PLANE FIGURES (Cuar. I i “LL Tri ‘There are many types of slide rules available. The vig Duplex* Slide Rule” and the “Polyphase Trig Duplex* Slide Rule” are two of the best and are especially suited for use when the solution of engi- .ccompanies each of hher. The subject matter is so presented that the beginner uses two general principles while he is learning to read the seales and perform the simpler operations. The mastery of these two principles gives the power to devise the best settings for any particular purpose, and to recall s.ttings that have been forgotten. Trigonometry. Included in each list of problems are some which require the use of trigonometry in their solution. These are in- logarithms of the trigonometric functions and four-place table of natural trigonometric functions are given on pp. 156-159. 3, MENSURATION OF PLANE FIGURES A large part of the work of this textbook has to do with the com- putation of surface areas and nection itis frequently necessary to pass a forms plane section, find the area of this section, and multiply it by ¢ len, ine. Thus it is importar ee a important for the student to be figures. For tl ‘* Registered U. 8. Pat. Off. by Keuffel and Keser 8) MENSURATION OF PLANE FIGURES 3 ‘Pythagorean theorem. (Hypotenuse)* = sum of the squares of the two legs. @=at+b or a=Ve-H etd. Special right triangles Bs DS Some other right triangles, the measures of whose sides are all whole numbers which satisfy the Pythagorean theorem, are: 5-12-13; 7-24-25; 8-15-17; 20-21-29; 16-63-65; 13-64-85; 119-120-169. Oblique triangle ‘ Area = + base X altitude. A= 4h. D, r A= Vie @) @ =O) =O), where # = & +b40. Parallelogram (opposite sides parallel) pape ee LET A= bh 7 ‘Trapezoid (one pair of opposite sides parallel) < Area = } sum of bases X altitude. A=}(at db) D Circle Circumference = 2x (radius) = +(diameter). C = 28 = 2D. Area = x(radius)* = 7 (diameter)*. Aw Rt = 7D K $ Sector of circle ‘Area = } radius X ore. ¢ A= bRe = 4R¥. >4 PLANE FIGURES : Segment of circle iNgE4\ Area, aes = Aredieecter) — Aredyirionsls) 4 } A= 4Re— 4ba. Ne, ‘Parabolic segment. LAN Area = Ha. aah ‘Ase by approximation ‘The area of any irregular plane figure (such as the one shown) can be found approximately by divid- ing it into an even number of strips oF panels by a series of equidistant paral- Jel chords to, ¥iy Yay «Ya» the com- ‘mon distance between the chords being h. The required area is then given by the following formula A A= Fle +4 + 2+. Bama + Adar + ta). ‘The larger the value of nm, in general the greater is the accuracy of approximation. Similar figures ‘Similar polygons are polygons that have their homologous angles equal and their homologous sides proportional. In general, corre- rai the ore of ay ta crepnding (72 baat car ota € ~~ ines. hove radii are 6.1 ft. and 4.1. Pind the ares Solution. Let Ar ond A,denota the areas ofthe larger and amaller 1 MENSURATION OF PLANE FIGURES 5 irl, reapactivaly Ung the formala fr the area of'e ccd, Ar = (6.1)? and Ay = (4.0), Since the difference between these two areas is the area of the section, we write (6.1)? — (4.194) inder the ap- Sinea the area of the section A is the sum of these areas, we have Aa At A tA = 28 be thee = EUS +H.) Equating the area of the triangle in terms of r to its given ares, we get 20 = 4@r) @n). Solving this eq.stion for r', we obtain P= 10. Substituting this value of in equation (a), we get A = AS(16 +) = 96.708 sq.ft. Ans. Example 3. A city block is in the form of a parallelogram: whose shorter diagonal AB is perpendicular to side BC, 48 shown in the figure. The shorter sides represent streets and the/longer sides repre(Cuar. 1 S PLANE FIGURES at ay i the avenues is 400 ft. and the r . If the distance between sae st outh treat is 5001, Sind the aren of the block. ma 4 Solution. From B drop the perpendislar BD to line AC. Since BD by construction is the distance between the avenues, BD = 400. Applying the Pythagorean theorem to right triangle BDC, we obtain Do = V(500}* — (400) = 300. Since the sides of angle DBC are res ly perpendicular to the sides le BAC. Hence right triangles DBC Considering BC it (Considering BC as base and AB as altitude ofthe parallelogram, we ‘2000 (BC) (AB) = (50) (—— 500 \ / 2000" «wey « >) ove. = (M2) ( 0) a. yd. = 37,087 9. yd. Ans, PROBLEMS 1. Awindow glass 4ft.2in. by 21t, 1010, 2, Find the are ofthe largest crcl which cos be oa cedge4in. » What athe area ofthe material rastest fom & square of "1 MENSURATION OF PLANE FIGURES 7 3. A garden plot is to contain 200 aq, i width, whet should ie dimenaions bot Tf Teeth to be tin te 4." Find the length of the diagonal: 'e between home plate and second base in a baseball the area of the official ball diamond and the dis- (The official ball diamond is in the form of & in. in diameter is pierced by a J-in. hole. What is the casher? 16, ‘The points C and D in the figure A 1c eat plane with the tip B of the tower AB. 1f the tower AB i 300 a ioe A ges Oh can A eer {t., find the distance CD.