Matthew B. Miles & A. Michael Huberman # Johnny Saldafia Qualitative Data Analysis A Methods Sourcebook Edition 3 ®[mmm | Visit us online at Qualitative Data Anaivsis | WWw.sagepub.com/miles3e A Miho Sscniook for the Companion Website accompanying Qualitative Data Analysis, Third Edition with links to related SAGE journals articles as well as display forms, matrices, and templates from the book available for download. The Coding Manual for Qualitative Researchers SECOND EDITION 2 § Johnny Saldafta, Arizona State University ae eee IAG | this new Eaton ot Sadat ntatonal besser proves an = ts in-depth guide to the multiple approaches available for coding ee qualitative data. It includes new chapters, more coding techniques, and an additional glossary. Clear, practical, and authoritative, the book describes how coding initiates qualitative data analysis, demonstrates the writing of analytic memos, discusses available analytic software, and suggests how best to use the book for particular studies. For each approach (32 coding methods are profiled), Saldafia describes the method, discusses its origins, and practical applications, and offers a clearly illustrated example with analytic follow-up. sea ese) Paperback ISBN: 978-1-4462-4787-2 ©2018 * 304 pages CONTENTS. 1. An Introduction to Codes and Coding 2, Writing Analyte Memos 3. First ycle Coding Methods 4 After First Cycle Coding 5. Second Cycle Coding Methods 6, After Second Cycle Coding ‘Appendix A: A Glossary of Coding Methods ‘Appendix B: A Glossary of Analytic Recommendations ‘Appendix C: Feld Note, Interview Transcript, and Document Samples for Coding ‘Appendix D: Exercises and Activities for Coding and Qualitative Data Analytic Skil Development Bundle The Coding Manual for Qualitative Researchers, Third Edition, with Miles/Huberman/Saldafia’s Qualitative Data Analysis, Third Edition using ISBN: 978-1-4522-8738-6,Qualitative Data Analysis Edition, 3jaiversi Qualitative Data Analysis A Methods Sourcebook Edition 3 @SAGE expt nin on se os@SAGE gs tana Ne Date ‘Sees Ioan oe FOR INFORMATION: ‘SABE Publications, ne. 2488 Tor Rond ‘Tousand Oaks, Cato 1820 malt ordr@sageput.com AGE Publications Ls, 1 Oars Yar 55 Ciy oad Londen €o1Y 48P United Kingdon ‘SAGE Publeatons Ina Pe, Le. B Wt Mohan Cooperative ndistl Area Mature Fd, New Da 110044 nea ‘SAGE Pubcon Asia Paste Pl, i 8 Chuch Soot 810-04 Samsung Hud Singapore 048488 ‘Aauisions Ete: Helar Salen EatoalAeitants ait Pery Assistant tor Kae Koscelok Procucton Eto: LawaBarett (Copy Edtor: QuaDs Fropee Ld ‘Typeset: OSM Digs Lt. Prooteadar: The Kay Indexer: Wt Page Cover Design: Janet Kissel. Marietng Manager Micke Eliott Perisins Edo: Adsl achinson First and Second Edition Copyright © 1994 by Matthew B, Miles and A. Michael Huberman Third Edition Copyright © 2014 SAGE Publications, Ine eee All rights reserved. No part ofthis book may be repreduced or utilized in any form or by any ‘means, electronic or mechanical, studing photocopying, recording, ot by any information ‘orage end resreval system, without permission in writing from the publisher Printed in the United Staes of America Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Miles, Matthew B, Qualitative date analysis: a methods sourcebook / Matthew B. Miles, A. Michael Huberman, Johnny Saldata, Arizona Seate University. — Third edition ages. cm Includes bibliographical references and index ISBN 978-1-4522-5787-7 (pbk : alk. paper) 1. Social sciences—Research. 2. Education-—Reseatch,L. Huberman, A.M. UL Saldana, Johnny, I. Tie 1962.M437 2014 0014#72—~de23 2013002036, ‘This book is printed on aci-fee paper. 151617 109876543Contents List of Displays Preface to the Third Edition by Johnny Saldana Acknowledgments From the Second Edition by Matthew B. Miles and A, Michael Huberman About the Authors Part One — The Substantive Start . . Chapter 1 - introduction .. ‘The Purpote of This Book ‘The Nature of Thie Book Audiences Approach ‘Our Orientation Genres of Qualitative Research ‘An Approach to Qualitative Data Analysis Analytic Methods: Some Common Features The Nature of Qualitative Data General Nature ‘Strengths of Qualitative Data (Our View of Qualitetive Data Analysis, ote Condensetion Date Display Drawing and Verifying Conclusions Suggestions for Readers Students and Other Novice Researchers Experienced Researchers “Teachers of Qualitative Research Methods Courses Closure and Transition Chapter 2 - Research Design and Management....... Introduction ‘Tight Versus Loose Designs: Some Trade-Offs Building a Conceptual Framework Description and Retionale Examples Advice 18 ” 20 20 a 25Formulating Research Questions 23 Description end Rationale 25 Exemple 26 Advice a Defining the Case 28 Description anc Rationale 28 Examples 28 Advice 30 Sampling: Bounding the Collection of Data 30 Description and Rationale 30 Key Features of Qualitative Sampling 31 General Sampling Strategies 32 Within-Case Sampling 33 Multiple-Case Sampling 33 Example 34 Advice 36 Instrumentation 37 Description and Rationale 37 Example, 40 Advice 42 Linking Qualitative ond Quantitative Date 42 ‘Approaches to Mixed-Methods Designs 3 Management Issuee Beating on Analysis 45 Computer and Software Use 46 Dota Managernent 50 Staffing and Time Planning 52 Closure and Transition 53 Note 53 Chapter 3 - Ethical Issues in Analysis... Introduction 56 Agreements With Study Participants 56 Ethical Issues 58 Worthiness of the Project 59 Competence 9 Informed Consent 59 Benefits, Costs, and Reciprocity 60 Harm and Risk a Honesty and Trust 6 Privacy, Confidentiality, and Anonymity 2 Intervention and Advocacy 68 Rosoarch Integrity and Quality 68 ‘Ownership of Data and Conclusions 65 Use and Misuse of Results 66 Conflicts, Dilemmas, and Trade-Offs 66 Closure and Tansition 68Chapter 4 - Fundamentals of Qualitative Data Analysis.......... 69 Introduction Data Processing and Preparation First-Cycle Codes and Coding Description Applications First-Cyele Coding Examples Creating Codes Revising Codes Structure and Unity in Code Liste Definitions of Codes Levels of Coding Detail Second Cycle Coding: Pattern Codes Description Applications Examples From Codes to Patterns Coding Advice Jottings Analytic Memoing Description anc Rationale Examples (On Visual Data Memoing Advice Assertions and Propositions Within-Case and Cross-Case Analysis Purposes of Cross-Case Analysis ‘A Key Distinction: Variables Versus Cases ‘Strategies for Crost-Case Analysis Closure and Transition Part Two — Displaying the Data..... . Chapter 5 - Designing Matrix and Network Intraduetion Display Format Options Matrices Networks Timing of Display Design Formatting the Matrix Template Entering Matrix and Network Data Making Inferences and Drawing Conclusions From Matrices and Networks The Methods Profiles Closure and Transition 70 n n n 8 8 a 82 82 REESE 86 89 93 3 8 8 % 93 99 9 100 ‘01 101 102 104 plays... 08 109 109 m nr 13 ns W ne ngChapter 6 - Methods of Exploring . Introduction Exploring Fieldwork in Progress Data Accounting Log. Contact Summary Form Case Analysis Meeting Interim Case Summary Partially Ordered Mata-Matrix Explanatory Effects Matrix Exploring Variables Checklist Matrix Content Analytic Summary Table Contrast Table “Two Variable Case-Ordered Matrix Exploring Reports in Progress Pre-structured Caso Sequential Analyses Closure and Transition Chapter 7 - Methods of Describing . . Inteoduetion Describing Participants Role-Ordered Matric Context Chart Deseribing Variability Construct Tabie Conceptually Clustered Matrix Folk Taxonomy Describing Action Vignettes Pootic Display Cognitive Maps Closure and Transition Chapter 8 - Methods of Orde Introduction Ordering by Time Event-Listing Matric Growth Gradient Time-Ordered Matrix Ordering Processes Decision Modeling Event-State Network Composite Sequence Analysis, 2424 122 122 122 128 128 131 135 140 12 142 48 150 182 154 154 187 189 . 161 162 162 162 167 170 m 3 179 182 182 185 187 2 193 198 194 198 198 202 206 206 209 atOrdering by Cases 2a Case-Ordered Descriptive Meta-Matrix aa Closure and Transition 220 Chapter 9 - Methods of Explaining .............. seas Introduction 22 Explaining Interrelationship 223 Variable-by-Variable Matrix 223 Explaining Change 228 Effects Matric 228 Case Dynamics Matrix 231 Explaining Causation 234 Causal Chains 238 Causal Network: Within-Case Analysis 236 Causal Network: Cross-Case Analysie 2a7 Closure and Transition 283 Chapter 10 - Methods of Predicting . .. seeee 258 Introduction 256 Methods of Predicting 256 Moking and Testing Predictions 256 Prediction-Outcome-Consequences Matrix 262 Causal-Prediction Medela 286 Closure and Transition mm Part Three - Making Good Sense ........ 273 Chapter 11 - Drawing and Verifying Conclusions. . = 275 Introduetion 26 “Tactics for Generating Meaning an 4 Noting Patterns, Themes 27 2. Seeing Plausibilty 278 3. Clustering 279 4. Making Metaphors 280 5. Counting 282 46. Meking Contrasts/Comperisons 204 7. Partitioning Veriables 285 £8. Subsuming Particulars into the General 285 9. Factoring 286 10. Noting the Relations Between Variables 287 11. Finding intervening Variables 299 12, Building a Logical Chain of Evidence 290 13, Making Conceptuel/Theoretical Coherence 292 Tocties for Testing or Confirming Findings 293 1. Checking for Representativeness 2982. Checking for Researcher Effects 296 3. Triangulating Pe 4. Weighting the Evidence 300 5. Checking the Meaning of Outliers 301 6. Using Extreme Cases 302 7. Following Up Surprises 303 8, Looking for Negative Evidence 308 9. Making i-Then Tests 304 40. Ruling Out Spurious Relations 305 ‘1. Replicating o Finding 307 12, Checking Out Rival Explanations 308 13. Getting Feedback From Participants 309 Standards for the Quality of Conclusions 310 Objectivity/Confirmabilty an Roliability/Dependebility/Aucitabitity 312 Internal Valichty/Credibility/Authenticity 312 External Valcity/TeansferabiltyFittingness 314 Utizetion/Application/Action Orientation 34 Analytic Documentation 315 The Problem 315 ustration 317 Cloture and Transition 322 a: Chapter 12 - Writing About Qualitative Research... +. 323 Introduction 328 Audiences and Effects 325 ‘The Reader and the Writer 335 “Types of Effects 326 Voices, Genres, and Stances 327 ‘Writing Example 328 Formats and Structures 332 ‘Taditional Presentation Modes 333 Progressive Presentation Modes 334 (On Theses and Dissertations 335 ‘Closure and Transition 337 Chapter 13 - Closure .. ateud 339 Qualitative Analysis at a Glance 339 Reflections 341 Final Advice 343 Appendix An Annotated Bibliography of Qualitative Research Resources 345, References 363 ‘Author Index 369 Subject Index 373List lay 1.4 Display 2.4 Dieplay 2.2 Display 2.3 Display 2.4 Displey 2.5 Display 26 Display 2.7 Display 2.8 Display 2.9 Display 2.10 Display 2.11 Display 2.42 Display 2.43, Display 2.4 Display 4.1 Display 4.2 Display 4.3 Display 44 Display 4.5 Display 5.1 Display 5.2 Display 5.3 Display 6. of Displays Components of Data Analysis: Interactive Model ‘A First Draft Conceptual Framework for a Case Study Teacher and the Influences on Her Practice Major Influences on # Language Arts Teacher's Practice Conceptual Framework for a Multicase “Schoo! Improvement” Fold Study, intial Version General and Specific Research Questions Relating to the Adaption Decision (School Improvernent Study) The Case asthe Unit of Analysis Prior Instrumentation: Key Decision Factors Excerpts From Interview Guide, Schoo! improvement Study llustrative Designs Linking Quelitative and Quontitative Data Uses of Computer Software in Qualitative Studies ‘An Excel Spread Sheet With Quolitative and Quantitative Data ‘An NVivo 10 Sereen Shot of a Coded Dighal Video Interview ‘A Model of Lifelong Confidence From High School Speech ‘and Theatre What to Store, Retieve From, and Retain Questions for Agreement With Study Participants stration of Stor List of Codes Definitions of Selected Codes From Display 4.1 (Excerpts) Smoking Cessation Patterns at Months 1 and 6 [A Model of Smoking Cessation Loss Transformation Interview Transcript With Jottings Effects Matrix: Assistance Location and Types (Masopa Cate) A Network Model of “Lifelong Impact” From High School Speech Participation AQDA Miner 4 3-0 Map of a Codes Network Data Accounting Log “ 2 23 24 2 29 38 a 44 46 a 43, 49 st 7 82 85 92 92 98; no m "3 123Display 6.2 Display 6.3 Display 6.4 Display 6.5 Display 6.6 Display 67 Display 6.8 Display 6.9 Display 6.10 lay 6.11 lay 6.22 Display 6.13, Display 6.14 Display 6.15 Displey 6.16 Display 6.17 Display 6.18 Display 6.19 Display 6.20 Display 6.24 Display 6.22 Display 6.23 Display 6.24 Display 74 Display 7.2 CComact Summary For: Mlstration (Excerpts) Contact Summary For ustration With Codd Themes (Excerpd) Case Analysis Meeting Form Case Analysis Form: Exhibit With Dats Summary-Aided Approach to Analyt Interim Case Summary Outline: Hstration Data Accounting Sheet: Abstract Example ase-Level Display for Pertilly Ordered Meta-Mates (Format) ‘Cese-Level Display for Partially Ordered Meta-Matrix: Users’ Second Year of implementation at Lido Partially Ordered Meta-Matrix: User Feslings/Concerns and Other Variables (Format) Partially Ordered Mota-Matrix: User Feelings/Concerns and Other Variabies (Lido Data) ‘Time-Ordered Meta- Matix (Format) Surnmary Table: Individual and Institutional Concerns During Later Implementation Explanatory Effects Matrix: Ongoing Assistance Checklist Metrix: Conditions Supporting Preparedness at ‘Smithson School, Banestown Case ‘Checklist Matrix on Preparedness (Alternative Format 1) Checklist Matrix on Preparedness (Alternative Format 2) ‘Checklist Matrix on Preparedness (Alternative Format 3) Content-Analytic Summary Table: The Content of Organization Changes Contrast Table: Exemplary Cases Showing Different Degrees of User Change ‘Two-Variable Case-Ordered Matrix: Relationships Between User Practice Stabilization and Local Continuation Pre-structured Case Outline: Abbrevisted Version ‘Traditional Analysis Sequence Compared With Pre-structured Case Role-Ordered Matrix: First Resetions to the Innovation Context Chart for Tindale East High School and District 125 vr v8 130 131 132 135 135 17 138 138 139 139 1a 143 var 147 148 149 15 153 155 157 168 168Display 7.3 Display 7.4 Display 75 Display 7.6 Display 77 Display 8.1 Display 8.2 Display 8.3, Display 8.4 Display 2.5 Display 8.6 Display 8.7 Display 8.8 Dicplay 8.9 Displey 8.10 Display 8:11 Display 94 Display 9.2 Display 9.3, Display 9.4 Display 97 Display 9.8 Lifelong Impact: Variability of influence: Conceptually Clustered Matrix: Motives and Attitudes (Format) Conceptually Clustered Matrix: Motives and Attitudes of Users, Nonusers, and Administrators at Masepa AA Folk Taxonomy of the Ways Children Oppress Each Other ‘A Cognitive Map of One Person's Housecleuning Process Event Listing, Bonestovn Case Event History ofa Case Study Growth Gradient for ECR! Innovation, Masepa Case Tirme-Ordered Matrix: Changes in the CARED innovation (a Work Experience Program) Summary Table for Verifying and interpreting Time-Ordared Matrix: Changes in the CARED Innovation (One Person’s Decision Model for Saving Money Event-State Network, Banestown Case (Excerpt) Composite Sequence Analysis: Career Trajectory Data for 11 Cases (Huberman, 1989) Case-Orderéd Meta-Matrix: Format for Student impact Data, Case-Orderad Descriptive Meta-Matrix (Excerpt): Program Objectives and Student Impact (Direct, Meta-Level, and Side Effects) Case-Ordered Effects Matrix Template Veriable-by-Variable Matrix: Coping Strategies ‘and Problems, by Case ‘Summary Table: Typical Consequences of Coping, by Case Effects Matrix: Organizational Changes After Implementation ‘of the ECRI Program (Case Dynamics Matrix The IPA Innovation as a Force for Organizational Change in the District and Its Schools ‘Causal Chain: Hlustration ‘Causal Chain illustration Causal Fragment: Mastery of a New Educational Practice Excerpt From a Causal Network: Perry-Parkdale Schoo! m 174 me 180 188 195 199 200 202 205 210 22 214 216 219 224 227 229 232 235 236 237 240