 GOVERNMENT DURING THE REVOLUTIONARY ERA

1. The KATIPUNAN GOVERNMENT (2 Constitution) 1892 & 1894

 The Katipunan was the secret society that precipitated our glorious revolution on August 26, 1896.
 It was organized by Andres Bonifacio, who, together with a group of Filipino patriots, signed the covenant of the
Katipunan with their own blood on July 7, 1892.
 Triangle method the method for membership of Katipunan.
 Three kinds of members: Katipun (Associate) the highest member with password: “Anak ng Bayan”; Kawal
(Soldier) with password: “GOMBURZA”; & Bayani (Patriot) with password: “Rizal”
 Its central government was vested in a Supreme Council (Kataas-taasang Sanggunian). In each province there
was a Provincial Council (Sangguniang Balangay). In each town, there was a Popular Council (Sangguniang
Bayan). The judicial power was exercised by a Judicial Council (Sangguniang Hukuman).
 Emilio Jacinto Brains of Katipunan. Dr. Pio Valenzuela Financial Adviser. Jose Protacio Mercado Rizal Y Alonzo
Realonda as honorary president.
 The Katipunan was the first clear break from Spanish rule with the ultimate goal to establish a free and sovereign
Philippines.
 Manila, Bulacan, Pampanga, Nueva Ecija, Tarlac, Laguna, Cavite, and Batangas are the first 8 provinces that revolted
against Spanish colonial rule which later symbolizes the 8 rays of the sun in the Philippine Flag.
 It was replaced by another government headed by Gen. Emilio Aguinaldo. Tejeros Convention on March 22, 1897.
 2 Factions: Magdalo – revolutionary government supporting Emilio Aguinaldo; and Magdiwang – wanted to retain the
katipunan and supporters of Andress Bonifacio.
 To end the faction and rivalry, it led to Tejeros Convention. During the Tejeros Convention Emilio Aguinaldo was not
present he just sent a delegation for his absence. So Bonifacio presided the meeting and cautioned everyone that whoever
was elected to any position should be respected.
 ELECTED OFFICIAL: Emilio Aguinaldo – President, Mariano Trias – Vice president, Artemio Ricarte – Captain
General, Emiliano Regio de Dios – Director of War, and Andres Bonifacio – Director of the Interior
 But Daniel Tirona, objected to the position of Andres Bonifacio.
 Bonifacio nullifies the Tejeros convention and produces Naik Military Compact a document declaring that they want to
establish a government that was free and separated from the government in Tejeros.
 But when Aguinaldo learned about the Naik Military and Bonifacio’s intentions therefore immediately ordered the
Colonel Agapito Bonzon to Arrest Bonifacio and his brother. Found guilty of treason and sedition, thus
recommended to be executed.
 Emilio Aguinaldo commuted the sentence to deportation. However Noriel and Pio del Pilar (both are former supports of
Bonifacio), did not agree to the decision of Aguinaldo for them there would be no unity if Bonifacio was alive. Thus on May
10, 1897, Bonifacio and his brother was being executed at Mount Tala near Maragondon.
2. THE BIAK – na – BATO REPUBLIC
 On November 1, 1897, a republic was established by Gen. Aguinaldo in Biak-na-Bato (now San Miguel de Mayumo,
Bulacan). The Biak – Na – Bato Constitution was signed which provided for the creation of the government to be
administered by a Supreme Council. This became known as the Biak – na – Bato Republic with Aguinaldo as the
President. It lasted for short time from November 1 to December 15, 1897.
 It had a constitution which was to take effect for two years only.
 The aim of the revolution: separation of the Philippines from the Spanish monarchy and their formation into an
independent state
 It was disestablished by a peace treaty signed by Aguinaldo and the Spanish governor-general, Fernando Primo de Rivera
which included provision 'for exile of Aguinaldo and key associates to Hong Kong.
 The constitution of the republic of biak-na-bato was written by Felix Ferrer and lsabelo Artacho, who copied the Cuban
constitution of Jimaguayu nearly word-forword. It provided for the creation of a supreme council, which was created on
November 2, 1897, with the following as officers having been elected.
 After the establishment of Biak – na – Bato Republic Aguinaldo then went to Hong Kong with Php. 400,000 with him as
part of the agreement.
 It lasted up to December 15, 1897, with the conclusion of the “Pact of Biak-na-Bato.”
3. THE DICTATORIAL GOVERNMENT
 April 25, 1898 – Spanish – American war outbreak
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 May 19, 1898 – Aguinaldo went back to the Philippines and on May 24 he established the dictatorial government and
nullified the orders under the authority of Biak – na – Bato Republic.
 In view of the chaotic conditions in the country, Gen. Aguinaldo established the Dictatorial Government on May 23,
1898.
 Most important achievements:
— Proclamation of the Philippine Independence at Kawit, Cavite on June 12, 1898.
— Reorganization of local governments
— For the first time the Philippine flag was unrolled while the national anthem was being played. The flag was sewn
by Marcella Agoncillo while the national anthem “Marcha Filipina Magdalo” was composed by Julian Felipe and
Jose Palma’s lyrics from his poem “Felipinas”.
— The Dictatorial Government lasted for only a month, from May 24 to June 23, 1898. He then established the
Revolutionary Government replacing dictatorial government with the advised of Apolinario Mabini (Brains of
Revolution) Ang Dakilang Lumpo.
4. THE REVOLUTIONARY GOVERNMENT
 On June 29, 1898, Gen. Aguinaldo established the Revolutionary Government with himself as President and a Congress
whose function was advisory and ministerial.
 The aims of the new government:
— to struggle for the independence of the Philippines, until all nations including Spain will expressly recognize it
— to prepare the country for the establishment of a real Republic
5. THE FIRST PHILIPPINE REPUBLIC
 On September 15, 1898, a revolutionary Congress of Filipino representatives met in Malolos, Bulacan at the call
of the Revolutionary Government
 On September 29, 1898, the Malolos Congress ratified the proclamation of Philippine independence
made by Gen. Emilio Aguinaldo in Kawit, Cavite on June 12, 1898 and framed the so-called Malolos
Constitution.
— This Constitution was the first democratic constitution ever promulgated in the whole of Asia.
— It established a “free and independent Philippine Republic” which was inaugurated on January 23,
1899 with Gen. Aguinaldo as President.
 Our first Philippine Republic was not recognized by the family of nations.
 It was nevertheless an organized government because it actually existed and its authority was accepted.
 It was formally established with the proclamation of the Malolos constitution on January 23, 1899, in Malolos,
Bulacan and endured until the capture and surrender of Emilio Aguinaldo to the American forces on March
23, 1901, in Palanan, lsabela, which effectively dissolved the first republic.
 The Republic was short-lived. Its independence cut short by the superior might of a new colonial power.
 The Malolos Constitution had no opportunity to operate.
— This in no way diminishes its historical significance.
A. It was the first war of independence fought by Asians against foreign domination.
B. It gave birth to the first constitutional democracy in Asia and the West Pacific.
TIMELINE OF PHILIPPINE HISTORY DURING THE INSURRECTION OF PHILIPPINE NATIONALISM AND
PATRIOTISM
● 1872 - Gomburza (Fathers Mariano Gomez, Jose Burgos and Jacinto Zamora) were executed by the Spaniards.
● 1886 - José Rizal publishes anti-Spanish novel, Noli Me Tangere (The Lost Eden); and seers up independence
sentiment. Along with Graciano Lopez Jaena, and Marcelo H. Del Pilar.
● 1892 - Jose Rizal founded the civic organization La Liga Filipina which not succeeded that led to KKK of Bonifacio.
● 1896 - Spanish execute Rizal for instigating insurrection; public outrage spawns rebellion.
● 1896 - Katipuneros tear their cedulas & shout in contempt of the Spaniards in what is called the Cry of Pugadlawin.
● 1897 - General Emilio Aguinaldo establishes the new republic at Biak-na-Bato in Bulacan.
● 1898 - American warship Maine was blown up in Havana harbour, triggers the the Spanish-American war, the battle
of Manila Bay ensues.
● 1898 - Emilio Aguinaldo assembled the Malolos Congress in Bulacan, then declares independence in Kawit, Cavite
● 1899 – Gen. A. Luna the founder of the Philippine’s First military academy; and considered as the most brilliant of
the Filipino military officers during the war was assassinated in Cabanatuan by Aguinaldo’s men. The same year also
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 when Gen. Gregorio Del Pilar crouched down to defend up to death in the Tirad Pass while Aguinaldo escaped
through the mountains.
● 1899 - Treaty of Paris ends Spanish-American War, cedes Philippines to U.S. after payment to Spain by U.S. of $ 20
million. Emilio Aguinaldo declares independence then leads a guerrilla war against U.S.
● 1901 - U.S. captures Aguinaldo; William Howard Taft arrives as first U.S. governor of Philippines.

 GOVERNMENTS DURING THE AMERICAN REGIME

1. THE MILITARY GOVERNMENT
 It began in the Philippines on April 14, 1898, the day after the capture of Manila.
 The existence of war gave the President of the United States the power to establish a military government
in the Philippines, as Commander-in-Chief of all Armed Forces of the United States.
— His authority, all powers of government -- executive, legislative, and judicial -- was delegated to the
military governor.
 General Wesley Merritt – first American Military Governor
General Eiwell E. Otis – second Military Governor
Major General Arthur MacArthur – third and last Military Governor
2. THE CIVIL GOVERNMENT
 The so-called Spooner Amendment ended the military regime in the Philippines.
 The Civil Government was inaugurated in Manila on July 4, 1901, headed by a Civil Governor whose position
was created on October 29, 1901. Upon the recommendation of the Second Philippine commission headed by
William H. Taft, the American authorities established the civil government that took over the functions of the
military government.
 The Civil Governor (later changed to Governor-General) exercised legislative powers.
 He remained as President of the Philippine Commission, the sole law-making body of the government
from 1901 to 1907.
 From 1907 to 1916, the Philippine Commission acted as the upper house of the legislative branch with the
Philippine Assembly serving as the lower house.
 The first free national elections in the Philippines were held for the members of the Philippine assembly who were
all Filipinos where Sergio Osmeña served as speaker of the assembly.
 During the Philippine Assembly the formation two political parties emerged. The Partido Progresista(Minority
party) – later became the Liberal Party and Partido Nacionalista(Majority Party) – later became the
Nacionalista Party.
 These two bodies gave way to the Philippine Legislature with the passage of Spooner Law in 1916. The
Philippine legislature had two houses the senate and the House of Representatives. Manuel Quezon was elected
president of the senate and Osmeña again became speaker of the house.
 Judge William H. Taft (1901-1903)
— first Civil Governor
Luke F. Wright (1904-1906)
— succeeded Taft
— the first American to enjoy the title of Governor-General of the Philippines
Frank Murphy (1933-1935)
— last Governor-General
— the first High Commissioner of the United States to the Philippines upon the inauguration of the
Commonwealth Government of the Philippines

3. THE COMMONWEALTH GOVERNMENT of the PHILIPPINES

 Seeking for Philippine Independence. OS-ROX (Osmeña - Roxas) Mission was successful and they brought the
Hare – Hawes – Cutting law sponsored by Rep. Butler Hare, Senator Harry Hawes and Sen. Bronson Cutting.
 It was revised into Tydings – Mcduffie (Sponsored by Myllard Tydings and John McDuffie) as per
recommendation of Senate President Manuel L. Quezon because of some provisions that is beneficial and in
favor to the United States.

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  Pursuant to an act of the United States Congress on March 23, 1934, commonly known as the Tydings-McDuffie
Law, the Commonwealth Government was established.
 Among other things, the law provided for a transition period of ten years during which the Philippine
Commonwealth would operate and at the expiration of said period on July 4, 1946, the independence of the
Philippines would be proclaimed and established.
 The new government was inaugurated on November 15, 1935, following the first national election under the
1935 Constitution held on September 12, 1935, with Manuel L. Quezon and Sergio Osmeña, as President and
Vice- President, respectively.
 The commonwealth was a semi-independent or autonomous government of the Filipinos under American
tutelage. The Commonwealth Government of the Philippines was republican in form under the presidential
type.
 Legislative power
— It was first vested in a unicameral National Assembly and later in a bicameral Congress composed
of the Senate and the House of Representatives.
 Judicial power
— It was vested in the Supreme Court and lower courts provided by law. Jose Abad Santos the first Chief
Justice of the Supreme Court.
 The Commonwealth Government was very autonomous.
 The Filipinos had almost complete control over the domestic affairs, the United States retaining control only
over matters involving foreign affairs.
 When the Second World War broke out, the commonwealth government became a government–in–exile
administering the affairs of the Philippines across the ocean from the United States. The commonwealth officials,
headed by president Quezon, had to flee there to the Japanese occupation of the country.
 In 1942 the Commonwealth Government was interrupted because of the bombing of Pearl Harbor in
December 1941 and the ignition of World War II. And Japanese Rule the Philippines.

TIMELINE OF PHILIPPINE HISTORY DURING THE AMERICAN REGIME THROUGH JAPANESE

OCCUPATION
● 1902 - Insurrection ends; Taft improves economic conditions, settles disputes over church ownership of land,
establishes "Pensionado" program, allowing Filipinos to study in U.S., which helped modernize and westernize
the country.
● 1916 - U.S. congress passes the Jones Law establishing elected Filipino legislature with house and senate.
● 1934 - U.S. congress approves the Tydings-McDuffie Law promising Philippine independence by 1946; transition to
independence begins.
● 1935 - Filipino people approve constitution creating the Philippine Commonwealth with Manuel Quezon y Molina as
president.
● 1941 - Japanese invades the Philippines, and defeats Gen. Douglas MacArthur at Bataan and Corregidor; Quezon
establishes government in exile in the U.S.
● 1944 - Quezon dies in exile; Vice President Sergio Osmeña assumes the presidency; MacArthur returns to the
Philippines and lands in Leyte with little resistance.
● 1945 - Gen. MacArthur liberates Manila and President Osmeña establishes government.
● 1946 - The U.S. gave the Philippines independence and Manuel Roxas y Acuña is elected as the first president of
the new republic.
 GOVERNMENTS DURING THE JAPANESE OCCUPATION
1. THE JAPANESE MILITARY ADMINISTRATION
 It was established in Manila on January 3, 1942, one day after its occupation. Gen. Masaharu Homma,
commander-in-chief of the Japanese imperial forces in the Philippines, issued a proclamation announcing the
end of the American rule in the country and the purpose of the Japanese expedition.
 The Japanese made the Filipinos believed that Japan’s intention was to see the Philippines become a
republic. Thus, as early as January 21, 1942, the premier of Japan, Hideki Tojo, stated in an address before

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 the Japanese imperial diet, that "Japan will gladly grant the Philippines its independence so long as it
cooperates and recognizes Japan’s program of establishing a greater East Asia co-prosperity sphere."
 Under a proclamation issued by the Japanese High Command, the sovereignty of the United States over
the Philippines was declared terminated.

2. THE PHILIPPINE EXECUTIVE COMMISSION

 The Philippine Executive commission composed of Filipinos with Jorge B. Vargas as chairman, was organized
by the military forces of occupation.
 It exercised both the executive and legislative powers.
 The laws enacted were subject to the approval of the Commander-in-Chief of the Japanese forces.
 The judiciary continued in the same form but without the independence which it had traditionally
enjoyed.

3. THE JAPANESE-SPONSORED REPUBLIC of the PHILIPPINES

 On June 18, the kapisanan sa paglilingkod sa bagong Pilipinas (KALIBAPI) was instructed to form the preparatory
commission for Philippine independence. On January 20, 1943, Jorge Vargas pledged support of the Filipinos in
the attainment of independence and the KALIBAPI announced the composition of the body with Jose P. Laurel
as president and Benigno Aquino and Ramon Avanceña as Vice – presidents.
 It was inaugurated on October 14, 1943 with Jose P. Laurel as President. It was publicly acknowledge as the
PUPPET GOVERNMENT.
 The ultimate source of its authority was the Japanese military authority and government.
 August 15, 1945 the World War II came to an end after a series of atomic bombed drop in the city of
Hiroshima and Nagasaki. President Laurel proclaimed its dissolution on August 17, 1945.

POST – INDEPENDENCE PHILIPPINE GOVERNMENT

 THE PREVIOUS PHILIPPINE REPUBLICS
1. Under Joint Resolution No. 93, the President of the United States was authorized to proclaim the independence of
the Philippines prior to July 4, 1946, after the Japanese had been vanquished and constitutional processes in the
country restored. The Third Philippine Republic of the Philippines was formally inaugurated at Luneta Park headed
by Douglas MacArthur and declared independence to the Philippines.
 The Republic of the Philippines was formally inaugurated on July 4, 1946 with Manuel A. Roxas as the first
President and Elpidio Quirino as the first Vice-President. They also served as the last Commonwealth President
and Vice-President.
 The 1935 Constitution served as the fundamental law not only for the Commonwealth Government which
was interrupted by World War II but also for the Republic of the Philippines until the ratification of the 1973
Philippine Constitution establishing a parliamentary form of government, effected by virtue of Proclamation
No. 1102 of President Ferdinand E. Marcos on January 17, 1973, after the declaration of martial law on
September 21, 1972.
Six President served the third Philippine Republic, namely:
1. Manuel A. Roxas served (1946 – 1948) – Manuel Roxas as the last president of Commonwealth Government and
the first President of the Third Philippine Republic and Elpidio Quirino as the last Vice - President of Commonwealth
Government and the first Vice - President of the Third Philippine Republic.
2. Elpidio Quirino served (1948 – 1953) – President Elpidio Quirino Assumed Presidency after the death of President
Manuel A. Roxas. He emphasized the agriculture and national industrialization of the Philippines during his
administration.
3. Ramon Magsaysay served (1953 – 1957) – President Ramon Magsaysay was remembered as the “Man of the
Masses,” and a charismatic leader. He died in an airplane crush at Mt. Manunggal in Cebu.
4. Carlos P. Garcia served (1957 – 1961)–The Administration of President Garcia was remarkably noted in his
implementation of the “Filipino First Policy” or Bayan Muna.

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 5. Diosdado Macapagal served (1961 - 1965), President Diosdado Macapagal Launched the Land Reform program
for the Filipinos and stressed out the alteration of agricultural system in the county. He transfer the Philippine
Independence Day from July 4 to June 12.
6. Ferdinand Marcos served (1965 - 1972) (1972-1985) 20 years
- Ferdinand Marcos was the topnotches in the senatorial elections in 1959 and was Senate President from 1959-
1965.
- One of the best times where Philippine economy reached its peak was during the 1970s where it was robust with
budgetary and trade surpluses.
- Ferdinand Marcos built more schools, hospitals and infrastructure than any of his predecessors combined.
- The presidency was noted for the involvement of various controversial issues which include the Philippines
highest foreign debts to multilateral financial institutions
- September 21, 1972, Marcos issued Proclamation 1081, declaring Martial Law throughout the Country. He
proclaimed Martial Law in order to “save the Republic and reform Philippine Society” That Led to the creation of
1973 Constitution (FOURTH REPUBLIC).
- The declaration of Martial Law was due to widespread and rampant graft and corruption in the government. It
resulted to the various abuses committed by President Marcos administration such as violation and suppression
of human rights, the Manipulation of the AFP, Media, and the COMELEC.
2. The First Republic was established on January 23, 1899 under the Malolos Constitution; the Second, on October
14, 1943 under the Japanese-sponsored Constitution, and the Third, on July 4, 1946 under the 1935
Constitution.
 President Ferdinand E. Marcos, in his inaugural address on June 30, 1981, proclaimed the birth of the FOURTH
REPUBLIC under the 1973 Constitution which, as amended in a plebiscite on April 7, 1981, installed a modified
parliamentary system of government, thus making him its first President.
The present Republic came into being upon the ratification of the 1987 Constitution on February 2, 1987.

THE FIFTH REPUBLIC

 THE PROVISIONAL GOVERNMENT OF 1986
1. CORAZON C. AQUINO
 Before Corazon C. Aquino took her oath of office on the morning of February 25, 1986 at Club Filipino, San
Juan, Metro Manila, the last day of a four-day “people power” revolt (Feb.22-25) that culminated in the ouster
of President Ferdinand E. Marcos, she read Proclamation No. 1 wherein she declared the she and her Vice-
President were “taking power in the name and by the will of the Filipino people.” In her oath, she swore to
preserve and defend the “fundamental law” and execute “just laws.”
 February 25, 1986 – With the force departure of President Ferdinand Marcos for Hawaii. Corazon C. Aquino
Assumed office as the president of Republic of the Philippines, pursuant to a peaceful Revolution.
 February 2, 1987 – The constitution was submitted to the people for ratification in a plebiscite. February 11,
1987. The result of the votes for ratification were made and proclaimed by Pres. C. Aquino under Proclamation
No. 58. Article XVIII Section 27 “This constitution shall take effect immediately upon its ratification by a majority
of the votes and shall supersede all previous constitutions”.
1. REVOLUTIONARY
 The government was revolutionary because it was instituted not in accordance with the procedure provided
in an existing Constitution.
 It derived its existence and authority directly from the people themselves and not from the then
operating 1973 Constitution.
2. DE JURE / DE FACTO
 de Jure
 It is constituted or founded in accordance with the existing constitution of the state (according to law)
 de Facto
 It is not so constituted or founded but has the general support of the people and effective control of the
territory over which it exercises its powers.

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  A de facto government acquires a de jure status when it gains wide acceptance from the people and recognition
from the community of nations.
3. CONSTITUTIONAL and TRANSITORY
 The provisional government was not a purely revolutionary one but a hybrid constitutional revolutionary
government.
 There was nothing to prevent the government from amending, suspending or abrogating the Provisional
Constitution and adopting a new one or operating without any constitution.
 It did not have a status of a supreme or fundamental law because the government was not created by it and
was not bound to obey it.
4. DEMOCRATIC
 The provisional government was claimed to be democratic because it was installed by direct action of the
people as a direct expression or manifestation of their sovereign will.
 It was based on the consent of the governed or the approval of the people.
5. POWERS
 A revolutionary government, being a direct creation of the people, derives its powers from the people to whom
alone it is accountable.
 It is said that it is clothed with unlimited powers because it makes its own laws; “it is a law unto itself.”
 However, with the adoption of the Provisional Constitution, it opted to abide with and to subject itself to the
provisions thereof, pending approval of a new charter.
6. the PROVISIONAL CONSTITUTION
 Instead of declaring the 1973 Constitution with certain amendments and minus certain articles and provisions, as
the interim Constitution, Proclamation No. 3 promulgated a Provisional Constitution to replace the former,
adopting in toto insofar as they are not inconsistent with the provisions of the Proclamation, certain provisions of
the 1973 Constitution.
 The Provisional Constitution self-destruct upon the ratification and effectivity of the new Constitution on
February 2, 1987.
2. Fidel V. Ramos Administration (1992 – 1998) – President Ramos emphasized the policies of globalization, like trade,
liberalization, deregulation, and privatization during his term of office.

3. Joseph E. Estrada (1998 -2001) – The administration of Estrada gave significance to the masses as the main feature
of his government programs. “Erap Para sa Mahirap”.

4. Gloria Macapagal Arroyo (2001 – 2010) – Implemented Evat

5. Benigno Simeon C. Aquino III (2010 - 2016) – Additional budget for the Education sector as new curriculum started.
K12 is patterned from the US Educational System that has its middle school (additional 2 years) for the students to
graduate.
Steadfast decision over Spratly disputes.
6. Rodrigo Roa Duterte (2016 - 2022) – Drugs, Federalism, TRAIN Law
- Here are some of Duterte’s achievements in the first year of his term as the president of the Philippines:
1. Free tuition in SUCs
2. Free internet in public places
3. Passport validity extension to ten years
4. Driver’s license validity extension to five years
5. Stiffer penalties for hospitals refusing to treat patients
6. The centralised complaint and action hotlines – 911 and 8888
7. The removal of processing fee on travel tax exemption
8. The 2,000 pesos SSS pension raise
9. The immediate signing of Freedom of Information
10. The exposés against local executives, police generals, judges and other top officials in government
11. The exposés against olligarchs who have been evading to pay taxes
12. The launch of Oplan Tokhang which has more positive results – including the not so good ones
13. The billions worth of drugs seized in the operation
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 14. The no VIP treatment for government officials in airports.
15. And counting
TIMELINE ON the Third, Fourth & Fifth Philippine Republic
 The third republic was formed and headed by a succession of presidents. On July 4, 1946, the republic of the
Philippines was inaugurated and Philippine independence was proclaimed in Luneta, Manila. Philippines as a new-
born republic sprang out of the ashes of war.
 The following were the problems: 1. Economic rehabilitation; 2. Cultural rehabilitation; 3. financial poverty (annual
deficit of over Php 200,000,000); 4. Peace and order; and 5. Distorted moral values of Filipinos.

 1965 - Ferdinand E. Marcos is elected by a big majority as president.

 1972 - Martial Law was declared by President Marcos. This period is marked with human rights abuses and
corruption.
 1981 - Marcos lifts Martial Law.
 1983 - Opposition leader Benigno "Ninoy" Aquino returns from exile and is assassinated on arrival at Manila
International Airport; Aquino's widow Corazon leads the "People Power" protest movement.
 1986 - Marcos was officially declared winner in a presidential election beating Corazon Aquino amid charges of
fraud; demonstrations erupt; Marcos flees to Hawaii; Aquino is declared president and forms a new government.
 1992 - Endorsed by Aquino, her Secretary of Defense Gen. Fidel Ramos wins presidential election. U.S. Philippine
congress rejects a new treaty with the U.S. and Subic Bay naval base and Clark Air Field returns to Philippine
government, ending American military presence in the Philippines.
 1996 - The government of Ramos agrees to greater autonomy for southern island of Mindanao. Moro National
Liberation Front (MNLF) ends the guerrilla war with the government.
 1997 - Asian financial crisis grips Asia and the Philippines escapes the crisis despite series of currency
devaluations.
 1998 - Former movie actor Joseph Estrada is elected president.
 2000 - On charges of corruption, the lower house impeach Estrada.
 2001 - Estrada was forced to step down due to public outrage over corruption allegations. Vice President Gloria
Macapagal-Arroyo assumes the presidency.
 2004 - Presidential election takes place. Arroyo's closest rival (a dear friend of Ex-President Estrada) is film actor
Fernando Poe, Jr. Arroyo narrowly defeats Poe, taking 39.5% of the vote to Poe's 36.6%.
 2005 - A taped conversation between President Arroyo & an election official surfaced during the 2004 elections
implying she influenced the official election results. Calls for her resignation and demonstrations followed soon
after. In September 2005, Congress voted down the filing of an impeachment against Arroyo.
 2007 - Former President Joseph Estrada is convicted of plunder, the first ever in the history of the Philippines.
 2010 - First automated national elections in the Philippines.
 2010 - Benigno "Noynoy" Simeon Cojuangco Aquino III wins the Presidential elections and sworn in at Manila's
Rizal Park on June 30, 2010.
 2016 - Rodrigo "Rody" Roa Duterte, the former Mayor of Davao City assumes the Presidency. He is the first
president to come from Mindanao.
 2017 - Pres. Duterte declares Martial Law in Mindanao Island due to the rebellion in Marawi City by ISIS-
affiliated Maute group on May 23 and extended by both houses of congress to December 31, 2019. The
devastated city of Marawi was declared liberated by Duterte on October 17, 2017.

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