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Motivation: What Motivates You To Come To Class?
Motivation: What Motivates You To Come To Class?
Motivation: What Motivates You To Come To Class?
To Class?
Motivation
Chapter 11
Psy12000.003
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Extrinsic motivation is something outside the person that • The earned vs.
energizes behavior.
free food
Money, fame, power
phenomenon
Intrinsic motivation is something within the person that
energizes behavior.
Interest, curiosity, personal challenge and improvement
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Hierarchy of Motives
Cognitive based theory: Self-
© Ariel Skelley/ Masterfile
efficacy
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Drive-Reduction Theory Drive Reduction
When the instinct theory of motivation failed to The physiological aim of drive reduction is
explain most human motivation, it was replaced by homeostasis, the maintenance of a steady internal state
the drive-reduction theory. A physiological need (e.g., maintenance of steady body temperature).
creates an aroused tension state (a drive) that
motivates an organism to satisfy the need (Hull,
1951).
Drive
Food
Reduction
Empty Stomach
Stomach Full
(Food Deprived)
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Organism
Incentive
Question
Where our needs push, incentives (positive or negative • What need would
stimuli) pull us in reducing our drives. explain why we seek
thrills, excitement?
Henry Murray called these needs and presses.
• Why do we like scary
A food-deprived person (n Hunger) who smells baking bread movies?
(incentive) (p Food) feels a strong hunger drive. • What drives are being
reduced by going on a
roller coaster or
parachuting?
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achievement, self-esteem,
and the need for
recognition.
Randy Faris/ Corbis
(1908-1970)
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Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
Self-Efficacy-Bandura
• A belief (cognitive component of theory) in
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Social Motivation
• Others’ opinions and evaluations of
Coactive or Evaluative ⇑ performance on
self contribute to a strong motivating
Presence of Others easy, well-learned tasks
system
⇑ likelihood
• Social Facilitation, Social Loafing of dominant response
• Self-monitoring ⇑Arousal
⇓ performance on
• Fame difficult, poorly learned tasks
– Being known, recognized may supersede
being liked
• Jerry Springer’s guests?
But, why?
• Conformity
(1) Compresence (Zajonc, 1966)
– Fitting in = Being liked
– Avoiding rejection/exclusion (2) Evaluation apprehension (Cottrell, 1968)
• Social motivation contributes to what and how much we eat, whether
or not we smoke, take drugs, have sex… (3) Distraction-conflict (Baron & Sanders, 1986)
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Hunger
Control Motivation • When do we eat?
• Reactance
• Why do we like certain foods and
– When you feel that your freedom is being restricted, you will not others?
act in such a way to regain that freedom
• Why do we eat too much?
• Learned Helplessness
• Why do our emotions affect our eating?
– Upon repeated noncontingencies between one’s behaviors
and one’s outcomes (and after initial reactance), learned
helplessness occurs An obvious answer to “When do we eat?” is “When are we
• Uncontrolled negative outcomes more likely to cause LH than hungry.” Turns out, that’s only part of the answer.
uncontrolled positive outcomes
– But see Self-handicapping
But, how do we know when we are hungry?
• Giving up When there is no food in our stomach.
• Pessimism How do we know when our stomach is empty?
• Depression
Our stomach growls. These are also called hunger pangs.
• Learned Helplessness Tutorial 21 22
In other words, no
hunger pangs were possible…
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yet eating persisted 24
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The Importance of Glucose: C6H12O6 Glucose & the Brain
Increases in insulin (a hormone affecting pancreas,
liver, muscle, and fat tissue) decreases glucose in the Levels of glucose in the
blood are monitored by
blood. receptors (neurons) in the
Decreased glucose makes us feel hungry. stomach, liver, and
intestines. They send
signals to the
hypothalamus in the
brain. Rat Hypothalamus
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The Psychology of Hunger
Social Factors
Memory plays an important role in hunger.
• We eat when others eat whether we are hungry or
not; we tend not to like eating alone (especially
When did I eat last?
females)
• Females eat less with a male than they eat with a
Due to difficulties with retention, amnesia patients female. (Males are unaffected)
eat frequently if given food (Rozin et al., 1998).
• Current investigation here at
Purdue examining whether
Schachter found that manipulating a fat rats will regulate their
clock on the wall influenced reports intake when in the presence
of hunger, and willingness to eat. 31 of skinny rats. 32
Victor Englebert
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Eating Disorders Obesity
Bulimia Nervosa: A A disorder characterized by being excessively
disorder characterized overweight. Obesity increases the risk for health
by episodes of issues like cardiovascular diseases, diabetes,
overeating, usually hypertension, arthritis, and back problems.
high-calorie foods,
followed by vomiting,
http://www.cyberdiet.com
using laxatives, fasting,
or excessive exercise.
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Summary
Sexual Motivation
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Sexual Motivation Waist-to-hip ratio
Why are we sexually attracted to certain others? • Interestingly, despite variations in cultures
and eras for women’s weight, men have
What, specifically, is motivating about sex?
always preferred
Sexual motivation is nature’s clever way of making women as mates who
people procreate, enabling our species to survive. have roughly the same
waist-to-hip ratio.
– The ideal ratio for women is considered to be
about 0.7
– Devendra Singh’s (1993) research
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Estrogen
Ovaries
Female (Small amounts of
Adrenals testosterone)
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Estrogen The Psychology of Sex
Female animals “in heat” express peak levels of Hunger responds to a need. If we do not eat, we die.
estrogen. Female receptivity may be heightened with In that sense, sex is not a need because if we do not
estrogen injections. have sex, we do not die.
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External Stimuli
What is motivating about sex?
It is common knowledge that men become sexually
aroused when browsing through erotic material.
• The physiological pleasure derived However, women experience similar heightened
from orgasm? arousal under controlled conditions.
– If that’s it, why not be satisfied with
masturbation?
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Adolescent Sexuality Contraception
When individuals reach adolescence, their sexual Ignorance: Canadian teen girls do not have the right
behavior develops. However, there are cultural ideas about birth control methods.
differences. Guilt Related to Sexual Activity: Guilt reduces sexual
activity, but it also reduces the use of contraceptives.
Minimal Communication: Many teenagers feel
uncomfortable about discussing contraceptives.
Alcohol Use: Those who use alcohol prior to sex are less
likely to use contraceptives.
Sexual promiscuity in modern Western culture is much
greater than in Arab countries and other Asian countries. Mass Media: The media’s portrayal of unsafe
extramarital sex decreases the use of contraceptives.
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Animal Homosexuality The Brain
In homosexual men, the size of the anterior
hypothalamus is smaller (LeVay, 1991) and the
anterior commissure is larger (Allen & Gorski, 1992).
A number of animal Again, this is correlational.
species are devoted to Anterior
same-sex partners, Commissure
http://www.msu.edu
the animal world.
Anterior
Wendell and Cass Hypothalamus
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Sex and Human Values The Need to Belong
“Promiscuous recreational sex poses certain “[Man] is a social animal,” (Aristotle). Separation
psychological, social, health, and moral problems from others increases our need to belong.
that must be faced realistically” (Baumrind, 1982).
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Flow & Rewards Work and Satisfaction
Flow is the experience between no work and a lot of In industrialized countries work and satisfaction go
work. Flow marks immersion into one’s work. hand-in-hand.
(Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi, 1990)
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Henri Matisse
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The Interviewer Illusion Structured Interview
Interviewers often overrate their discernment. A formal and disciplined way of gathering
information from the interviewee. Structured
Intention vs. Habits: Intensions matter, but long- lasting
habits matter even more.
interviews pinpoint strengths (attitudes, behaviors,
knowledge, and skills). The personnel psychologist
Successful Employees: Interviewers are more likely to
talk about those employees that turned out successful. may do the following:
Presumptions about Candidates: Interviewers presume
(wrongly) that what we see (candidate) is what we get. Analyze the job.
Preconceptions: An interviewer’s prior knowledge about
Script questions.
the candidate may affect her judgment.
Train the interviewer.
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Managing Well Job-Relevant Strengths
Effective leaders need to select the right people,
Every leader dreams of managing in ways that enhance
determine their employees’ talents, adjust their work
people’s satisfaction, engagement, and productivity in
roles to their talents, and develop their talents and
his or her organization.
strengths.
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