Fundamentals of Medical Instrumentation Duringsholast quater ofthe century, ther has bea temendowsincrseeinthe wo elects, and eitroniccouipment inthe medical fad for cncl and research pups, na medical instrumentation system the mala fata 9 measure or dearmine the preence of some hysicel quantity that may be useful fo agnosie purposes, Thereore, many pee of at ‘neato systems are used is hospitals and physica’ nes. lim 1.1 ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY : ‘AJmovvedge ofthe structure of the ving body nits fetion i eset for understanding (Ge hncsoningofmostofthe medical ieruments Thesceaectsteucture ofthe bay known seAnstomy" and hat fits fusetion,"Physiology” Anatomy isclasfed according tothe flowing basin {Gross anatomy dens wit he study ofthe stuctueof the organs as cen bythe naked aye on Aisetion. I describes th shape site, compan and appearance ofthe organ anders Toposraphica anatomy deals withthe postion of ie crganeinzelain to each thes, sey ake seeninaectons trough th bey in ene plan, Microscopic anatomy Giistolgy is the study ofthe inst slactre ofthe organsby means of rictoxopy Cytotogy ea pecs feld ot histology fn ehich the structre, fantom and developmen of the lism studi Sinlaly,physlotogy, which relate to dhe nosrl function ofthe ongansf the dy canbe sed in dierent ways. For example Cellphysiofogysthestuy othe fanesonsof hee‘ Henionck of Bld estraentation a Pathophysiology celts oe pathologic study or synpiomsof diem) functions ofthe orgs. In adetion, Gazseaton into various sub-area alng with cifferetoxgan canbe mate Forse hreatatory physiology the tad of boo ccslaton eating functioning of theheart -Respletory pyeology dele with he funeonng of resting orgs, “1 1.2. PHYSIOLOGICAL SYSTEMS OF THE BODY Human body Is aconiplec engineering marvel, which contains various types ofsystems such steric mechani idraulic praumai cheval na theme. These sere cormmniole Intenally wath each other no leo with an external enviar. By mans of «mult eel ‘contol stom and communtestions network, the indivival systems erable he man boy peor useful tsk, sustain life pd eprsoce el ‘Although, the coverage of dete inarmation onthe physiological syst is oxtide he scope ofthis book nevertheless Brie dasrpton of he major sub-systems ofthe bogie given below illustrat th engineering aspects of te human body, 1.241 The Cardiovascular System ‘The endovascular system i complex closed hy drei eystem, which perfor theese) secviw of ransporatin of oxen, carbon donde numero chemical are al the leet tls Sbucturaly the ear vided int rght and lft pats Esch part bas vo chambers clea sium and versie The eset has four valves (Fig. 118 1+ The Trioupid valveor igh abo-veatriclarvaleo—between ight atunt and venti It consis ofthe aps or cuss. prevntsbaekiaed fw flood fom right venti 0 sigheatnam, "+ Bcuspid Mitral or lf strio-ventricularvalve—eteen eft strum a lft vende ‘Thevalwehas oo laps arcusp Is prevents bckwae flow of bland fen elven 0 cium. + Potmonary valiottheright ventric Icons thee half oon shape cusps. This ees not alow blood ocome ack te right vente + Aortic vaive—between lef ventric and aortas eaxstrcton ike pmonary Ware ‘This valvoprovents the eta ofbood back othe et venir on ac, “Thehestwalconsssofthcelayes_) The prcardam, whichis th outer layer f th hea. Whoops the outer surface moist and prevents frctionas the heat beats. (3)Theawgncrdiar the ‘nile ayer of thelist. tise main sd of theler which mad wp ofshoryindral ‘bres. This masee automatic ln etn, contacting snd relsingrthmillyUoughout i, (i) Theendoardiois the inne ayer te hear rprovdessmoat ing forthe blood fo. “The lood is cerseto the various partsof ha bodythrogh bod ves which are hallew tubes. There are tee types of blood yessls.) Aris—aze thick walle sd they ear oe ‘onygenafed bondaway Pome beac i) Ves—avethin walled and cy de-oxygeted EkoEupdomevtal of Medial ntramentation 5 oetervenn ca pee Socata eomirahe DFig 14 Struct ofthe heart ‘towards thebest.(i)Caplaries—are the smalestand ths last evelof blood vessels. They areso sel hat thebiod els which make blood, actualy flow ane atime tough tes. Therese ‘ewimatad to beover 80) 00k of capillaries inhuman being, whith inlade ll the aleieserl ‘eins, whicheary bled, From an engincering paint view heart which drives th blood thrugh ha blood vesses ofthe circulatory systrn (Pg. 12) consists ef feur amber mse pump that beat out 72 tines per minute onan averge fr normal adil sending blood Uugh every pa ofthe ed. ‘The imparts as tvsynetvonizad but fanchonall insted twostage pups: The ist singe ‘ach pur (ine atu) collet bod fro the hyn ystems and pungent the seco tage the venient proces eet pumps the blood rough the plmonary creation tothe ngs tnd trough te systmiectreultion tothe coher paisa the body Inthe pulmonary circulation the venous (deoxygenated blood os fmt rght vente, Urough the palmonary aay tose ings, where te oxygenated an esol enon dwide. ‘Taearterl(oxpgenated) Blood hen Aoneinouph the plinoneny veins olla, Insystemicirultion the blood: force throgh load wes, which sve somowhat east ‘The blood ws fom delet tram to hele wenn and is parnped trough the sre 3 ‘nsbranches, theatres, out nto the boy. Through he aterols (malate) the blood