EY charree 1 | The ttalian Risorginento HUM club ele rate) ‘* Period in which italy was unified and freed from faswiys ‘© Different visions of the future Italian State ‘* Democrats (Mazzini): inuwlvernent of the people and creation of the republic; failure of all insurrectionary acvempts ‘= Feuleralism (Cattaneo, Ferrari): federal republic consisting of the various Italian states * Liberal Catholics: Neo Guelphism (Gioberti) with a confederation of states led by the pope «* Liberals (Balbo, D’Azegiio): confederation of states «haired by | “The First alin War of independence © Two years of reforms (1846 1848): constitutions were granted (Statuto Albertino) » March 1849: Venice and Milan rose up, Piedinon! ter lared war on Austria ‘© April 1849: Pius IX left the aniti-Avitian coalition followed by Tuscany and the Kingdom of the Tw Sicilies ‘© August 1849 after the defeat of Custoza biedmont signed an armistice with Austria ‘= February 184y: the Republic of Tuscany and the Roman Republic were created ‘* March 1849: Piedmont resumed the war against Austria, but it was defeated at Novara; Charles Albert abdicated in favour of Victor Finmiamiel * July-August 1049: the Roman Republic and the Republic of Venice fell ImontSe ee ag BB i roe attermat of tne uosuccessul uprisings in 1830-1831 organized by secret societies, Giuseppe | Mazzini exiled from Genoa to Marseilles - draw up i | the program of the «clovine srallas (Young italy). Arcotding to the Ligurian thinker, the political struggle for independence and the unification of Italy had to | now tale place out in the open and needed to focus on ‘the parteipation of the masses, tha fac 10 be {informed and edu ated. "they were arrested and shot. Ret we Bp] The success of Mazzins deals resuttec n Incl insurrections, based on enthusiasm and wrong political calculations, as in the case of the experlitian uf Ue Bandiera brothers. They landed in Calabria in 1844, believing that they could count on the people's support ‘to overthrow the Bourbon government. Contrary to their expe latins, 1834 and 1845 many other attempts were made to revolt, but they were all repressed. Wile Maczini continued his work in Londen, in italy other laxs wisi jaths were discussed to solve tha national question, klected in 1846, Pits BEM x suse for is fiberal sympathies | promulgated a generous amnesty to palitical © isomers and, the following year, he introduced some | moderate reforms, thus becoming a symbol for the © alivts. Reforms were also ranted in Tuseany and | Piedmont, while a strong | anti-austeian front was | forming among the major ‘talon rulers. Where there hed not been reforms, there were the uprisings. lots ceurred Lombardo-venetos in Bourton Palermo the sacassion of the island was ‘even protlainial aid Parliament was restored. in © an attempt to stop the | unrast the idng of naples was forced ta grant the Constitution, which was granted in Tuscany and in the Kingdom of Sardinia re to ‘ne growing popular protests. ‘The liberal movement seemed now unstoppable. the Austaian Austrian Empire In 1648, revolts tollowed one another in sovaral cities such as Venice arid taiian, whit feed itself from Austrian © troops with its glorious «Five Days». Hence, it became more and more clear that they ‘wars closely connected with thse thal | simultaneously esupted in Budapest and in Vienna, italian patriots looked to the king of sardinfa as the only on able to concretize their damands for fwediom. Alter the frst victories against austria vitLmy seemed possible, but the crushing defeats at Custoza (1848) and Nevara (1849) made tt more and more Lunflkely. Austria regained possession of the Northeast, thus markitng the end of the city republies (Rome, Brescia, Venice). The © Constitutions were withtiamn and Pius Dx himself became supporterBEY cnsrren ts | the tain Rtogineto POLITICAL TRENDS OF THE RISORGIMENTO «= ‘the period between 1848 and 1861 in Italian history 1s commonly referred to as the «Risorgimento», during which the process of unification came tu an end. The woud «Risoryimento» was iuitially used to indicate the rebirth of arts and letters, yet its meaning was alco extended to the political level, as.a result of the comparison between a miserable present and a gloriaus past. This led the Risargimento to be considered as the rebirth of the modern italian state and to include the set of political, social and cultural processes that led to independence and unification. Aiterwards, the years 1861 to 1870 began to be considered as part of the Risorgimento, as in this period the unification was completed with the annexation of Rome and Veneto. In this period, ditterent factions were formed with different ideas of the future Italian State organization and how to achieve independence. on the vue laud the Democeats, who wanted Ltaly to be united by the people and aimed at the creation of a republic, on the other hand the Moderates, who wanted to unite the numerous Ttalian kingdoms in a federation. = The Democrats were led by the Genoese Mazzini, why in 1831 [owded (he Glovine Talia movement (Young Italy) in Marseille, His political association aimed at creating an independent and republican slate forded on universal suffrage. Mazzini was affirming the Italians? «moral» mission (third Rome) and founded the Union of italian Workers in London, as he was aware of the social question. The Mazzinians promoted several insurrections, but they all failed because of poor coordination and the lack of people's participation, Cattaneo believed that independence should go together with civil and technological” progress and that the new state should be a federal republic enhancing local specificities (municipal federalism). = ‘rhe Liberals were concerned with socio-political issues as necessary reforms, economic recovery through the dismantlement of trade harriers and greater technological and scientific progress. The Liberal catholics, such as Manzoni and Rosmini, argued the need for opening the Catholic world to mode also by giving up the alliance of throne and altar. On the other side,in his essay On the Moral and Civil Primacy of the Italians (1843), the neoguelphist leader Gioberti affisued the idea of a canfederation of states chaired by the papacy and militarily protected by Picémont. Lastly, Liberal Moderates like Balbo, Durando aud D’Azeglio proposed 4 cunfederation of states chaired by Piedmont and endowed with liberal institutions. TARGETS, TARGETS ae [Ls unified ttalinn Republic |. End of the throne-altar Confederation of states |. Representatives of olliance Tuled by the king of the people elected by 1s Opening up to progress Sardinia universal suffrage METHODS METHODS ETHODS |. program of economic Institutional reforms in |—+ Revolution reforms +the various states Et Solidarity among peoples + Reform within the Diplomacy Creation of customs church ‘TREND: . TRENDS Balbo: expansion of TRENI Giobert’s Neo biedmont; inclusion of Mazzini’s unitarism: Guelphism: Italian Piedinont in the «Eastern centralized republican «Primacy» among Question» state peoples; confederation D’Azeglio: national \_+ Cattaneo’s federalism: of states chaired by the reform program; federal republican state pope and supported acknowledgment of founded on municipalities militarily by Piedmont Charles Albert's leadership