational support, supervisor support, motivation, and
engagement in work activities, and in a training session.
38
new ways of looking at things in performing their job. Practical part of training,
on the other hand, helps officers handle day-today duties in an effective way.
Those who are trained with a theoretical focus might face difficulties in putting
theory to work in their daily job while those who are trained with a practical
view might feel more comfortable in practical works but not the same comfort
with complicated problems. In other words, theory teaches to do the right
thing whereas practice teaches to do things right.
However, no research has examined how self-determined
motivation could explain the relationship of contextual (i.e., perceived
organizational support) and individual (i.e., global motivation) factors to work
engagement. Thus, while a number of investigations have empirically
demonstrated the validity of one or more paths of the hypothesized model,
no research has tested the overall model. We believe that this is an original
model that could lead to important theoretical and applied benefits for police
officers.
Theoretical Framework
39
while explaining the effect of performance, motivation, and effort towards an
employee’s motivation.
Expectancy is rooted in the assumption that increased performance
is a result of increased effort. Greater efforts lead to greater performance.
Employees possess different levels of confidence and different expectations
with respect to their capability of doing something. Thus, management must
discern and recognize the factors that motivate an employee to perform his
best. This can be achieved, among others, by providing the required training,
supervision, and resources the employees need.
Conceptual Framework
Expectancy
40
Figure 1. Expectancy Theory of Motivation
Chapter 3
Method of Research
This chapter presents the research method, respondents,
instruments, and data gathering procedure. It also includes the procedure
and the statistical treatment of data.
Research Design
This study will utilize the descriptive method of research for the main
purpose of gathering data through a researcher-made assessment survey
questionnaire about the association between principal leadership style and
teachers’ work attitude and performance in Camp Castañeda Silang Cavity.
41
from Luzon, visayas ans Mindanao all under the supervision of the National
Police Training Institute
To determine the sample size for the students, the Sloven’s formula
will be used. The formula is:
N
n=
1 + Ne2
where:
n= sample size
1= constant
Research Instrument
The researcher will design the research instruments as the main data
gathering instrument to be prepared by with the help of her thesis adviser.
Part I will gather data regarding the demographic profile of the respondent in
terms of age, sex, civil status, educational attainment, monthly salary, length
of service, and rank. Part II is the assessment on the strenuous physical
exercises and sleep deprivation in relation to expectancy, motivation and
valence.
42
Validation of the Instrument
To obtain the needed data and information for the study, the
researcher plans to undertake the following procedure as follows:
43
8. The researcher will ask the assistance of the Chief of
Academics of every Police Regional principal in fielding of the
questionnaire and speedy retrieval.
9. As soon as accomplished questionnaire are retrieved, the
researcher will prepare a data spread sheet for easier encoding in
the computer/software.
10. The data will be encoded into the computer using IBM SPSS
version 20 for the appropriate statistical tools.
11. Analysis of data will follow and the results will be translated
into appropriate tables.
44
Statistical Treatment of Data
The encoded data will be analyzed using the appropriate statistical tools.
1. Frequency and Percentage computation will be used for the profile of
the respondents. Computation is as follows:
F
Formula: P = N 𝑥 100
Where: F = frequency
N = number of respondents
P = percentage
Fw1+Fw2+Fw3+Fw4
Formula: WM =
N
45
3. ANOVA. One-way analysis of variance among and between groups and
F-test will be used for testing the significance of the difference among three
or more groups.
Source of
Df Sum of Squares Mean Square
Variance
Among
k-l Ayy Ayy/(k-l)
Groups
__Wyy__
Within 𝑘
∑𝑘𝑖=1[𝑛 − 1] Wyy
Groups ∑[𝑛 − 1]
𝑖=1
Where:
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