CHAPTER 2 Bioelectric Signals and Electrodes ‘2.1 ORIGIN OF BIOELECTRIC SIGNALS ‘Theadeciation of slacrty with mada scence datas beck othe 18th etary when Gran eerste that ost ofthe physllogclproceser were accompanied with eect change, ‘This discovery formed the basis of the explanation of de ation oF Hing ames in term at bioeletc potentials Isnoor well eabished that te harman body wich composed of ng, ‘issue, canbe considered a 2 power sation generating mule ested sgn with uo ingera soares namely muscles and nerves Nol neo coeacon faceted with ‘nigationofloas wish gener potunal dierncesmansarablovtneitably peed dato Foroxaiple the her andthe brain produce characteristic patter of yeltagevarintione ih shes record pl analyaed re sel nbs claw pace and eevee Potential dierent ‘ve alsa generated by the eletrechemicl changes aesompanint! with he conduction of digas Sng nares too om the rain. These sig stot the order of fw microvatsan vers toa compliated pater of ec activity when recorded Theft hate fe ing ‘ses is det the potential charges i them suggested de ue of enteral lacy for te diagnsisf certain sass fecting muscles and nerves forthe auprneatatin oe eplacesent 2 deicentatural atv orforthe restoration ofa pase ntl. ‘lose potetislacegmoratod ata cellar level and se source ofthese potenilecionc inmatre call consists ofan lone conductor seprated fro the outside enirament by 4 ‘semiperineableriembranewhichaets asa seecivelorifterto selon. Th ean thst ome ins can pss euough the membrane frei where as others cannot do ao living mae Smpose of ell of eitferet types, Hunan calle may vary om Lneron to 100 microns tinny, rom Leto Iv inlengty end have spiel membrane hickneseof OO (Pee ‘song, 1973). ‘Surrounding the cels ofthe boy are hody Aa, which sre ons and which provide a conducting motu fr slect pots. Theprlscpal jos snvolved with the phenomena preicing ell ptetialsaesodium (Na) possi () and chloe (CL), Themes of ‘ectablecils rely pects thociry of and Cr butimpdes ie fee of Na even hog ‘may ea very high concentration raat ofeodim across the cellent. Ts sulinBiotic Signs at Ecdee x concentration of he ssium onmiore onthe ous othe cellnebcae hance ins Sie ‘odlum'sa postive ion intsresngstate 2cel has anogatve charge slong the mer suaceot Fismombraneand posisve earge slong the outerportion The anesual charge dso ‘result of cresin electrochemical reacions and precasasoccarrng itn th Hing call ad ‘the potential measured icalled the resting polenta. The cell in sch a conalon fei tle plated. A deeeas in his esti membrane potential dference called depolaietion. ‘The dstibution of postive cargo ioe onthe outer suas atl negatively charged ies inside tho coll mersbrane esl inthe difeence of potent across it and the cel beso, Inetec, «tiny bologalbatery. Experiments have shown that the ill resting pottal ‘ithin a als proximately 90 mith ference to he onde ofthe call When Ee ais ct or simnlated the outer sido he el membrane becom: omental negative wth ‘espect othe inex. Tis proces ald depolarisation and the cll poten changes {ppoxiately 28 mV, Repolartzation hen ak plaea shortime ater when toc eine ‘ermal state in wich the inde ofthe membranes again negative with spat to the cde Repolarzation is ees) in ord re-establish de retirg posal Tis ischanging and hanging oftheell produces the volage waveform whishcan bercordedy stabi rethes ‘singmctoeiecrdes. typical ell pont waveform so econded shown ng 21 Temes Con um Loe kenny >FIg.24 Atypical potential waneformHundt of Bowel neromentation ‘The wave ein whe propagating the maslecaues its contraction. The contraction _wavealwaye ellos the excl wavebecras of tower veloc. Ths phenomenon foun shih he sell muscle theheart mute and tesmoorh muscles, nt, every conrston (Grovement ofa muse els isthe production ofan electric voltage. Tals vole =cursinthe ‘Suscle in sch a way tht the moving muse section 8 always negative with respec (0s furoundings, Tse voltages recall acon potentials becuse hey are generatodby tesco ‘ithe muscle After complete contraction replantation takes place rerun inthe celaation the muscle and its returning tothe orginal state, gure 22 shows elecrcal att assisted ‘withone contraction ina ante Peteg ate yay alain conphind > Fig.22 Electrica activity secociatnd withone contraction nammscle ‘The curentsnvolved binary aro ui the cures elven cetronics. lola reise Guetopolve and negation overeat withinn conductive Bui. Thelns poses Fine moss and encourterrenaencetomoverrent withthe ll fr they havelinited speeds ‘Thecllaction poten therefore shoes nie se time are fale, tay be noted hata cel may be eve to depolrize and then repolarize by subjecting the eel meaibens to en fie fren However ten asin above catan min vale appld, thecal wil not ‘lepolatiand and nosetion potentials onerted. Thlsvahies known sthestimulusthreshols ‘iteracllisstiolaind ite perio of ie requied forthe cel tosotrn ois pestis ‘ate This basse the energy aioe wit ne acton ptoial is develop rom metabo: Drossss win tec wih take tine forcompeton. This prods kacwn ssrfactory pesod “The bionetrie signals of links intrest. which are often recorded are pote by the cooydnaie atvyofarge group of ells nhs typeof synchronized exciton of many cel,