𝑃𝑃 y

−4 50(100)
3.302 × 10 =
70 × 103
→ 𝑃𝑃 = 115.57 × 103 𝑁𝑁 𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕 𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎
𝑷𝑷 𝑷𝑷

𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏 𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎
𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑃𝑃 = 115.57 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘

z
Example (6.7): A uniform bar of length ( l ), cross – sectional area ( A ), and unit mass (
ρ ) is suspended vertically from one end as shown in Figure (6.13). Show that its total
𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌𝑙𝑙 2�
elongation is (𝛿𝛿 = 2𝐸𝐸). If the total mass of the bar is ( M ), show also that (𝛿𝛿 =
𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀�
2𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸).

W(x)
Figure (6.13)
Solution:
𝜌𝜌(𝑥𝑥) = 𝑊𝑊(𝑥𝑥) = 𝛾𝛾. 𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉. = 𝜌𝜌(𝑔𝑔)(𝐴𝐴)(𝑥𝑥)
𝑙𝑙 𝜌𝜌 𝑙𝑙 𝑙𝑙
(𝑥𝑥) 𝜌𝜌(𝑔𝑔)(𝐴𝐴) 𝜌𝜌(𝑔𝑔) 𝑥𝑥 2 𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌𝑙𝑙 2
𝛿𝛿 = � 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = � 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = � � =
0 𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸 0 𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸 𝐸𝐸 2 0 2𝐸𝐸

Total Mass= M , let total weight= M.g.l

𝑀𝑀. 𝑔𝑔
𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢 𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤ℎ𝑡𝑡 𝑊𝑊(𝑥𝑥) = (𝑥𝑥)
𝑙𝑙

131
 𝑀𝑀. 𝑔𝑔
𝑙𝑙 𝑙𝑙
𝑙𝑙 𝑀𝑀. 𝑔𝑔
𝛿𝛿 = � (𝑥𝑥)𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = � (𝑥𝑥)𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
0 𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸 0 𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸(𝑙𝑙)
𝑙𝑙
𝑀𝑀. 𝑔𝑔 𝑥𝑥 2 𝑀𝑀. 𝑔𝑔(𝑙𝑙)
𝛿𝛿 = � � =
𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸(𝑙𝑙) 2 0 2𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸

Example (6.8): The rigid bars shown in Figure (6.14) are separated by a roller at point
(C) and pinned at point (A) and (D). A steel rod at point (B) helps support the load of (50
kN). Compute the vertical displacement of the roller at point (C).

9 2
E=200x10 2N/m 50 kN
A=300 mm L=3 m
C D
A B
3m 1.5 m 2m 2m

Figure (6.14)
Solution: C D
A B
3m 1.5 m 2m 2m

δ cable δC

𝛿𝛿𝐶𝐶 𝛿𝛿𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶 4.5

= → 𝛿𝛿𝐶𝐶 = 𝛿𝛿
4.5 3 3 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶
Bar CD as F.B.D: 50 kN

↻ ∑𝑀𝑀𝐷𝐷 = 0 → 𝑅𝑅𝐶𝐶 (4) = 50(2) → 𝑅𝑅𝐶𝐶 C 2m 2m D

= 25 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 ↑ RC RD
T
Bar ABC as F.B.D:

↻ ∑𝑀𝑀𝐴𝐴 = 0 → 𝑅𝑅𝐶𝐶 (4.5) = 𝑇𝑇(3) → 𝑇𝑇 A 3m B 1.5 m C

= 37.5 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 ↑ RA RC

132
 𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃 37.5 × 103
𝛿𝛿𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶 = = 1.875 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚
𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸 200 × 103 (300)
4.5 4.5
𝛿𝛿𝐶𝐶 = 𝛿𝛿𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶 = (1.875) = 2.813 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚
3 3
Example (6.9): A rod is composed of three segments and carries the axial loads as shown
in Figure (6.15). Determine the stress in each material if the walls are rigid.

Bronze Aluminum Steel

2
2 2
A=2400 mm A=1200 mm A=600 mm
A E=83 GPa E=70 GPa E=200 GPa B RB
RA
P1=120 kN P2=50 kN

600 mm 400 mm 300 mm

Figure (6.15)
Solution:

RA A
N=RA

RA
P1=120 kN N=120 – RA

RA
P1=120 kN P2=50 kN N=170 – RA

From equilibrium:

𝑅𝑅𝐴𝐴 + 𝑅𝑅𝐵𝐵 = 𝑃𝑃1 + 𝑃𝑃2 → 𝑅𝑅𝐴𝐴 + 𝑅𝑅𝐵𝐵 = 170 … … … . … (1)

From compatibility:
𝛿𝛿𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵. + 𝛿𝛿𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴. + 𝛿𝛿𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆. = 0
133
 𝑅𝑅𝐴𝐴 × 103 (600) (120 − 𝑅𝑅𝐴𝐴 ) × 103 (400) (170 − 𝑅𝑅𝐴𝐴 ) × 103 (300)
+ + =0
83 × 103 (2400) 70 × 103 (1200) 83 × 103 (600)

→ 𝑅𝑅𝐴𝐴 = 96.99 ≅ 97 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘

Sub. in Equ.(1),get:

𝑅𝑅𝐴𝐴 + 𝑅𝑅𝐵𝐵 = 170 → 𝑅𝑅𝐵𝐵 = 170 − 97 = 73 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘

𝑃𝑃 97 × 103
𝜎𝜎𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵. = = = 40.42 𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀
𝐴𝐴 2400
𝑃𝑃 (120 − 97) × 103
𝜎𝜎𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴. = = = 19.17 𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀
𝐴𝐴 1200
𝑃𝑃 73 × 103
𝜎𝜎𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆. = = = 121.67 𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀
𝐴𝐴 600
Thermal Deformation
The strain due to an increase or decrease in temperature is:
𝜺𝜺 = 𝜶𝜶∆𝑻𝑻
Where 𝛼𝛼 = is a coefficient of linear expansion, and
∆𝑇𝑇 = Change in temperature.
 ∆𝑻𝑻 is positive if increase in temperature and negative if decrease in
temperature.
The deformation due to this change in temperature is:
𝜹𝜹𝜹𝜹 = 𝜺𝜺(𝒍𝒍) = 𝜶𝜶∆𝑻𝑻𝑻𝑻
Then the stress due to this change in temperature is:
𝝈𝝈 = 𝜺𝜺(𝑬𝑬) = 𝜶𝜶∆𝑻𝑻𝑻𝑻
Example (6.10): A steel rod with a cross – sectional area of (150 mm2) is stretched
between two fixed points. The tensile load at (20Co) is (5000N). What will be the stress
at (-20Co)? At what temperature will the stress be zero? Assume (𝛼𝛼 = 11.7 𝜇𝜇𝜇𝜇⁄𝑚𝑚. 𝐶𝐶 𝑜𝑜 )
and (E=200 GPa).

134
Solution:
𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃
𝛿𝛿𝑃𝑃 = 𝛿𝛿𝑇𝑇 → = 𝛼𝛼∆𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇
𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸
5000 − 𝑃𝑃
9 −6
= 11.7 × 10−6 (−20 − 20)
200 × 10 (150 × 10 )

→ 𝑃𝑃 = 19040 𝑁𝑁
𝑃𝑃 19040
𝜎𝜎 = = = 127 𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀
𝐴𝐴 150
5000 − 0
9 −6
= 11.7 × 10−6 (−20 − 𝑇𝑇)
200 × 10 (150 × 10 )

→ 𝑇𝑇 = −34.2 𝐶𝐶 𝑜𝑜
Example (6.11): At (20 Co)a rigid slab having a
mass of (55 Mg) is placed on two bronze rods 55 Mg
and one steel rod as shown in Figure(6.16). At
what temperature will the stress in steel rod be
zero? For the steel (A=6000 mm2, E=200 GPa, Br. St. Br. 250 mm
and 𝛼𝛼 = 11.7 𝜇𝜇𝜇𝜇⁄𝑚𝑚. 𝐶𝐶 𝑜𝑜 ), and for bronze
(A=6000 mm2, E=83GPa, and 𝛼𝛼 =
𝑜𝑜
19 𝜇𝜇𝜇𝜇⁄𝑚𝑚. 𝐶𝐶 ). 50 mm
Figure (6.16)
Solution:
δP,br.
δT,br. δP,st. Final Position
δT,st. Original Position
From compatibility:
𝛿𝛿𝑇𝑇,𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 + 𝛿𝛿𝑃𝑃,𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 = 𝛿𝛿𝑇𝑇,𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 − 𝛿𝛿𝑃𝑃,𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏
𝑃𝑃𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑙𝑙𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑃𝑃𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 𝑙𝑙𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏
𝛼𝛼∆𝑇𝑇𝑙𝑙𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 + = 𝛼𝛼∆𝑇𝑇𝑙𝑙𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 − … … … … … . . (1)
(𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸)𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 (𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸)𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏
From equilibrium:
2𝑃𝑃𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 + 𝑃𝑃𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 = 𝑊𝑊
135