Professional Documents
Culture Documents
1. Job safety
. Personal Safety (head, eyes, mouth, clothing, gloves, shoes, remove personal accesories,
hygiene)
. Hand tools
. Power tools (any tool that is activated by electricity, compressed air, or hydraulic pressure)
.Lift
.Jack (Never jack up a vehicle with a person inside it. never get under a vehicle that is
supported only by a jack.)
. Chain Hoist and Crane (removal of heavy vehicle parts such as engine or transmission
assemblies.)
. Fire safety (Know locations of fire extinguishers. Never use water on a gasoline fire)
. Disposal of harmful Wastes (there are many harmful chemicals in the workshop.)
. Description of Bolt
. Bolt Length
. Types of threads
. Metric threads
. Torque Principle
. may defor/not be able to return to original length if excessive torque is applied to the
required torque.
. Tightening Torque
. Fastener Loosening
. Introduction
. A repair order (RO) form informs a technician of the customer's wishes with respect to
servicing and repairs.
. Vehicle/Customer Information
. Customer Name
. Current address
. Telephone Number
. Model/grade
. Model Year
. Delivery date
. Exterior conditions or others
. Repair authorization
. Statement of autorization
. Customer signature
. Service information
. RO date, Date completed, RO number, Odometer reading in and out, service advisor,
Hat number, Time in, Time pomised,
. Repair information
. Materials used
. FRT
. Total Charges
4. Service Literature
. simply select the S/M corresponding to the model year of the vehicle to be serviced.
Also use VIN or Vehicle identification Number
5. Job Quality
. Servicing
. Proper Servicing
. It will be not possible to carry out servicing correctly if the car's system is not
understood
. Careless work must never be allowed to cause the car to be damaged or cause injury to
self and others
. The customer's pleasure and confidence will not be gained if the car cannot be
returned at the pre-arranged date and time
6. Pre-delivery Inspection
. Protective wax
. Applied to protect vehicle exterioes from damage during transport from production
facility to the dealership.
. Back-up fuse is used to prevent discharge of the battery due to storage over a period of
time,.
7. Special Tools
. provided to enable the safe, accurate, and efficient performance of service operations that are
difficult or impossible to perform
. special tools required for specific service operations will be shown in S/M
8. Engine Overview
. A vehicle's engine is a powering system which converts fuel into energy to rotate its
wheels
. Engine Types
. Gasoline Engine - compresses gasoline and air into an air-fuel mixture and uses electric
sparks to ignite the mixture.
. Diesel Engine - compresses and heats air to heat temperatures and then injects fuel
into th compressed hot air
. Cost-economical
. vibration, noise, and acceleration has greatly improved upon recent years
. combination of electric motor and a gasoline engine, have high fuel efficiency
. Classification of Engine
. Valve train, Power train, Lubrication System, Cooling System, Fuel System, Intake
system, Exhaust system, Engine Electrical System
9. Engine Electrical Overview
. Introduction
. Starting System
. Ignition System
. distributor regulates current and direct it to spark plug via ignition wires
. Charging system
. cylinder head is mounted on top of the cylinder block and together with the pistons,
. Cylinder Head
. Valve train
. valve train controls the supply of air/fuel mixture, and removal of burnt gasses from
combustion chambers
. Maintenance
. Intake system supplies each clinderr with the air that is required for combustion
. air enters a port located near engine compartment, passes through a duct to the air cleaner.
then passes through the throttle body,
then to intake manifold chamber, then to the intake manifold straight to intake port of
cylinders
. Air cleaner (HONDA USES WETTYPE PAPER FILTER ELEMENTS - filter paper with oil to
hold dirt) - removes dust and foreign matters
. Intake manifold - pipe arrangement that connects carburetor (or throttle body) with
the intake ports of the cylinder head.
It divides the flow of air and direts it toward each intake port.
. (in fuel injected engine) throttle body and intake manifold chamber are connected and
fuel injectors are located near
. Intake manifold chamber - fitted before pipes diverge. ensures equal amount of air is
supplied to each cylinder.
injectors are fitted near manifold outlet. it inject fuel toward the intake ports\
. Intake Control system - reduces intake noise and enhance engine performance.
. Secondary passage open at high engine speeds to boost rate of air intake
thereby enhance the engine's output
. Primary always open (increases intake air flow velocity to enhance torque)
. secondary close in low engine speed. Open in high engine speeds to boost
intake air volume thus greater power.
.high engine speed: bypass-hi control valve is also opened. air flows to
whole chamber
. Exhaust system overview - collects burned gases from cylinders and smoothly discharges them
outside the vehicle.
. Gases from cylinders flow through exhaust pipe by exhaust manifold. then pass
through muffler, which reduce exhaust noise
. Three-way catalytic converter (in exhaust pipe) - to cleance the exhaust gases
. Exhaust manifold - mostly cast iron. Stainless steel is used for certain vehicles since it is
relatively light and smoother inside surface
. exhaust pipe
. exhaust muffler - reduces exhause noise. made form sound absorbing materials
. Major components
. Radiator - where cooling actually takes place. has radiator core fitted with cooling fins.
Coolant flows through tubes inside the core and releases heat to fins
. Radiator cap (contains relief valve and vent valve) - serves to regulate the pressure in the
cooling system
Vent valve open to pressure decreases to not create vacuum in cooling system
. Reservoir - connected to radiator cap. regulates amount of coolant in the cooling system
. Cooling fan (HONDA USES ELECTRIC MOTOR and controlled from thermo sensor on radiator) -
maintain the required flow of air through the radiator
. Thermostat - prevent overcooling of the engine. located in coolant outlet or coolant inlet.
prevents coolant from entering the radiator while closed. coolant circulate inside engine
instead of radiator
.opens when temperaute exceeds. coolant flows through radiator for cooling
. Heating core - located inside heater unit. hot coolant flows thorough it.
Coolant's heat passes through the core. air is warmed by coolant's heat
. Coolant - water with anti-rust and anti-freeze. HONDA engine have aluminum components.
coolant should be appropriate.
. Water has low boiling point. Boiled water cannot transfer heat efficiently
It freezes readily
freezing increases the volume of water which rupture the cylinder block or other cooling
system parts
.lowers freezing point and has higher boiling point than water
. full coolant is not advisable since it will produce pre wear in the engine
18. PGM-FI System Overview
. PGM-FI system supplies fuel to the engine via a set of fuel injectors. allows more precise fuel
supply control than carburetor
. improved emissions
. improved response
. Carburetor system - volume of fuel supplied is controlled by amount of air passing through the
carburetor
air volume is regulated by throttle valve which is operated by the accelerator pedal
. Fuel injection system is developed to allow suitable control under all engine conditions for
more accurate fuel supply volumes
. ECM determines the current engine conditions from sensors and calculated required
fuel volume
Intake system:
fuel-supply system:
control ystem
uses ECM to control fuel volume and injection timing based on signals from
various sensors.
used in 4-cylinder engines. injectors are split into two groups. fuel order 1&4-
2&3
Two injectors (primary and secondary) are fitted into throttle body. fuel is
injected same as carburetor
. MPI system
idle air control (IAC) fitted in throttle body to control air-intake volumes during
idling
. fuel pump > fuel tank > fuel feed pipe > Fuel filter > pressure regulator > Fuel
injector > fuel return pipe
. Control System
monitors the engine, the transmission, electric load among other current
conditions
. engine's idle control system adusts idling adling speed in response to changes in the engine;s
operating temperature, electrical loading, and other factors
Thus the system maintains the optimum idling speed over a wide range of operating
conditions
. Major components
. Fast idle thermo valve - controls idling speed according to engine's operating
temperature
. Idle Air control (IAC) Valve #1 - operated by a signal from ECM. valve of the air bypass
passage is opened to control the idling speed according
to engine loading.
RACV or rotary air control valve - functions as fast idle thermo valve
. Locations
. Fast idle thermo valve - bottom of throttle body
. PGM-FI Engine
. Fuel pump - takes in fuel from fuel tank and delivers it to the injectors at high pressure
. Fuel filter - removes foreign bodies and impurities from the fuel
. Pulsation damper - absorb slight variations in fuel pressure when fuel is discharged bt
injectors
. Outline
Fuel tank > fuel pump > fuel filter > pressure regulator > injectors
excess fuel from the pressure regulator is directly returned to the fuel tank.
functions to transfer or cut-off the power output of the engine to the manual
transmission
-securely connected - clutch must transfer power without any loss or slippage
. Clutch assembly
flywheel and pressure plate combines to bind clutch disc between them
. pressure plate assembly - bolted to the flywheel. they rotate in unison. comprises of
clutch cover, diaphragm spring, pressure plate
Pressure plate - held inside the clutch cover outside the diaphragm spring
. clutch pedal
. clutch pedal
. clutch cable
. clutch pedal
. master cylinder
. slave cylinder
. clutch damper
- contains the hydraulic clutch control system's release bearing and release fork.
- In a cable-type clutch control system, the release fork is attached to the release shaft.
- release bearng slides axially on the transmission main shaft and is held by the release
fork.
- release fork - to hold and support the release bearing. connected to the clutch cable or
alternatively, the slave cylinder's push rod at one end
.flywheel, clutch disc, pressure plate, diaphragm spring, clutch cover, release bearing,
release fork, clutch pedal
- to provide sufficient torque while starting, ascending, accelerating, engine braking, etc.
24. Automatic transmission (A/T) Overview - was devised to allow the vehicle to automatically perform
gearshift operations in response to load, speed, and other relevant conditions
. Torque converter - transfer the engine's output power to the gear through the action
of a special fluid. It must increase engine torque in a set ourput range.
. gear unit - implements the necessary gear change when the vehicle is driven in reverse
. hydraulic control unit - converts engine load, speed, and other similar variables into
hydraulic signals
. Torque Converter - a fluid coupling that transfers torque through the action of the fluid which
it contains.
If speed of turbine exceeds, fluid is discharged from this component, will effect the rear
of the stator where it promotes reverse rotation of the pump
ratio speed is 0 = stall point, the turbine will not rotate and the torque will reach its
maximum value of 2.
. most fundamental difference between the gear units of A/T and M/T
is the fact that the A/T have hydraulically-controlled multiple-disc clutches instead of
synchronizers.
These clutches are used to connect gears to the shafts to carry put gearshifts.
In the case of reverse gear, hydraulic pressure is used to actuate a shift fork so that the counter
shaft
. hydraulic pressure is supplied by an ATF pump which is driven by the pump drive gear
in the torque converter housing.
. hydarulic control unit receives signals relating to the driver's desired operation, current
condition of the vehicle,
and other similar factors these signals having been converted into hydraulic
form.
. Differential valves - hydraulic pressure applied to a differential valve causes the valve to
actuate.
. The direction of activation depends on differences in the amount of the area to which
pressure is applied.
. Detection of vehicle speed - governor valve regulates line pressure in accordance with
vehicle speed.
When vehicle speed is low, the governor valve opens slightly. When speed is
high, it opens widely.
.1-2 > 2-3 > 3-4, each valve have different diameter and each have integrated springs
which varies from valve to valve.
used in automatic transmissions. functions as hydraulic fluid inside both the torque
converter and hydraulic control unit
. Introduction
. A vehicle's brakes cause the vehicle to decelerate or stop by converting the vehicle's
kinetic (motion) energy into heat energy through frictio
. Disc brake - pads squeeze a disc that rotates together with the wheel.
. Drum brake - shoes expand onto the inside surface of a drum that rotates together
with the wheel.
. Friction materials were originally made from asbestos. Now made from sintered alloy
substances.
. Service brakes are activated hydraulically by the brake pedal and are used while
moving
. Parking brake is activated mechanically by a parking brake lever or pedal. Used to hold
in position
. Service brake
. HONDA utilize tandem master cylinder (has two independent hydraulic lines)
. Disc brake - consistes of a brake disc, brake caliper, and two brake pads.
. The brake disc is sandwiched by the brake pads and the pads are held inside
the brake caliper.
. Some utilize vetilated discs (contains radial vanes between its rubbing surfaces
fr optimum cooling performance.
. Used on front brakes for heavy loading. Certain models for rear brakes
. Drum brake
. drum brake consistes of brake drum, wheel cylinder, two brake shoes and
backing plate.
. Adjusts the brake pressure supplied to the front and rear brakes
. Since locking of the rear wheels would cause instability and could cause to spin
. Brake booster
. reduces the amount of force required when depressing the brake pedal.
. This type boosts the force applied to the brake pedal. Boosted force is
applied to master cylinder's pistons
. Metal pipes are used to connect brake system components that are fixed to a
vehicle's chassis.
. Rubber hoses are used to connect components that move vertically due to
operation of the suspention system.
. Parking Brakes
. Activation mechanism
. the rear-wheel parking brake mechanism is activated from the cockpit via
cables.
. Consists of parking brake lever (or pedal), parking brake cable, and rear wheel brakes.
. the parking brake cable are connected to a pedal near the driver's feet.
. Parking Brake-proper
. Conbined type - the rear service brakes are used by the parking brake
mechanism
. utilizes dedicated parking drum brakes that are fitted inside the disc
hubs of rear disc brakes.
. Operation Flow
. Service brake
. Parking Brake
lever pull>cables transmit pullng force to rear brake calipers>causing pistons to press
the pads against the discs.
. brake fluid is used i nthe hydraulic circuits of brake and clutch systems.
. Main Requirements:
. High Boiling Point - To prevent vapor locking (caused by overheating), brake fluid must
have high boiling point.
. Brake fluid are manufactured to conform with United States Department of Transportation
(DOT)
. The higher the DOR number, the higher the boiling point.
. Antilock brake system (ABS) prevents a vehicle's wheels from locking when the brakes are
applied, thereby maintaining steerability.
. Locking causes driver to lose directional control and vehicle will continue to move in its current
direction.
. ABS automatically controls the brakes to keep the wheels in this condition.
. Types of ABS
. HONDA-developed ABS - hydraulic control and regular braking circuits are independent
of each other
. TCS significantly reduces the work required from the driver during standing starts and rapid
acceleration on slippery road surfaces
. Before this, frams constructon is used. Major components such as the engine, transmission,
and suspension were mounted onto
They are composed of body panels to provide the required body strength without the
use of a frame.
. Unit Constructon
Locations of engine and suspension are required to have extra strength and
rigidity.
. used to warm the interior of the passenger compartment. Incorporates vents so that outside
air may be introduced in the compartment.
. used to maintain a comfortable temperature with the passenger compartment and to keep the
windows clear of fog or frost.
. Functions
. Intake of air from outside the vehicle or the recirculation of air within compartment.
. It blows cool and dry air into the passenger compartment to keep the interior at the desired
temperature
. The blower will blow air through the evaporator and into the cabin
. Compressor receives low-pressure and low temperature vapor from the evaporator
and changes this into high-pressure and high temeprature vapor
. Condenser is a heat exchanger that carries heat away from the vapor
. Receiver/Dryer filters and stores liquid refrigerant. It has a "desiccant" that absorbs
moisture present in the system
. Battery converts chemical energy into electrical energy. It serves as the power source for
electrical components in a vehicle.
. Batteries do not "store" electrical energy; instead, they contain potential. They convert
chemical into electrical energy when load is present
. Functions:
. Battery Construction
, Micro-Porous Separators
. Plates are arranged alternately w/ porous plastic separators in bet.
since positive and negative plates must not touch one another.
. Cell Connectors
. Electrolyte or sulfuric acid/water mix (63% water and 37% sulfuric acid when
charged) (83% water and 17% sulfuric acid when discharged)
. Battery Ratings
. Cold Cranking Amps - number of amps a fully charged battery can deliver at -18C for
30s without having a voltage drop of 7.2 volts
. Cranking Amps - number of amps a fully charged battery can deliver at 0C for 30s
without having a voltage drop below 7.2 volts
. Reserve Capacity - number of minutes that a fully charged battery can supply 25 amps
at 27C before voltage drops to 10.5 volts
. Ampere-hour rating- amount ofn current flow a fully charged battery can supply for 20
hours without having a voltage drop of 10.5 volts
. Chemical reactions occur as the electrical current flows from negative to positive
plates. It continues:
. Load is present
. Batter Self-Discharge
. ECM/PCM
. Radios
. Security Systems
. Battery Charging
. SO4 leaves both of the plates and combines with hydrogen in the electrolyte to form
sulfuric acid
. Oxygen in the electrolyte combines with lead on the positive plate to form PBO2
. Overcharging causes excessive gassing which leads to water consumption and raises
the temperature of the electrolyte causing the battery to explode
. Green means sufficiently charged for testing; Dark means insufficiently charged for
testing
. Open Circuit Voltage is obtained by using Digital Multi-meter across the battery terminals
. Battery Testing
. A result of charging/discharging
. Internal Resistance (Impedance), Voltage, and ability to Current should be factored into
diagnosis
. Battery Failure
. Sulfation: plates slowly develop and retain lead sulfate, reducing their ability to react in
the electrolyte. It is caused by lack of use, lack of water, and undercharging
. Vibration
. Age
. Deep Discharging
. Battery Maintenance
. Adding Water
. Tighten loose hold-down clamps and terminals, but not over-tighten battery
cable terminals
. Remove corrosion from both ends of each battery cable and terminal
. Battery Storage
. Charge the battery fully before storage as it reduces sulfation during storage
. Precautions
. While servicing batteries, protective clothing and a face shield must be worn
. Battery Replacement
. Jump-Starting Cautions
. Connect a positive jumper cable to the positive battery terminal post (Disabled)
. Connect the other positive jumper cable to positive battery post (Good Vehicle)
. Connect a negative jumper cable to the negative battery post (Good Vehicle)
. Connect the other negative jumper cable to a suitable ground. Do not connect the
negative jumper cable to the negative battery post of the disabled vehicle; instead, connect it to a metal
engine bracket away from the battery
40. Electricity
. Balanced Atoms have the same number of protons and electrons. As long as atoms are
balanced, there can be no electricity because electricity occurs only when electrons can move from one
atom to another
. Unbalanced Atoms do not have the same number of protons and electrons
. Add Heat
. Add Light
. Friction
. Magnetic Reaction
. Chemical Reaction
. Difference in charges
. Voltage is a measure of the force that pushes electron. It is also known as "electromotive
force"
. Circuits include
. Power Source
. Wires
. Switch
. Ground
. Current flows only when there is voltage present and a complete circuit/path
. Types
. Resistence
. Wattage is a measure of the amount of electrical power that a component needs to operate
properly
. Copper
. Iron
. Aluminum
. Temperature increases
. Diameter decreases
. Length increases
. Insulators are materials that prevent electricity from flowing easily. It is Useful for protecting
wires and electrical devices
. Semi-Conductors are neither good conductors nor good insulators. Examples: Diodes and
Transistors
. Alternator
. Relay
. A wire carrying current flow produces a magnetic field. if that sime wire is wrapped
around an iron bar, the field is strengthened creating an electromagnet
. Types of Magnets
. Temporary Magnet is made from materials such as soft iron and remains
magnetic as long as the outside magnetizing force is present
. It is a path, simple, and an unbroken loop through which current can flow.
. Types
. Series Circuit is the simplest type of circuit with the following characteristics
. Total Voltage = Voltage Drop 1 + Voltage Drop 2 + ... + Voltage Drop "n"; Voltage drop
is the difference in voltage on one side of a load compared to the voltage on the other side of the load
. Current is constant
. Parallel Circuit provides more than one path for current to flow
. Total Current = Current Flow 1 + Current Flow 2 + ... + Current Flow "n"
. Switch-To-Ground circuits
. Example: interior light circuit. In this circuit, light will operate when either switch is
closed. The door switches are closed with the doors open
. Load-To-Ground circuit
. Disadvantage: when switch closes, there may be a small arc of current that crosses the
switch that shortens its life
42. Basic Circuit Components
. For automotive purposes, current flows from positive terminal to the negative terminal
. Components:
. Power Source provides vehicle's electrical system. It also provides a voltage source to
the vehicle during starting and engine off conditions
. After the engine is running, the alternator provides the vehicle's electrical
system with power
. Protection Device are intended to protect the circuit components from damage caused
by excessive current flow in the circuit
. Operation: protective element within the fuse case will heat up and
melt when exposed to excessive amperage. It opens the circuit and thus prevents short circuit
. Fusible Links are designed to protect the circuit by failing before the larger
diameter wire in the rest of the circuit; has a smaller diameter wire with a lower melting point
. Circuit Breakers are used to protect circuits where temporary overloads may
occur. It can be reset unlike fuses
. Mechanical Devices
. Transistors
. Common Characteristics
. Create resistance
. Path for the electricity consists of conductors that carry the electricity through the
circuit and back to the source
. Wiring
. Grounds
. Connectors and Terminals are palstic housing joining two wire harnesses
. Number of Cavities
. Wire Size
. Color
. Ground Path carries current flow back to the negative battery terminal
. Circuit may
. Operate incorrectly
. Component may
. Operate incorrectly
. High Resistance/ Open Circuit: system may still operate but not function correctly;
caused by corrosion or damage
. Low Resistance/ Short Circuit: occurs when resistance drops too low
. Low Resistance Fault: Circuit overload; when short to ground occurs a much higher
level of current flows; short to power occurs when the insulation on two wires running next to each
other fails and the wires are exposed to each other, thus electricity can pass from circuit to another