Accepted Manuscript

The temperature-dependent fracture models for fiber-reinforced ceramic matrix

composites

Yong Deng, Weiguo Li, Ruzhuan Wang, Jiaxing Shao, Peiji Geng, Jianzuo Ma

PII: S0263-8223(16)00033-7
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2016.01.020
Reference: COST 7125

To appear in: Composite Structures

Please cite this article as: Deng, Y., Li, W., Wang, R., Shao, J., Geng, P., Ma, J., The temperature-dependent fracture
models for fiber-reinforced ceramic matrix composites, Composite Structures (2016), doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/
j.compstruct.2016.01.020

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`

The temperature-dependent fracture models for fiber-reinforced ceramic matrix

composites

Yong Deng a,b, Weiguo Li a,b*, RuzhuanWang b, Jiaxing Shao b, Peiji Geng b, Jianzuo Ma b

a
State Key Laboratory of Coal Mine Disaster Dynamics and Control, Chongqing University,

Chongqing 400030, China

b
College of Aerospace Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, China

Abstract

In this paper, based on a temperature-dependent fracture strength model and the theory of

composite materials, two temperature-dependent fracture strength models for unidirectional and

short random fiber reinforced ceramic matrix composites are developed. The effects of

temperature, fiber content, fiber distribution, and matrix strength on the strength of

fiber-reinforced ceramic matrix composites are included in the models. Furthermore, considering

the effects of oxidation reaction for some kinds of fiber and size effect of unidirectional fiber on

the strength of composites, a new temperature-dependent fracture strength model considering size

effect and oxidation of reinforcing fiber is established. And good agreement between model

predictions and experimental data indicates the applicability and rationality of our models. So the

models can be used to predict the temperature-dependent fracture strength of fiber-reinforced

ceramic matrix composites.

Keywords: Fiber, Ceramic-matrix composites, Temperature-dependent, Fracture strength, Model

1. Introduction

*
Corresponding author.
E-mail address: wgli@cqu.edu.cn (W.G. Li).
Telephones: +86 13452029896 (Mobile)
Fax: +86 023 65102421
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Ultra-high temperature ceramics (UHTCs) have been widely used in thermal protection

systems and propulsion systems in aerospace applications due to their high melting temperature,

good chemical and physical stability under high temperature[1,2]. But their use as structural

components is severely limited because of their brittleness. In the last few decades, much effort

has been done to overcome the inherent brittleness of ceramic materials. For example, the addition

of fibers can not only significantly increase the high temperature strength or fracture toughness of

ceramic matrix composites (CMCs) but also reduce the propensity for catastrophic failure [3-6].

Fiber-reinforced CMCs are one of the most promising candidates for structural applications

industries, such as aircraft, aerospace and military project [3,6,7]. And carbon fiber has been a

common candidate as reinforcement in composites, because it has the advantage of the high

strength, good eligible mechanical properties [8,9]. Strength is a key factor in determining the

service life of materials applied at high temperature [10]. Take into account that fiber-reinforced

CMCs will face extremely high temperature environment during process of service, therefore, it is

especially necessary to study the high temperature strength of CMCs. In the past, most scholars

studied the fracture strength of fiber-reinforced CMCs at elevated temperature by using

experimental methods. For example, Gui-ming Song reported that the strength of short carbon

fiber reinforced TiC ceramic composites was 593MPa at room temperature and 439MPa at 1400℃.

The strength of monolithic TiC was 471MPa at room temperature and 247MPa at 1400℃ [11]. So

the strength of TiC composites increased remarkably at high temperature on account of the

addition of short carbon fibers. What’s more, XG Zhou reported that carbon fiber reinforced SiC

composites and carbon fiber reinforced SiO2 composites exhibited good high temperature strength,

toughness and high thermal shock resistance [12]. Jin Xing measured the strength of KD-I fiber
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reinforced SiC matrix composites at room temperature and high temperature, and it turned out that

oxidation embrittlement and strength degradation of fiber were the dominated damage mechanism

leading to the decrease of ultimate strength of composites at high temperature [13]. In addition,

Junjie Fei studied that the effect of carbon fiber content on mechanical properties and

densification of TiB2 composites, and the results showed that the flexural strength and relative

density of composites with 4wt% carbon fiber reached the peak value [14].

However, the current experimental research on fiber-reinforced CMCs at high temperature is

not systematic. As we know, the microstructures such as the interfacial conditions in the

fiber-reinforced composites used by each author could be easily different because of the

differences in the process of manufacturing; as the temperature increases, the microstructures will

also evolve. Those can lead to the differences in the fracture strength and mechanisms of

fiber-reinforced composites. On the other hand, strength tests at high temperatures are laborious

and technically difficulty to conduct [10]. It is therefore necessary to use theoretical methods to

analysis and predict the temperature-dependent strength of fiber-reinforced CMCs. Nevertheless,

most existing strength models for fiber-reinforced CMCs can only be used at normal temperature,

and there are few fracture strength model which based on basic physical parameters of material

and applicable to high temperature.

In this paper, based on the theory of composite materials and a temperature-dependent

fracture strength model, three models for describing the strength reduction of fiber-reinforced

CMCs at high temperatures are developed. The effects of temperature, matrix strength, fiber

effective content, fiber distribution, and size effect on the strength of CMCs are included in the

models. The model predictions are compared with experimental data, and good agreement
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between the predictions and experimental data fully supports the rationality of our models. The

study is very useful for the design and evaluation of fiber-reinforced CMCs in the structural

applications industries.

2. Theoretical model
It is well known that the increase of the room and elevated temperature strength of

fiber-reinforced composites are mainly contribution of the high strength of reinforcing fiber. Thus,

the classical theory method of composite materials (rule-of-mixture) can be used to estimate the

strength of fiber-reinforced CMCs when there is relatively strong bonding at the fiber-matrix

interface. And we assume that the strain developing in the matrix and fiber phase is identical under

external loading. For unidirectional fiber reinforced composites, the strength of composites along

the fiber direction, σ c , is given by

σ c = σ f V f + σ mVm (1)

Where σ f , σ m are the strength of the fibers and matrix respectively, and V f , Vm are the volume

fractions of the fibers and matrix respectively.

In fact, thermal environment has a significant effect on the strength of materials [15,16], and

it is necessary to consider the influence of temperature on it. Thus, we modify the Eq. (1) as

follows:

σ c (T ) = σ f (T )V f + σ m (T )Vm (2)

Where σ f (T ) , σ m (T ) are the temperature-dependent fracture strength of fibers and matrix,

respectively.

For short random fiber reinforced ceramic composites, the temperature-dependent fracture

strength of the composites, σ c (T ) , is given by

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σ c (T ) = σ p (T ) + σ m (T )Vm (3)

Where σ p (T ) is the theoretical contribution of fibers to the load.

For simplicity, the fiber angle, θ , is assumed to be uniformly distributed from 0 to π 2 in the

plane perpendicular to the load direction(Fig.1), so the contribution of fibers to the load, σ p (T ) ,

can be approximately obtained as follows [11] :

π
σ p ( T ) = V f ( ∫ 2 σ f (T ) cos 2 θ d θ ) = 0 . 5V f σ f (T ) (4)
0

Substituting Eq. (4) into (3), the temperature-dependent fracture strength of short random

fiber reinforced CMCs, σ c (T ) , is given by

σ c (T ) = 0.5V f σ f (T ) + Vmσ m (T ) (5)

However, after the calculation, significant differences between the predictions and

experimental data are found for the strength of unidirectional fiber reinforced CMCs by Eq. (2).

This suggests some other factors that influence the composite materials strength need to be

considered further in the Eq. (2). Actually, microstructures of materials such as interfacial

conditions and residual thermal stress between matrix and fiber phase et al have effect on the

strength of unidirectional fiber reinforced CMCs[6]; but for the short fiber reinforced CMCs in our

work, these factors can be ignored because of their relatively small effect on the strength of

composites. Therefore, we modify the Eq. (2) as follows:

σ c (T ) = A(T )[σ f (T )V f + σ m (T )Vm ] (6)

Where A(T) is an uncertain correction coefficient. And A(T) will be effected by various factors

simultaneously. Among them, residual thermal stress will gradually release at high temperature, so

its effect on the strength of composites will decrease with the increase of temperature; interfacial

properties is temperature-sensitive, for instance, interface bonding strength will decrease at high
`

temperature, so its negative effect on the strength of composites increases with the rise of

temperature. But it is hard to determine the quantitative effect of temperature on residual thermal

stress and interfacial properties. Moreover, there are some other factors such as defects and

damage which have impact on A(T), those will increase the difficulty of determining the value of

A(T), especially at high temperature.

From the above, the influence of temperature on some factors such as residual thermal stress

is positive, while some other factors such as interface bonding strength is influenced negatively by

temperature. Therefore, the effect of temperature on the correction coefficient, A(T), is small by

comprehensive analysis. Moreover, it is very hard to determine the value of A(T). For simplicity,

based on the Eq. (2) and the experimental data at room temperature, we get the value of A(T) at

room temperature and assume it doesn’t vary with temperature during calculation considering that

temperature has small effect on the value of A(T).

In our previous work, based on the following two assumptions:‘(1) There is a maximum

energy storage for a particulate material. This energy can be provided by both heat energy and

strain energy; (2) There is a quantity equivalent relation between heat energy and strain energy’, A

temperature-dependent fracture model for single-face UHTCs was obtained as follows [10,15,16] :

1
 o 2  T
C P (T )dT  
2

 (σ th )
σ th (T ) =   ∫To
E (T ) 1 − Tm   (7)

 ∫To P
E C (T )dT  
 o 

Where σ tho , Eo are the strength and Young’s modulus of material at reference temperature,

respectively, E (T ) is the Young’s modulus at temperature T, C p (T ) is the specific heat capacity for

constant p pressure and T temperature and Tm is the melting point. Therefore, it is easy to predict

the high temperature strength of ceramic if we get its Young’s modulus and heat capacity at
`

different temperature.

Substituting Eq. (7) into (6), the temperature-dependent fracture strength model for

unidirectional fiber reinforced CMCs is deduced as follows:

 1

   T
  2

  (σ )
o 2
∫T
σ c (T ) = A(T )V f σ f (T ) + Vm  mo Em (T ) 1 − Tom
C P (T ) dT
  (8)
  


 m

E

 ∫ To
C P (T )dT   
  


Where σ mo , Emo are the strength and Young’s modulus of ceramic matrix at reference temperature,

Em (T ) is Young’s modulus of ceramic matrix at T temperature. C p (T ) is the specific heat capacity

of ceramic matrix for constant p pressure and temperature T ,and Tm is the melting point of matrix.

Similarly, substituting Eq. (7) into (5), the temperature-dependent fracture strength model for

short random fiber reinforced CMCs is also deduced as follows:

1
 o 2  T
C P (T )dT  
2

*  (σ m )  ∫To
σ c (T ) = 0.5V f σ f (T ) + Vm  o Em (T )1 − Tm   (9)

 ∫To P
E C (T )dT  
 m 

Clearly, both the Eq. (8) and (9) unify the effects of temperature, fiber content, fiber

distribution and matrix strength on the strength of composites materials. According to the two

models, considering the temperature-dependent Young’s modulus of matrix can be simply

obtained by experiments, the heat capacity C p (T ) can be found in material handbook easily, and the

fracture strength of reinforcing fiber at different temperature can also be found from the studies of

other scholars. Therefore, the temperature-dependent fracture strength of fiber reinforced CMCs

with different fiber content can be easily predicted by the models (8) and (9). And a good

agreement between the model predictions and experimental data confirmed the applicability of our

model.

Moreover, there are some kinds of fiber, which are easy to be oxidized at high temperature.
`

Oxidation reaction may result in fiber failing, and this part of fiber may do little contribution to the

strength of composites. For example, Jing Xin studied the elevated strength of SiC fiber reinforced

SiC matrix composites, it turned out that SiC fibers oxidation embrittlement was the dominated

damage mechanism leading to the decrease of ultimate strength [13]. Thus, it indicates the

effective fiber content, Vef , should also consider as temperature-dependent considering the fact

that some kinds of fibers will more probably be oxidized at high temperature. Besides, the fracture

of reinforcing fiber is caused by microstructural flaws that act as stress concentrations. The

internal defects are randomly distributed along the length of fiber [17]. As a consequence, the

strength of same kind fiber under different length is different. Based on Weibull theory, the

strength of fiber under L length is as followed [18]:

1
−
mo
σ ( L) = σ o ( Lo )( L / Lo ) (10)

Where Lo and L are reference length and actual length of reinforcing fiber in the composites

respectively, mo is Weibull parameters, σ o (Lo ) , σ (L ) are the strength of fiber at reference length

and L length respectively.

For the short random fiber reinforced CMCs in this work, the influence of fiber length effect

on the strength of composites is small, and it is also difficult to consider the length effect of short

fiber because of the large dispersion of the fiber length (20um-180um)[11]. The current research

seldom considers the influence of length effect of short fiber on the strength of composites [9,11].

In our model, we assume that the strength of short fiber with these lengths is identical. Based on

the classical theory method of composites, we develop a simple model to predict the strength of

short random fiber reinforced CMCs at elevated temperature. And great consistency is acquired

between the theory data and experimental data. However, for unidirectional fiber reinforced
`

CMCs, the length effect and oxidation of unidirectional fiber, et al have large effect on the

strength of composites. Therefore, a new temperature-dependent fracture model for unidirectional

fiber reinforced CMCs, considering the effects of temperature, fibers length effect, fibers effective

content and matrix strength on the strength of composites, is established as followed:

 1

  o 2   
T 2
1 
  (σ ) ∫T
σ c* (T ) = A(T ) Vm  mo Em (T ) 1 − Tom
C P (T ) dT
  + V (T )σ ( L , T )( L / L ) mo (T )  (11)
−

 ef o o o 
  Em
 

 ∫ To
C P (T )dT  




Where Vef (T ) , mo (T ) are the fibers effective content and Weibull parameter at T temperature

respectively, and σ o ( Lo , T ) is the strength of fiber for Lo length and T temperature.

As a result, when reinforcing fiber is easy to be oxidized at high temperature, we can use the

Eq. (11) to predict the temperature-dependent strength of unidirectional fiber reinforced CMCs

with different fiber contents and lengths. And just let Vef (T ) be a constant at different temperature

when reinforcing fibers aren’t oxidized.

3. Results and discussion

3.1 Short fiber reinforced ceramic matrix composites

The temperature-dependent fracture strength of 20%vol short carbon fiber reinforced TiC

ceramic composites is calculated by using the Eq. (9) and compared with experimental results. In

the calculations, the relative parameters are shown in Table 1 [9,19,20].

First, the model (7) is used to predict the temperature-dependent strength of TiC matrix and

then compared with experimental data. Fig.2 shows that the exciting agreement is obtained

between the predicted values and experimental values.

Then, based on Gui-ming Song’s suggestion, let the strength of carbon fiber be a constant

(2500MPa) in the range from room temperature to 1400℃[9]. The temperature-dependent strength
`

of composites is calculated by using the Eq. (9), and the result is shown in Fig.3.

As can be seen from Fig.3, our model can describe well the trend of strength of composites as

function of temperature. The predicted values are very close to experimental data except it at room

temperature. According to Cédric Sauder’s study, the strength of Pan-based carbon fiber would

vary with temperature [21], and this kind of carbon fiber that he studied is just the same with that

from Cf/TiC composites. The temperature-dependent strength of carbon fiber which tested by

Cédric Sauder is shown in Fig.4 [21].

It can be seen that the strength of carbon fiber at room temperature is approximately

2100MPa from Fig.4. While in our previous calculation, the strength of carbon fiber is taken as

2500MPa at different temperature, so it caused our predicted value larger than experimental data

at room temperature. For this reason, it is necessary to consider the strength of fiber as

temperature-dependent during calculation by using the model (9), and data for the carbon fiber

strength were taken from the literature [21]. The final result is presented in Fig.5.

An excellent agreement between model predictions and experimental data confirmed that the

model (9) can predict the temperature-dependent fracture strength of short random fiber reinforced

CMCs accurately.

3.2 Unidirectional fiber reinforced ceramic matrix composites

The relative parameters are determined by experiment and shown in Table 2. [19,20,22,23]:

(1) 45% unidirectional SiC fiber reinforced SiC matrix composites

LO = 1mm, L = 25mm (12)

V f = 0.45, Vm = 0.55 (13)

A(T ) = 0 .6045 (14)

The data in Table 3 all come from literature [13].

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Fig.6 shows that the predicted values by using the Eq. (11) agree well with experimental

values. And the triangle data represent the calculated values without considering fiber oxidation,

that is to say, the effective fiber content, Vef (T ) , is taken as 0.45 at different temperature during

calculation. Fig.6 also indicates that the decrease of strength of SiC/SiC composites was mainly

due to SiC fibers oxidation failure. It also proves the importance to consider fiber effective

content Vef as temperature-dependent in the model.

(2) 40% unidirectional SiC fiber reinforced SiC matrix composites

LO = 1mm, L = 25.4mm (Room temperature) (15)

LO = 1mm, L = 28mm (1300 ℃ ) (16)

V f = 0.4, Vm = 0.6 (17)

A(T ) = 0.9686 (18)

The data in Table 4 and formulas (15-17) are from literature [7].

As can be seen from Fig.7, the predicted value by using the Eq. (11) is a little larger than

experimental data at 1300℃. There are several reasons which could explain the difference

between predicted values and experimental data according to literature [7]. The effective content

along the load direction, Vef , can be lower than the value of 0.2 used in the calculation. Because

the composites were fabricated by densifying multiple layers of 2-D plain-weave fiber mats

stacked in a 0o-30o-60o layup sequence, it is not sure whether these off-axis (30o) fibers would

make contribution to the strength of composites; What’s more, some fiber were liked to rupture

during processing of the composites, which can also lead to decrease of the effective fiber content

in the composites. Therefore, the calculated values by the model (11) should be the upper-bound

value there.
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4. Conclusions

In this paper, the temperature-dependent fracture strength models for unidirectional fiber and

short random fiber reinforced CMCs are established. The models consider the effects of

temperature, fiber effective content, fiber length effect, fiber distribution, and matrix strength on

the strength of composites. The temperature-dependent strength of fiber reinforced CMCs can be

easily predicted as the parameters used in the models can be easily acquired by the experiments

and material handbook. A good agreement between the model predictions and experimental data at

different temperatures fully supports the applicability and rationality of our models. And the new

model can also reflect well the dominated damage mechanism leading to the decrease of strength

of unidirectional fiber reinforced CMCs at elevated temperature. Understanding mechanical

behavior under high temperature is pivotal in the design of these materials. Therefore, the models

can be used to provide guidance for material design.

Acknowledgements

This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant

nos. 11172336 and 11472066, the Program for New Century Excellent Talents in University under

Grant no. ncet-13-0634, the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities under

Project no. CDJZR 14328801, the State Key Lab for Strength and Vibration of Mechanical

Structures of Xi’an Jiaotong University under Grant no. SV2014-KF-15.

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Figure Captions

Fig.1. An incline short fiber in the matrix

Fig.2. Temperature dependent fracture strength of TiC matrix

Fig.3. Temperature dependent fracture strength of (Cf/TiC) composites

Fig.4. Temperature dependent fracture strength of Pan-based carbon fiber [21]

Fig.5. Temperature dependent fracture strength of (Cf/TiC) composites

Fig.6. Temperature dependent fracture strength of 45%SiCf-SiC composites

Fig.7. Temperature dependent fracture strength of 40%SiCf-SiC composites

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Tables Captions

Table1 Material properties [9, 19, 20]

Table2 Material properties of SiC matrix [19, 20, 22, 23]

Table3 Material properties of SiC fiber [13]

Table4 Material properties of SiC fiber [7]

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`
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Table1 Material properties [9, 19, 20]

Material parameters Values and expressions

Tm (℃) 3067
To (℃) 25
σ mo (MPa ) 471
Vf 0.2
Vm 0.8
C p (T )(cal / mol) 11.94 + 0.23×10−3T − 3.53×105 T −2 + 0.45×10−6T 2
ETiC (T )(GPa) 459.45 − 6.5 ×10−5T 2 − 0.0505T

Table2 Material properties of SiC matrix [19, 20, 22, 23]

Material parameters Values and expressions

Tm (℃) 2700
To (℃) 25
σ mo (MPa ) 200
C p (T )(cal / mol) 50.79 + 1.95×10−3 (T + 273)
−2 2
− 49.204×105 (T + 273) + 8.205×10−6 (T + 273)
E SiC (T )(GPa ) 410 - 0.04 × (T + 273)× EXP(-962/(T + 273))

Table3 Material properties of SiC fiber [13]

Temperature/℃ SiC fiber strength(1mm) SiC fiber effective content Weibull parameter
/GPa ( Vef ) (mo )
24 2.26 0.45 4.06
1100 2.17 0.31 4.08
1300 1.64 0.26 5.32

Table4 Material properties of SiC fiber [7]

Temperature/℃ SiC fiber strength(1mm) SiC fiber effective content Weibull

/GPa ( Vef ) parameter
24 2.25 0.2 6
1300 1.96 0.2 6