4.41 1.1 Determine the dimensions, in both the FLT system and the MLT system, for (a) the product of mass umes velocity, (b) the product of force times volume, and (c) kinetic energy divided by area. mT! (4) mass x velocity = (MCT) Sine Famer? mass x velocity = (FL tr YILT) = Er FL? (eT 203) = Ltr N. (b) force x volume ul. (c) Kinetic energg - Flo pyHl area L —1.2 1.2 Verify the dimensions, in both the FLT and MLT systems, of the following quantities which appear in Table 1.1: (a) angular velocity, (b) en- ergy, (c) moment of inertia (area), (d) power, and (e) pressure. angular displacemest 77 (@) angular velocity = a = me = (5) energy ~ capacity of body + co work Since work = force x distane, Chergy = FL or with font * energy = (et )(L) 2 ML? () memend of inerha(area) = second moment of arca = (47)(L*) = _L* (A) power = rate of doing work = Fl: per7 = 2 Wir ir) 2 meer? - force» Fo + py? Ce, = ae = ) pressure = TT ye (mt ?)e?) = Me '? Ue4.3 Verify the dimensions, in both the FLT system and the stem, of the following quantities which appear in Table acceleration, (b) stress, (c) moment of a force, (d) vol- ume, and (e) work. (@) acceleration = velocity = toa rT +ime T = (L) stress = force 7 area Since F2 mtr} 2 stress = a = AL'T ce) tnement of a force = force x distance = FL Sfair dl = Ae? (a) volume = Cengts) 7 = L? (@) work ut force x distance = FL LT UL = Mitr I1.4 14 If P is a force and x a length, what are the dimensions (in the FLT system) of (a) dP/ dx, (b) &P/dx’, and (6) §P dx? dL dk 2f= fae (4) irs FL (4) PL sf 2 el3 dx} es = © [Pa = FL1.5 1.5 Ifwisavelocity, x alength, and atime, what are the dimensions (in the MLT system) of (a) au/at, (b) Fulaxat, and (c) f (aulat) dx? 2 @) 5 zg = LT = = | + 6) 2% 2 LT 2 72 axdd (L)(7) — ©) [4 de = ar) 4) = 1°?1.6 1.6 If Visa velocity, fa length, and va fluid property having dimensions of L?T-!, which of the following combinations are dimensionless: (a) Vbs, (b) Vily, (@) V2v, (a) VIC? (a) VAV = (r-Wt)ler) = ltr? (not dimensionless) ww) VE 2 (eT ML) 2 pore v (17-1) le) V2 = (TD (LET) 3 LIT? Cot dimensionless) ( dimension less ) —t (d) y = ar = L* (not dimensionless )17 1.7 Dimensionless combinations of quan- tities (commonly called dimensionless parame- ters) play an important role in fluid mechanics. Make up five possible dimensionless parameters by using combinations of some of the quantities listed in Table 1.1. Some possible examplesi acceleration x time 7" CL T 27) +L? T? velocity (LT-') Frequency xtime = (TINT) = (velocity) . (ur7)* 5 er7e = (eT 2 7 length x acceleration (L)(L rT) forcex time. (ENT) . FMT? ry Prementum (M4 ™m LT!) ler yur) density x velocity x lempth , (me2ltr ML) dynamic viscosity ML 7 FLT? = MLer?1.8 1.8 The force, P, that is exerted on a spher- ical particle moving slowly through a liquid is given by the equation P= 3muDV where jis a fluid property (viscosity) having di- mensions of FL~*T, D is the particle diameter, and V is the particle velocity. What are the di- mensions of the constant, 32? Would you classify this equation as a general homogeneous equa- tion? P= 30uDV Fle baled [rls (err 37 1s dimensjon less, and the equation’ és a general homogeneous eguation. Yes.4.9 According to information found in an old hydraulics book, the energy loss per unit weight of fluid flowing through a nozzle connected to a hose can be estimated by the formula hh = (0.04 to 0.09)(D/dy'V?/2g where / is the energy loss per unit weight, D the hose diameter. d the nozzle tip diameter, V the fluid velocity in the hose, and g the acceleration of gravity. Do you think this equation is valid in any system of units? Explain. R= (0.04 o0.09)(2)* ¥ i EE} bors oo( SERIE [1] = [0.0% 40.09] [L] Since each term tn The eguation must have the Same dimensions, the Constant term (0.04 4 0.09) rust be di rmensionless. Thus, The eguntiby Is & general home geneous Epub That 1s Valid th any system of anits. Yes.1.10 4.10 The pressure difference, Ap, across a partial blockage in an artery (called a stenosis) is approximated by the equation cosity (FLT), p the blood density (ML~), D the artery diameter, Ag the area of the unob- structed artery, and A, the area of the stenosis. Determine the dimensions of the constants K, and K,,. Would this equation be valid in any sys- tem of units? Vv 0 : ap = K+ x (4 1) ove where V is the blood velocity, , the blood vis- Ao _ Voy? p= ky Ad + ka lad apy a2 2 ate foc T= fa) SIE) LES -] EEL] [re’] = [k, | { FL? + {ku} frc*] Since each term must have the same dimensions, Ky, and Ky are dimensionless, Thus, the equation is a general homo geneous eguation that would be valicl tn ang Consistent system of units. Yes4.14 Assume that the speed of sound, ¢, in a fluid depends of an elastic modulus, E,, with dimensions FL~2, and the fluid dk p, in the form c = (E,)"(p)". If this is to be a dimen- sionally homogeneous equation, what are the values for a and b? Is your result consistent with the standard formula for the speed of sound? (See Eq. 1.19.) ES ay Since C3 LT"! SFL psFl ty? [sr] ( 2%] ° For a dimensionally homogeneous epuakion each term tn the eguation must have the same dimensions. Thus, the vight hand side of £3.01) must have The dimensions of LT! There fore, ath=o (to elimnate F) 2h=-1 C40 sabisty Cond'pon onT) 2at¢b=-l Ch absty conditen on L) rt Lillows Thet ast and bz-d So Met This result i's Consistent. with The shrndard toriula fr the Speed ef sound. yes.1.12 1.12 A formula to estimate the volume rate of flow, Q, flowing over a dam of length, B, is given by the equation Q = 3.09BH*" where H is the depth of the water above the top Q= 307 Bu of the dam (called the head). This formula gives Q in ft’/s when B and H are in feet. Is the con- stant, 3.09, dimensionless? Would this equation be valid if units other than feet and seconds were used? ler] = Bore] [LI" (37-] 2 [x00] [1 Since each term in the eguation must have the same dimensions the constant 32.09 rust have dimensions Vari rl of L*7~' and is therefore not dimensionless, No. Since the constant has dimensions its value will change with « change in units. No.1.14 Make use of Table 1.3 to express the following quantities in SI units: (a) 10.2 in./min, (b) 4.81 slugs, (c) 3.02 Ib, (d) 73.1 ft/s*, (e) 0.0234 Ib:s/fe’. @ jo2™ = (102 % )(esmx0 2) few) = -3 vm = 4arxlo”° Ss 432 om (b) 441 slegsz (491 shgs) (2459-410 4)- 70,2 49 (e) 3.02 b= (R02 )(4eve H) = saen A 3/4: (37/4) (aorraw' SB ) 2 223 & 32 a Ibes [bes Ms () 0,0234 = (0.0234 "SS, ) (4 T8PXID “ame ) bet « (0. onay “ed (uretan 4 Te1.15 1.15 Make use of Table 1.4 to express the following quantities in BG units: (a) 14.2 km, (b) 8.14 N/m’, (c) 1.61 kg/m’, (d) 0.0320 N-m/s, (e) 5.67 mm/hr. (a) 142 4m = (42210%m) (3201 )= 466x108 H a) BKB, = (814% ) (0 366000? FE) = sexi? 4 Mw I ms 4 slugs. 5 ce) Lb) =& = (os , ) (oxi Fe). 31216 sts a cd) 6.0320 %" = (0.0320 M2) (1 5tbx10' al ) M = 23bx10” aay = (2) 547 Mt = (Sb7 x10" a2) (2281) Lhe = 5/7 x10" ee1.16 1.16 Make use of Appendix A to express the following quantities in SI units: (a) 160 acre, (b) 742 Btu, (c) 240 miles, (d) 79.1 hp, (e) 60.3 °F. #e* 5 amt (4) 160 acre = (lel acre) (4 35t.«10" Z,) (2290x10 z=) = 6.47/10 m* 3S 5 = 1.0 oF l= 783x10° J (r¥2 ary) (i SS x/ 2) 7.8310" J (4) 7¥2 BTU (é) 240 mi = (B40 me) (1609x109 =) = 3.8L 410 om Gd) 79%./ hp= (741 hp ) (1457 x10? al S90 x/0 W # (623-32) = 15.7°C = 189 K te) 7, kK 15.7 °C + 273 41.17 Verify the conversion relationships for (a) acre, (b) bar, and (c) U.S. liquid gallon found in Appendix A. (a) Shee | acre = #3560 FL% Chy definition) it follevs thet - 3 / acre =( #3560 2M" LEY) (2, 296304 x10 ex) 3 = HA OKbIS6Y X10 am” 3 Thus, tmultiply | acre by Eb¥LESEH XID fo Convert to tn?. _ S) Since 1 bar = 10° dynes/em> (by definitisa ) ib bls that lb atx dues Vip Mes Md tm , = 10° Thus, rualtiply 1 bar by 105 to converd to N/m? 3? Lo. (2) Siice 1 US. gallon = 231 Ia (by definition) vt follows That / gal =(23/ In, > )(zs4 x an)? = 2ITGEUIE X10 Ann -3 Thus, multiply | VS. Gallon be 3.285¢NS x) Lo Convert to m?. ¥ Exact by cdetinrtibn,1.18 1.18 For Table 1.3 verify the conversion re- lationships for: (a) area, (b) density, (c) velocity, and (d) specific weight. Use the basic conversion relationships: 1 ft = 0.3048 m; 1 Ib = 4.4482 N; and 1 slug = 14.594 kg. (a) / #*= (I flo sora) 2a" 0.09290 am ye Thus, multiply tt? by 9.270 E-2 t+ convert to m*, th) 7 Slug = (] slog hy \[ 1 fe d/o (1 shed ) (9.5% ft) la a Re = S/S5.4 Fas Thus, multiply slug fe? by S1S¥ E+2 to convert to ko /m?3 ee) y He [| ft) (0.3049 @)= O 3049 & Thus, multiply tt/s bg 3.048 E-1 to convert to mS. w)f_Lée? a te ( a) Havers f [wana | = 171% Thus, multiply I6/A? by L5TLEt2 + convert to N/m,1.19 1.19 For Table 1.4 verify the conversion re- lationships for: (a) acceleration, (b) density, (©) pressure, and (d) volume flowrate. Use the basic conversion relationships: 1 m = 3.2808 ft; 1N = 0.22481 Ib; and 1 kg = 0.068521 slug. (a) (hs (1% C2808 ft )= 3.28/ bt 2 Thus, rrultiply m/s? by 3.d8) to convert to ft/s2, As. (; 48) slugs)[ Lam _ | &) | Bes (| Sh )(o.ovssar Se4*) aaah - -3 sl = 1. fo x10 = Thus, multiply Ay Jem? by 1.940 E-3 to convert to slug/Le3. Mo (| M.) (oazye: 2 )f te | rn (| me) n 2) (3 2908)? Ft* = noeg x? 2 Thus, mulbiply N/m? by 2.084 F-2 to convert to Ib/ Fe”, 33 3 (d) | a =(I am?) [ @ 2008) |. 35.31 Thas, mult iply m/s by 3531 Et! to convert to ft/s,1.20 1.20 Water flows from a large drainage pipe at a rate of 1500 gal/min. What is this volume rate of flow in m?/s and in liters/min? = Mm? flowrate = (/500 gal ) (6,309x10° “s ) Pain —_ gal min = 2% x10" ae? Since | liter = 10? m3, flowrate = (9% x10? an?) (102 shes) bes) anin 5680 Liters1.21 1.24 A tank of oil has a mass of 30 slugs. (a) Determine its weight in pounds and in new- tons at the earth’s surface. (b) What would be its mass (in slugs) and its weight (in pounds) if lo- cated on the moon’s surface where the gravita- tional attraction is approximately one-sixth that at the earth’s surface? ca) weight 2 mass x g = (30 slugs) (222 = (30 slugs) (4454 x ) (481 %)= Yeron 706 bh 66) mass = 30 slugs (rmass does not depend on gravitation) attraction ) weight (2 slugs ) (222 “) = Jel lb @1.22 1.22 A certain object weighs 300 N at the earth's surface. Determine the mass of the object (in kilograms) and its weight (in newtons) when located on a planet with an acceleration of gravity equal to 4.0 ft/s? weight Mass = “a 300 N_ = 306 4g Ze) — for gs 40 4e/s> weight = (30.0 4g ) (404) (0.3048 &) 373 N1.23 1.23 An important dimensionless parameter __the Froude number using SI units for V. g, and in certain types of fluid flow problems is the Froude _€. Explain the significance of the results of these number defined as V/Vgl, where Vis a velocity, calculations. 8 the acceleration of gravity, and (a length. De- termine the value of the Froude number for V = 10 ft/s, g = 32.2 ft/s’, and { = 2 ft. Recalculate Ln 86 units, vo, ot _ i (32.2 )(24) Ln SI units: V=(lo & ) (2.3049 F)- 305 @ = 43! {é & w s2 R= (24) (0.3048 2): 0.610 m Thus, 305 F Vv ———— = 125 ge Visi %)eiom The value of a dimensionless Parameter is independent ef the unit system.es 1.24 — The specific weight of a certain liquid is 85.3 Ib/ft. Determine its density and specific gravity. ib peeks 853 ys 2s slugs 4 322 # Ft slags 26S wy soz poe st . @ # slugs Cot * A G4 oe1.25 1.25 The density of a certain type of jet fuel is 805 kg/m*. Determine its specific gravity and specific weight. z SG = A = 505 ps = 0,905 a= Ber Toe y=P9 = (905 ££.) (4.81 %)= 7970 BM1.26 1.26 An open, rigid-walled, cylindrical tank contains 4 ft* of water at 40 °F, Over a 24-hour period of time the water temperature varies from 40 °F to 90 °F, Make use of the data in Appendix B to determine how much the volume of water will change. For a tank diameter of 2 ft, would the corresponding change in water depth be very noticeable? Explain. mass of water = W*P where ts the volume and 2 The densty. Since the mass must vemain Constant as The temperature @hanges OS ye = ae ay From Table B.1 A bs - 1,940 Slets OF - bas bay @ goo = 1 FAL E Therelore, from £4.04) sh “ 2 GAN ED yon ges n° 143) 28, Thus, The sacvease ja volume (3 4)9l -#o00= 20186 ft? The change 1h Wweter depth, AL, a Gael fb 4+ . 0) 8b Ft7 ~ 4a= 7 oN = 592KI0 LL= 0.0Tbin a = @ft)* 7% This small change in clepth would not be very hotrceable, No. Mote: A slightly different value for SL will be obtained if specific wergnt of water Is used feTher Than density. This 1s due to the fact that there is seme ancertuitty in the fourth dignitiant figure oF these tuto values, and fe Solubion 3 sensitive te This unartenty1.28 1.28 A liquid when poured into a graduated cylinder is found to weigh @ N when occupying 2 volume of 500 ml (milliliters). Determine its spe- cific weight, density, and specific gravity. _ weight _ &N = oo FH volume (0,500 2) (10 3m? ms (6.5008) (10% qe) 3 NW. - = [6 410 78 163 xj AS p= 4 9.81 2 “m3 st ——— 3 hy 163 x10 F3 Pere — The 163 My d 10 ms 5G =1.29 4.29. The information on a can of pop indicates that the can contains 355 mL. The mass of a full can of pop is 0.369 kg while an empty can weighs 0.153 N. Determine the specific weight, density, and specific gravity of the pop and compare your results with the corresponding values for water at 20 °C. Express your results in SI units. Weight of Fluid a) Y= Plame of Fluid tolal weignt = massx g = O3bthg (981% )= thaw weight ef con= ©. 153 3 . Volume of Fluid = 55xW2L) (072 = £55-x10 om? Thus, trom Eg. l1) ye Bb2N - 0153N os = 7776 x, SSF X 10m =—— P- 3 7.8) 24 s* oy 2 . 79678 Acer 1000 BE Nes? 4 = 996 2S = 79 A8, 4 5G = 0.946 For water a& 20°C (see Table 8.2 Appendix B) = “os 4. sp = Bye 1789-3 5 Oa 16.2% | SG =0.9982 4 comparison of These Values hr Watley with These fer The pop shows Thad The specie weight, density, gad specie gravity & The pop are al] Slightly Jower Than The Corresponding Values for water.1.30* 1.30* The variation in the density of water, p, with temperature, T, in the range 20°C = T= 60 °C, is given in the following table. Density (kg/m) | 998.2 | 997.1 | 995.7 994.1 | 992.2 988.1 eeeerronlians! =a lagi salraqlonlieay Use these data to determine an empirical equa- tion of the form p = c, + cP + eT? which can be used to predict the density over the range indicated. Compare the predicted values with the data given. What is the density of water at 42.1°C? 7o solve This problem use POLREG. IG EIU III IOI OIE IO ICI ICR ICI CIO IO IIR TOR A AOI AR AA ** This program determines the least squares fit ** ** for any order polynomial of the form: +k ** y = dO + ditx + d2¥x°2 + d3¥x°3 + ... ced SESS EE SS OEIC OE OS ORE OOO OIRO CO COGS ARIAT AR IOI IK Enter number of terms in the polynomial: 3 Enter number of data points: 7 inter data points (X , Y) 20,998.2 25,997.21 30,995. 35,994. 40,992, 45,990, 50,988. Wa www fereneraeey The coefficients of the polynomial are: d2 = -4.0953E-03 di = -5.3332E-02 dO = +1. 0009E+03 x Y Y(predicted) +2,0000E+01 +9.9820E+02 +9.9825E+02 +2.5000E+01 +9.9710E+02 +9.9706E+02 +3.,0000E+01 +9.9570E+02 +9,9566E+02 +3.5000E+01 +9.9410E+02 +9. 9407E+02 +4,Q000E+01 +9.9220E+02 +9.9226E+02 +4,5000E+01 +9.9020E+02 +9,9026E+02 +5.0000E+01 +9.8810E+02 +9.8805E+02 Thus, T 004095 T* Note that P (predicted ) & th goed agreement \y)'th e (green). At T= 4#2./ °C, 2 P= 100l~ 0.08333 (42.1%) ~ 0.004088 (42.1%) = 991.5 28,1.32 1.32 The density of oxygen contained in a tank is 2.0 kg/m* when the temperature is 25 °C. Determine the gage pressure of the gas if the atmospheric pressure is 97 kPa (2.0 48 (asta 2) [aster 209)a] 155 4h, Gbs) BC9¢9¢) = Tas, ~ Bin * I p=PRT [55 4B -97AR = FORE1.33 Nitrogen is compressed to a density of 5 kg/m? under an absolute pressure of 425 kPa. Determine the temperature in degrees Celsius. A CEL PR (5 on Nat 37) = 296K Te = UP - 273 = 286K-~aq3 = /13%¢1.34 A closed tank having a volume of 2 ft? is filled with 0.30 Ib of a gas. A pressure gage attached to the tank reads 12 psi when the gas temperature is 80 °F. There is some question as to whether the gas in the tank is oxygen or helium. Which do you think it is? Explain how you arrived at your answer. 2304 : ° Z = weight = aan Fr inne © (428 lew) 2 slags = Abb K ID os Since pr Zz with ps (2+ 167) pore Catmosphene pressure assumed to be & 1467 psia ) and with T= (bor +#b0)°R st Allows thet (24.7 i.) (4 i int) Lie shegs BR (S¥OR) 7 iS #3 From Table 7? Rah S5KX107 for oxygen ana Re /22x10% Feb feb Ay helium, ohgR Thus, trom £g.l1) 1h the Gas Is oxygen -3 ana te feluim -+ p> 2 Te = E77 X10 as n24¢2 x10 * (1) A Comparisou of These Values with The actual density of the gas ii the tank indicates That The gas rnust be Ok ygen.