Chapter Theory of Reinforced Concrete 1.0. NOTAI fou Hays OS Se Ze ERETE ION Deflection of column due to slencerness Net area of concrete in a column cross-section ‘Area of steel in tension in a beam Area of steel in compression in a beam Area of bent shear reinforcement Area of steel in column, Area of steel in vertical links Width of reinforced concrete seetion Width of web in a beam Effective crack height at ‘no slip’ at steel Internal compressive force in reinforced concrete section Effective depth of tensile reinforcement Effective depth of compressive reinforcement Modulus of elasticity of concrete Modulus of elasticity of steel Service stress Characteristic strength of material Mean strength of material from test results Service stress in stecl Characteristic yield strength of steel Characteristic eube strength of conerete at 28 days Overall depth of a conerete section ‘Thickness of lange ina T-beam Initial crack height in reinforced concrete member Maximum overall dimension of a rectangular conerete section Minimum overall dimension of a rectangular eonerete section Moment of inertia Applicd bending moment Maximum moment of resistance of conerete seetion Moment of resistance of concrete in flange Moment of resistance of concrete in web Ultimate axial load on column Percentage of tensile reinforcement in a beam: Percentage of total reinforcement in a column Shear flow (kN/m) First moment of area above plane of interest in concrete 1004 bd 100A Joh2. Reinforced Conerete n Curvature of a member in bending : Standard deviation s Spacing of shear reinforcement Tr Intcenal tensile force in steel reinforcement * Shear stress in conerete (N/m Xe Design conerete shear steess (Nm?) rm Shear stress in conerete due to torsion (Nim) v Shoar force in concrete section vy, Design conerete shear capacity y Design shear capscity of shear eeinforcement x Depth of neutral axis from compression face s Distance from neutral axis : Depth of lever atm « Angle of inclination to horizontal of shear reinforcement 8 “Angle of inclination to horizontal of concrete stu in truss analogy Be Empirical factor governing detection of slender eolurmns Bs Ratio of redistributed moment oer elastic analysis moment i Factor governing moment of resistanee of concrete T-eetion / Material factor a Deflection of beam & Strain at yield of steel reinforcement INTRODUCTION ‘The eriteria which govern the design of a structure for a particular purpose may be summarised as follows: Fitness tor purpose Safety and reliability Durability Good value for money External appearance User comforts Robustness, Finess for purpose is generally covered by the overall geometry of the Structure anu its components. It should be possible 10 have unrestricted and unhindered use of the structure for the purpose for which itis built Sufety and reliabitty are assured by following the Codes of Practice for loading. materials, design, construction and fire-resistance, Durabitity i» taken care of by the choice of the right material for the purpose and also by bearing in mind during the design process, the require: iments for proper maintTheory of Reinforced Concrete 3 Good value for money is perhaps the most important criterion. The designer should buildability, the time required 10 build, the cost of temporary structures, the cost of maintenance over a period of time and in some cases the cost of emolition/decomm External appearance of structures changes over a period of time, The designer should be aware of the effects of cracking, leaking, staining, spalling, flaking. ete. of the materials in use. The designer should make appropriate allowances to avoid the degradation of appearance User comforts are influenced by the vibration of the structure due to wind, roud/ail traffic or vibrating machinery. Large deflections under load also ‘cause alarm to the users. The designer should pay adequate attention to alleviation of these anticipated discomtorts, Robustness comes with the choven structural form and is determined by the additional inherent strength of the structure as a whole to withstand accidental loadings. Collapse of one key member in the structure must not initiate global collapse. The design must foresee the “domino effet ia the structure and avoid it by careful planning, ERISTIC STRENGTH OF MATERIALS 1.2, CHARAC ‘The characteristic strength of a material is defined 9s the strength below which 1 in 20 test results are Hikely to fall The value of the characteristic strength i defined statistically by the following formu fh Lots where fi = characteristic strength of material fo = mean strength of material from test results. T.64 is a factor which defines the 1 in 20 test results falling below fi sis the standard deviation, ‘The characteristic strength of concrete. fy. isthe cube strength of conerete at 28 days, The characteristic strength of reinforcing steel, f, is the strength at yield 1.3. MATERIAL FACTORS ‘To obtain the design strength of materials a further factor called the material factor Yq is applied. The material factor takes into account the tolerances associated with the geometry, the variability of materials on