‫א‬

‫‪7 ............................‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫‪11 ...........................................‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫اﻷهﺪاف ﻣﻦ دراﺳﺔ هﺬا اﻟﻔﺼﻞ‪11 ...................................................................................‬‬
‫ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ ‪12 ..................................................................................................................‬‬
‫ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻔﺎت وﻣﻔﺎهﻴﻢ أﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ‪13 ........................................................................................‬‬
‫اﻟﻤﻌﻄﻴﺎت )‪14 .................................................................................................(data‬‬
‫ﻣﻘﺎرﻧﺔ اﻟﻤﻌﻄﻴﺎت واﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت‪14 ..................................................................................‬‬
‫اﻟﻤﻌﻄﻴﺎت اﻟﺘﻌﺮﻳﻔﻴﺔ ‪16 ..............................................................................................‬‬
‫اﻟﻨﻈﻢ اﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴﺪﻳﺔ ﻟﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ اﻟﻤﻠﻔﺎت ‪17 ................................................................................‬‬
‫ﻧﻈﻢ ﻣﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ اﻟﻤﻠﻔﺎت ﻓﻲ ﺷﺮآﺔ ‪ Pine Valley‬ﻟﻠﻤﻔﺮوﺷﺎت ‪18 ............................................‬‬
‫ﻣﺴﺎوئ ﻧﻈﻢ ﻣﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ اﻟﻤﻠﻔﺎت ‪19 ................................................................................‬‬
‫ﻣﻨﺤﻰ ﻗﻮاﻋﺪ اﻟﻤﻌﻄﻴﺎت ‪21 .............................................................................................‬‬
‫ﻣﻨﺤﻰ ﻗﻮاﻋﺪ اﻟﻤﻌﻄﻴﺎت ﻓﻲ ﺷﺮآﺔ اﻷﺛﺎث‪21 ..................................................................‬‬
‫ﻣﺠﺎل ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻘﺎت ﻗﻮاﻋﺪ اﻟﻤﻌﻄﻴﺎت ‪28 ..................................................................................‬‬
‫ﻗﻮاﻋﺪ اﻟﻤﻌﻄﻴﺎت اﻟﺸﺨﺼﻴﺔ ‪28 ....................................................................................‬‬
‫ﻗﻮاﻋﺪ ﻣﻌﻄﻴﺎت ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺎت اﻟﻌﻤﻞ ‪30 .............................................................................‬‬
‫ﻗﻮاﻋﺪ ﻣﻌﻄﻴﺎت اﻷﻗﺴﺎم‪32 .........................................................................................‬‬
‫ﻗﻮاﻋﺪ اﻟﻤﻌﻄﻴﺎت اﻟﻤﺆﺳﺴﺎﺗﻴﺔ ‪34 ................................................................................‬‬
‫ﻗﻮاﻋﺪ ﻣﻌﻄﻴﺎت اﻹﻧﺘﺮﻧﺖ‪ ،‬اﻹﻧﺘﺮاﻧﺖ‪ ،‬اﻹآﺴﺘﺮاﻧﺖ ‪36 ..........................................................‬‬
‫ﻣﻠﺨﺺ ﻋﻦ ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻘﺎت ﻗﻮاﻋﺪ اﻟﻤﻌﻄﻴﺎت ‪38 .......................................................................‬‬
‫ﻣﻴﺰات ﻣﻨﺤﻰ ﻗﻮاﻋﺪ اﻟﻤﻌﻄﻴﺎت ‪38 ....................................................................................‬‬
‫اﺳﺘﻘﻼل اﻟﻤﻌﻄﻴﺎت ﻋﻦ اﻟﺒﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ‪39 ..............................................................................‬‬
‫ﺗﻜﺮار ﻣﻌﻄﻴﺎت أﺻﻐﺮي ‪39 ...........................................................................................‬‬
‫ﺗﻨﺎﺳﻖ ﻣﻌﻄﻴﺎت ﻣﺤﺴﻦ ‪39 .......................................................................................‬‬
‫ﻣﺸﺎرآﺔ أﻓﻀﻞ ﻟﻠﻤﻌﻄﻴﺎت ‪39 ......................................................................................‬‬
‫إﻧﺘﺎﺟﻴﺔ أآﺒﺮ ﻓﻲ ﺗﻄﻮﻳﺮ اﻟﺘﻄﺒﻴﻘﺎت ‪40 ............................................................................‬‬
‫اﻟﺘﺄآﻴﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻤﻌﺎﻳﻴﺮ ‪40 ............................................................................................‬‬
‫ﺟﻮدة أﻓﻀﻞ ﻟﻠﻤﻌﻄﻴﺎت ‪41 ..........................................................................................‬‬
‫إﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺔ وﺻﻮل أﻓﻀﻞ ﻟﻠﻤﻌﻄﻴﺎت وﺳﺮﻋﺔ اﺳﺘﺠﺎﺑﺔ أآﺒﺮ ‪41 ..................................................‬‬
 ‫א‬ ‫‪966‬‬

‫ﺻﻴﺎﻧﺔ أﻗﻞ ﻟﻠﺒﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ‪41 ..............................................................................................‬‬

‫ﺗﺤﺬﻳﺮات ﺣﻮل ﻓﻮاﺋﺪ ﻗﻮاﻋﺪ اﻟﻤﻌﻄﻴﺎت ‪42 ........................................................................‬‬
‫ﺗﻜﺎﻟﻴﻒ وﻣﺨﺎﻃﺮ ﻣﻨﺤﻰ ﻗﻮاﻋﺪ اﻟﻤﻌﻄﻴﺎت ‪42 ........................................................................‬‬
‫أﺷﺨﺎص ﻣﺘﺨﺼﺼﻮن ﺟﺪد‪43 .......................................................................................‬‬
‫ﺗﻌﻘﻴﺪ وﺗﻜﻠﻔﺔ اﻹدارة واﻟﺘﻨﺼﻴﺐ ‪43 ................................................................................‬‬
‫ﺗﻜﺎﻟﻴﻒ اﻟﺘﻐﻴﻴﺮ ‪43 .....................................................................................................‬‬
‫اﻟﺤﺎﺟﺔ إﻟﻰ ﻧﺴﺦ اﺣﺘﻴﺎﻃﻲ واﺳﺘﻌﺎدة ﺻﺮﻳﺤﻴﻦ ‪43 ..........................................................‬‬
‫اﻟﺘﻀﺎرب اﻟﺘﻨﻈﻴﻤﻲ ‪44 ...............................................................................................‬‬
‫ﻣﻜﻮﻧﺎت ﺑﻴﺌﺔ ﻗﻮاﻋﺪ اﻟﻤﻌﻄﻴﺎت ‪44 ......................................................................................‬‬
‫ﺗﻄﻮر ﻧﻈﻢ ﻗﻮاﻋﺪ اﻟﻤﻌﻄﻴﺎت ‪46 .........................................................................................‬‬
‫اﻟﺴﺘﻴﻨﺎت ‪47 ...........................................................................................................‬‬
‫اﻟﺴﺒﻌﻴﻨﺎت ‪48 .........................................................................................................‬‬
‫اﻟﺜﻤﺎﻧﻴﻨﺎت ‪48 ..........................................................................................................‬‬
‫اﻟﺘﺴﻌﻴﻨﺎت ‪48 .........................................................................................................‬‬
‫ﻋﺎم ‪ 2000‬وﻣﺎ ﺑﻌﺪ ‪49 ...............................................................................................‬‬
‫اﻟﺨﻼﺻﺔ ‪50 ................................................................................................................‬‬
‫اﻟﻤﺮاﺟﻌﺔ ‪51 ...........................................................................................................‬‬
‫اﻟﻤﺼﻄﻠﺤﺎت اﻟﻤﻔﺘﺎﺣﻴﺔ ‪51 ..............................................................................................‬‬
‫أﺳﺌﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺮاﺟﻌﺔ ‪52 ......................................................................................................‬‬
‫ﻣﺴﺎﺋﻞ وﺗﻤﺎرﻳﻦ ‪53 .......................................................................................................‬‬
‫ﺗﻤﺎرﻳﻦ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ‪55 .........................................................................................................‬‬
‫ﻣﺸﻔﻰ ‪ MOUNTAIN VIW‬اﻟﻌﻤﻮﻣﻲ ‪57 ..........................................................................‬‬
‫ﺣﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﻤﺸﺮوع ‪57 ....................................................................................................‬‬
‫ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ ‪57 ..................................................................................................................‬‬
‫وﺻﻒ اﻟﻤﺸﺮوع ‪57 ...................................................................................................‬‬
‫أﺳﺌﻠﺔ اﻟﻤﺸﺮوع ‪58 ..................................................................................................‬‬
‫ﺗﻤﺎرﻳﻦ اﻟﻤﺸﺮوع ‪58 .................................................................................................‬‬

‫‪51 .................................‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫اﻷهﺪاف ﻣﻦ دراﺳﺔ هﺬا اﻟﻔﺼﻞ‪61 ...................................................................................‬‬
‫ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ ‪63 ..................................................................................................................‬‬
‫ﺗﻄﻮﻳﺮ ﻗﺎﻋﺪة اﻟﻤﻌﻄﻴﺎت ﺿﻤﻦ ﺗﻄﻮﻳﺮ ﻧﻈﻢ اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت ‪64 .........................................................‬‬
‫ﻧﻈﻢ اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت ‪65 ...................................................................................................‬‬
‫هﻨﺪﺳﺔ اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت ‪66 ..............................................................................................‬‬
‫‪967‬‬ ‫א‬

‫ﺗﺨﻄﻴﻂ ﻧﻈﻢ اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت ‪67 .........................................................................................‬‬

‫ﺗﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﻋﻮاﻣﻞ اﻟﺘﺨﻄﻴﻂ اﻻﺳﺘﺮاﺗﻴﺠﻴﺔ ‪67 ........................................................................‬‬
‫ﺗﺤﺪﻳﺪ أهﺪاف اﻟﺘﺨﻄﻴﻂ اﻟﻤﺸﺘﺮآﺔ‪68 ............................................................................‬‬
‫ﺗﻄﻮﻳﺮ اﻟﻨﻤﻮذج اﻟﻤﺆﺳﺴﺎﺗﻲ ‪70 ...................................................................................‬‬
‫ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺗﻄﻮﻳﺮ ﻗﺎﻋﺪة اﻟﻤﻌﻄﻴﺎت ‪72 .....................................................................................‬‬
‫دورة ﺣﻴﺎة ﺗﻄﻮﻳﺮ اﻟﻨﻈﻢ ‪73 ..........................................................................................‬‬
‫اﻟﻨﻤﺬﺟﺔ اﻟﻤﺆﺳﺴﺎﺗﻴﺔ ‪75 ..........................................................................................‬‬
‫ﻧﻤﺬﺟﺔ اﻟﻤﻌﻄﻴﺎت اﻟﻤﻔﺎهﻴﻤﻴﺔ ‪76 .................................................................................‬‬
‫اﻟﺘﺼﻤﻴﻢ اﻟﻤﻨﻄﻘﻲ ﻟﻘﺎﻋﺪة اﻟﻤﻌﻄﻴﺎت‪76 ........................................................................‬‬
‫ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻖ وﺗﻨﻔﻴﺬ ﻗﺎﻋﺪة اﻟﻤﻌﻄﻴﺎت ‪78 ...............................................................................‬‬
‫إدارة اﻟﻨﺎس اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﻴﻦ ﻓﻲ ﺗﻄﻮﻳﺮ ﻗﺎﻋﺪة اﻟﻤﻌﻄﻴﺎت ‪82 ......................................................‬‬
‫اﻟﺒﻨﻴﺎن ﺛﻼﺛﻲ اﻟﺘﺨﻄﻴﻂ ﻟﺘﻄﻮﻳﺮ ﻗﺎﻋﺪة اﻟﻤﻌﻄﻴﺎت ‪85 ...............................................................‬‬
‫أﺳﻠﻮب ﺗﻮﺿﻊ ﻗﺎﻋﺪة اﻟﻤﻌﻄﻴﺎت ﺛﻼﺛﻴﺔ اﻟﻄﺒﻘﺎت ‪89 ................................................................‬‬
‫ﺗﻄﻮﻳﺮ ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﻗﺎﻋﺪة اﻟﻤﻌﻄﻴﺎت ‪93 ....................................................................................‬‬
‫ﻟﺸﺮآﺔ ‪ PINE VALLY‬ﻟﻸﺛﺎث ‪93 .....................................................................................‬‬
‫إدارة ﻗﻮاﻋﺪ اﻟﻤﻌﻄﻴﺎت ‪106 .........................................................................................‬‬
‫اﻟﺨﻼﺻﺔ ‪107 ..............................................................................................................‬‬
‫اﻟﻤﺮاﺟﻌﺔ ‪109 .........................................................................................................‬‬
‫اﻟﻤﺼﻄﻠﺤﺎت اﻟﻤﻔﺘﺎﺣﻴﺔ ‪109 ............................................................................................‬‬
‫أﺳﺌﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺮاﺟﻌﺔ ‪109 ....................................................................................................‬‬
‫ﻣﺴﺎﺋﻞ وﺗﻤﺎرﻳﻦ ‪111 .....................................................................................................‬‬
‫ﺗﻤﺎرﻳﻦ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ‪115 .......................................................................................................‬‬
‫ﻣﺸﻔﻰ ‪ MOUNTAIN VIEW‬اﻟﻌﻤﻮﻣﻲ‪117 ........................................................................‬‬
‫ﺣﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﻤﺸﺮوع ‪117 ..................................................................................................‬‬
‫ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻒ اﻟﻤﺸﺮوع ‪117 ...............................................................................................‬‬
‫اﻷهﺪاف وﻋﻮاﻣﻞ اﻟﻨﺠﺎح اﻟﺤﺎﺳﻤﺔ‪118 ..........................................................................‬‬
‫ﻧﻤﺬﺟﺔ اﻟﻤﺸﺮوع ‪120 ...............................................................................................‬‬
‫ﺗﻄﻮﻳﺮ ﻣﺼﻔﻮﻓﺎت اﻟﺘﺨﻄﻴﻂ ‪122 .....................................................................................‬‬
‫أﺳﺌﻠﺔ اﻟﻤﺸﺮوع ‪124 ....................................................................................................‬‬
‫ﺗﻤﺎرﻳﻦ اﻟﻤﺸﺮوع ‪126 ...............................................................................................‬‬
 ‫א‬ ‫‪968‬‬

‫‪129 ............................‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫‪133 .............................‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫اﻷهﺪاف ﻣﻦ دراﺳﺔ هﺬا اﻟﻔﺼﻞ‪133 .................................................................................‬‬
‫ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ ‪135 ................................................................................................................‬‬
‫ﻧﻤﺬﺟﺔ ﻗﻮاﻋﺪ اﻟﻤﻨﻈﻤﺔ ‪137 ............................................................................................‬‬
‫ﻧﻈﺮة ﺷﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﻮاﻋﺪ اﻷﻋﻤﺎل ‪138 ..........................................................................‬‬
‫اﻟﻬﺪف ﻣﻦ ﻗﻮاﻋﺪ اﻷﻋﻤﺎل ‪139 ....................................................................................‬‬
‫أﺳﻤﺎء وﺗﻌﺮﻳﻔﺎت اﻟﻤﻌﻄﻴﺎت ‪141 ...................................................................................‬‬
‫اﻟﻨﻤﻮذج )آﻴﺎن‪-‬ارﺗﺒﺎط( ‪145 .............................................................................................‬‬
‫ﻋﻴﻨﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺨﻄﻂ )آﻴﺎن‪-‬ارﺗﺒﺎط( ‪146 ............................................................................‬‬
‫ﺗﺮﻣﻴﺰ اﻟﻨﻤﻮذج )آﻴﺎن‪-‬ارﺗﺒﺎط( ‪148 ..................................................................................‬‬
‫ﻣﺮآﺒﺎت اﻟﻨﻤﻮذج )آﻴﺎن‪-‬ارﺗﺒﺎط( ‪150 ...................................................................................‬‬
‫اﻟﻜﻴﺎﻧﺎت ‪150 ...........................................................................................................‬‬
‫اﻟﻮاﺻﻔﺎت ‪156 .........................................................................................................‬‬
‫اﻻرﺗﺒﺎﻃﺎت ‪164 ............................................................................................................‬‬
‫ﻣﻔﺎهﻴﻢ وﺗﻌﺮﻳﻔﺎت أﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻻرﺗﺒﺎﻃﺎت‪166 ...............................................................‬‬
‫درﺟﺔ اﻻرﺗﺒﺎط ‪169 ....................................................................................................‬‬
‫واﺻﻔﺎت أم ارﺗﺒﺎﻃﺎت؟ ‪174 ..........................................................................................‬‬
‫ﻗﻴﻮد اﻷﺳﺎس ‪175 ...................................................................................................‬‬
‫ﻧﻤﺬﺟﺔ اﻟﻤﻌﻄﻴﺎت اﻟﻤﻌﺘﻤﺪة ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻮﻗﺖ ‪180 ..................................................................‬‬
‫اﻻرﺗﺒﺎﻃﺎت اﻟﻤﺘﻌﺪدة ‪183 ............................................................................................‬‬
‫ﺗﺴﻤﻴﺔ وﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ اﻻرﺗﺒﺎﻃﺎت ‪185 ...................................................................................‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎل ﻋﻦ ﻧﻤﺬﺟﺔ اﻟﻤﺨﻄﻂ )آﻴﺎن‪-‬ارﺗﺒﺎط( ‪188 ......................................................................‬‬
‫ﺷﺮآﺔ اﻷﺛﺎث ‪188 .....................................................................................PINE VALLEY‬‬
‫ﻣﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ ﻗﺎﻋﺪة اﻟﻤﻌﻄﻴﺎت ﻓﻲ ﺷﺮآﺔ ‪191 .......................................................... Pine Valley‬‬
‫إﻇﻬﺎر ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺞ ‪191 ........................................................................................‬‬
‫إﻇﻬﺎر ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت اﻟﺰﺑﻮن ‪192 .........................................................................................‬‬
‫إﻇﻬﺎر ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﻃﻠﺒﻴﺔ اﻟﺰﺑﻮن ‪193 ......................................................................................‬‬
‫إﻇﻬﺎر ﻣﺒﻴﻌﺎت اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺞ ‪195 ..........................................................................................‬‬
‫اﻟﺨﻼﺻﺔ ‪196 ..............................................................................................................‬‬
‫اﻟﻤﺮاﺟﻌﺔ ‪197 .........................................................................................................‬‬
‫اﻟﻤﺼﻄﻠﺤﺎت اﻟﻤﻔﺘﺎﺣﻴﺔ ‪197 ............................................................................................‬‬
‫‪969‬‬ ‫א‬

‫أﺳﺌﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺮاﺟﻌﺔ ‪197 ....................................................................................................‬‬

‫ﻣﺴﺎﺋﻞ وﺗﻤﺎرﻳﻦ ‪200 .....................................................................................................‬‬
‫ﺗﻤﺎرﻳﻦ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ‪207 .......................................................................................................‬‬
‫ﻣﺸﻔﻰ ‪ MOUNTAIN VIW‬اﻟﻌﻤﻮﻣﻲ ‪208 ........................................................................‬‬
‫ﺣﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﻤﺸﺮوع ‪208 ..................................................................................................‬‬
‫ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻒ اﻟﻤﺸﺮوع ‪208 ...............................................................................................‬‬
‫أﺳﺌﻠﺔ اﻟﻤﺸﺮوع ‪209 ................................................................................................‬‬
‫ﺗﻤﺎرﻳﻦ اﻟﻤﺸﺮوع ‪209 ...............................................................................................‬‬

‫‪211 ........‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫(א‬ ‫‪−‬א‬ ‫)‬ ‫א א ‪:‬‬ ‫א‬

‫اﻷهﺪاف ﻣﻦ دراﺳﺔ هﺬا اﻟﻔﺼﻞ‪211 .................................................................................‬‬
‫ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ ‪212 ................................................................................................................‬‬
‫ﺗﻤﺜﻴﻞ اﻷﻧﻤﺎط اﻟﻌﻤﻮﻣﻴﺔ واﻟﺠﺰﺋﻴﺔ ‪213 ...............................................................................‬‬
‫ﻣﻔﺎهﻴﻢ ورﻣﻮز أﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ‪214 .......................................................................................‬‬
‫اﻟﺘﺨﺼﻴﺺ و اﻟﺘﻌﻤﻴﻢ ‪218 ...........................................................................................‬‬
‫ﺗﺤﺪﻳﺪ اﻟﻘﻴﻮد ﻓﻲ اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺎت ﻧﻤﻂ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﻲ‪/‬ﻧﻤﻂ ﺟﺰﺋﻲ‪223 .......................................................‬‬
‫ﺗﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﻗﻴﻮد اﻟﻜﻤﺎل ‪223 .............................................................................................‬‬
‫ﺗﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﻗﻴﻮد ﻋﺪم اﻟﺘﺮاﺑﻂ )اﻟﺘﻔﻜﻚ( ‪225 ..........................................................................‬‬
‫ﺗﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻤﻴﺰات اﻷﻧﻤﺎط اﻟﺠﺰﺋﻴﺔ ‪227 ..............................................................................‬‬
‫ﺗﺤﺪﻳﺪ هﺮﻣﻴﺔ اﻷﻧﻤﺎط اﻟﻌﻤﻮﻣﻴﺔ واﻟﺠﺰﺋﻴﺔ ‪229 ..................................................................‬‬
‫ﻧﻤﺬﺟﺔ ﺷﺮآﺔ ‪ Pine Valley‬ﻟﻸﺛﺎث‪232 .............................................................................‬‬
‫ﻧﻤﻮذج )آﻴﺎن–ارﺗﺒﺎط( ﻣﻌﺰز ‪232 ........................................................................................‬‬
‫ﺗﺠﻤﻴﻊ اﻟﻜﻴﺎﻧﺎت ‪236 ......................................................................................................‬‬
‫ﻗﻮاﻋﺪ اﻷﻋﻤﺎل ‪240 .......................................................................................................‬‬
‫ﺗﺼﻨﻴﻒ ﻗﻮاﻋﺪ اﻷﻋﻤﺎل ‪241 .........................................................................................‬‬
‫اﻟﺘﻮآﻴﺪ اﻟﺒﻨﻴﻮي‪243 ..................................................................................................‬‬
‫ﺗﻮآﻴﺪات اﻟﺤﺪث ‪244 .................................................................................................‬‬
‫ﺗﻤﺜﻴﻞ ﻗﻮاﻋﺪ اﻷﻋﻤﺎل ‪246 ..........................................................................................‬‬
‫ﺗﺤﺪﻳﺪ واﺧﺘﺒﺎر ﻗﻮاﻋﺪ اﻷﻋﻤﺎل ‪250 ................................................................................‬‬
‫اﻟﺨﻼﺻﺔ ‪250 ..............................................................................................................‬‬
‫اﻟﻤﺮاﺟﻌﺔ ‪253 .........................................................................................................‬‬
‫اﻟﻤﺼﻄﻠﺤﺎت اﻟﻤﻔﺘﺎﺣﻴﺔ ‪253 ............................................................................................‬‬
‫أﺳﺌﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺮاﺟﻌﺔ ‪253 ....................................................................................................‬‬
 ‫א‬ ‫‪970‬‬

‫ﻣﺴﺎﺋﻞ وﺗﻤﺎرﻳﻦ ‪255 .....................................................................................................‬‬

‫ﺗﻤﺎرﻳﻦ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ‪258 .......................................................................................................‬‬
‫ﻣﺸﻔﻰ ‪ Mountain View‬اﻟﻌﻤﻮﻣﻲ ‪260 ...........................................................................‬‬
‫ﺣﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﻤﺸﺮوع ‪260 ..................................................................................................‬‬
‫ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻒ اﻟﻤﺸﺮوع ‪260 ...............................................................................................‬‬
‫أﺳﺌﻠﺔ اﻟﻤﺸﺮوع ‪261 ................................................................................................‬‬
‫ﺗﻤﺎرﻳﻦ اﻟﻤﺸﺮوع ‪261 ...............................................................................................‬‬

‫‪263 ............................‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫‪267 ...‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪:‬א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫اﻷهﺪاف ﻣﻦ دراﺳﺔ هﺬا اﻟﻔﺼﻞ‪267 .................................................................................‬‬
‫ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ ‪269 ................................................................................................................‬‬
‫ﻧﻤﻮذج اﻟﻤﻌﻄﻴﺎت اﻟﻌﻼﺋﻘﻲ ‪269 .......................................................................................‬‬
‫ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻔﺎت أﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ‪270 ...............................................................................................‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎل ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﺎﻋﺪة ﻣﻌﻄﻴﺎت‪274 ....................................................................................‬‬
‫ﻗﻴﻮد اﻟﺘﻜﺎﻣﻞ ‪276 .........................................................................................................‬‬
‫ﻗﻴﻮد اﻟﻨﻄﺎق ‪276 .....................................................................................................‬‬
‫ﺗﻜﺎﻣﻞ اﻟﻜﻴﺎﻧﺎت ‪276 ..................................................................................................‬‬
‫اﻟﺘﻜﺎﻣﻞ اﻟﻤﺮﺟﻌﻲ ‪277 ..............................................................................................‬‬
‫ﺗﻮآﻴﺪات اﻟﺤﺪث ‪280 .................................................................................................‬‬
‫إﻧﺸﺎء اﻟﺠﺪاول اﻟﻌﻼﺋﻘﻴﺔ ‪280 ......................................................................................‬‬
‫اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺎت ﺟﻴﺪة اﻟﺒﻨﻴﺔ ‪282 ..........................................................................................‬‬
‫ﺗﺤﻮﻳﻞ اﻟﻤﺨﻄﻄﺎت ‪ EER‬إﻟﻰ ﻋﻼﻗﺎت ‪283 ...........................................................................‬‬
‫اﻟﺨﻄﻮة اﻷوﻟﻰ‪ :‬ﺗﺨﻄﻴﻂ اﻟﻜﻴﺎﻧﺎت اﻟﻨﻈﺎﻣﻴﺔ ‪284 ................................................................‬‬
‫اﻟﺨﻄﻮة اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ‪ :‬ﺗﺨﻄﻴﻂ اﻟﻜﻴﺎﻧﺎت اﻟﻀﻌﻴﻔﺔ ‪287 .................................................................‬‬
‫اﻟﺨﻄﻮة اﻟﺜﺎﻟﺜﺔ‪ :‬ﺗﺨﻄﻴﻂ اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺎت اﻟﺜﻨﺎﺋﻴﺔ ‪288 ..................................................................‬‬
‫اﻟﺨﻄﻮة اﻟﺮاﺑﻌﺔ‪ :‬ﺗﺨﻄﻴﻂ اﻟﻜﻴﺎﻧﺎت اﻟﺘﺮاﺑﻄﻴﺔ‪292 ................................................................‬‬
‫اﻟﺨﻄﻮة اﻟﺨﺎﻣﺴﺔ‪ :‬ﺗﺨﻄﻴﻂ اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺎت اﻷﺣﺎدﻳﺔ ‪295 ............................................................‬‬
‫اﻟﺨﻄﻮة اﻟﺴﺎدﺳﺔ‪ :‬ﺗﺨﻄﻴﻂ اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺎت اﻟﺜﻼﺛﻴﺔ )و‪298 ................................................ (n-ary‬‬
‫اﻟﺨﻄﻮة اﻟﺴﺎﺑﻌﺔ‪ :‬ﺗﺨﻄﻴﻂ ﻋﻼﻗﺎت اﻟﻨﻤﻂ اﻟﻌﻤﻮﻣﻲ‪/‬اﻟﻨﻤﻂ اﻟﺠﺰﺋﻲ ‪300 ..................................‬‬
‫ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ ﻧﺤﻮ اﻟﺘﻘﻴﻴﺲ )اﻟﺘﺤﻮﻳﻞ إﻟﻰ اﻟﺸﻜﻞ اﻟﻘﻴﺎﺳﻲ( ‪302 ....................................................‬‬
‫ﺧﻄﻮات اﻟﺘﻘﻴﻴﺲ ‪303 ...............................................................................................‬‬
‫‪971‬‬ ‫א‬

‫اﻟﻤﻔﺎﺗﻴﺢ واﻟﺘﺒﻌﻴﺎت اﻟﻮﻇﻴﻔﻴﺔ ‪304 .................................................................................‬‬

‫اﻟﻨﻤﺎذج اﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ اﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻴﺔ ‪307 .......................................................................................‬‬
‫اﻟﻨﻤﻮذج اﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻲ اﻷول )‪307 ............................................................................. (1NF‬‬
‫اﻟﻨﻤﻮذج اﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻲ اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ )‪308 ........................................................................... (2NF‬‬
‫اﻟﻨﻤﻮذج اﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻲ اﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ )‪309 ............................................................................ (3NF‬‬
‫ﺗﻘﻴﻴﺲ اﻟﻤﻌﻄﻴﺎت اﻟﻤﺨﺘﺼﺮة ‪312 .................................................................................‬‬
‫دﻣﺞ اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺎت ‪313 ........................................................................................................‬‬
‫ﻣﺸﺎآﻞ ﺗﻜﺎﻣﻞ اﻟﻤﺸﻬﺪ )‪314 ............................................................................ (View‬‬
‫اﻟﺨﻄﻮة اﻷﺧﻴﺮة ﻟﺘﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻔﺎﺗﻴﺢ اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺎت ‪316 ......................................................................‬‬
‫اﻟﺨﻼﺻﺔ ‪320 ..............................................................................................................‬‬
‫اﻟﻤﺮاﺟﻌﺔ ‪321 .........................................................................................................‬‬
‫اﻟﻤﺼﻄﻠﺤﺎت اﻟﻤﻔﺘﺎﺣﻴﺔ ‪321 ............................................................................................‬‬
‫أﺳﺌﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺮاﺟﻌﺔ ‪321 ....................................................................................................‬‬
‫ﻣﺴﺎﺋﻞ وﺗﻤﺎرﻳﻦ ‪324 .....................................................................................................‬‬
‫ﺗﻤﺎرﻳﻦ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ‪328 .......................................................................................................‬‬
‫ﻣﺸﻔﻰ ‪ MOUNTAIN VIEW‬اﻟﻌﻤﻮﻣﻲ‪330 .......................................................................‬‬
‫ﺣﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﻤﺸﺮوع ‪330 ..................................................................................................‬‬
‫ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻒ اﻟﻤﺸﺮوع ‪330 ...............................................................................................‬‬
‫أﺳﺌﻠﺔ اﻟﻤﺸﺮوع ‪330 ................................................................................................‬‬
‫ﺗﺪرﻳﺒﺎت اﻟﻤﺸﺮوع ‪330 ..............................................................................................‬‬

‫‪333 ................‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪ :‬א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫اﻷهﺪاف ﻣﻦ دراﺳﺔ هﺬا اﻟﻔﺼﻞ‪333 .................................................................................‬‬
‫ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ ‪335 ................................................................................................................‬‬
‫إﺟﺮاﺋﻴﺔ اﻟﺘﺼﻤﻴﻢ اﻟﻔﻴﺰﻳﺎﺋﻲ ﻟﻘﻮاﻋﺪ اﻟﻤﻌﻄﻴﺎت ‪336 ................................................................‬‬
‫ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ اﺳﺘﺨﺪام وﺣﺠﻢ اﻟﻤﻌﻄﻴﺎت‪337 ..........................................................................‬‬
‫ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻢ اﻟﺤﻘﻮل ‪340 ......................................................................................................‬‬
‫اﺧﺘﻴﺎر ﻧﻤﻂ اﻟﻤﻌﻄﻴﺎت ‪340 ..........................................................................................‬‬
‫ﺿﺒﻂ ﺷﺮوط ﺗﻜﺎﻣﻞ اﻟﻤﻌﻄﻴﺎت‪343 ................................................................................‬‬
‫ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻢ اﻟﺴﺠﻼت اﻟﻔﻴﺰﻳﺎﺋﻴﺔ وﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﻓﻚ اﻟﺘﻘﻴﻴﺲ ‪346 ..........................................................‬‬
‫ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﻓﻚ اﻟﺘﻘﻴﻴﺲ ‪347 ............................................................................................‬‬
‫ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻢ اﻟﻤﻠﻔﺎت اﻟﻔﻴﺰﻳﺎﺋﻴﺔ ‪356 ........................................................................................‬‬
‫اﻟﻤﺆﺷﺮ ‪359 ...........................................................................................................‬‬
‫اﻟﺒﻨﻴﺔ اﻟﺘﻨﻈﻴﻤﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻠﻒ ‪359 .......................................................................................‬‬
 ‫א‬ ‫‪972‬‬

‫ﺧﻼﺻﺔ أﺷﻜﺎل ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻢ اﻟﻤﻠﻔﺎت ‪373 ..............................................................................‬‬

‫ﻋﻨﻘﺪة )ﺗﺠﻤﻴﻊ( اﻟﻤﻠﻔﺎت ‪374 ......................................................................................‬‬
‫ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﺿﻮاﺑﻂ ﻟﻠﻤﻠﻔﺎت‪375 ........................................................................................‬‬
‫اﺧﺘﻴﺎر اﻟﻔﻬﺎرس واﺳﺘﺨﺪاﻣﻬﺎ ‪375 ....................................................................................‬‬
‫إﻧﺸﺎء ﻓﻬﺮس ﻣﻔﺘﺎح ﻓﺮﻳﺪ ‪376 .....................................................................................‬‬
‫إﻧﺸﺎء ﻓﻬﺮس ﻣﻔﺘﺎح ﺛﺎﻧﻮي )ﻏﻴﺮ ﻓﺮﻳﺪ( ‪377 .....................................................................‬‬
‫ﻣﺘﻰ ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪم اﻟﻔﻬﺎرس ‪377 ......................................................................................‬‬
‫‪ :RAID‬ﺗﺤﺴﻴﻦ أداء ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎت اﻟﻮﺻﻮل ‪379 ..........................................................................‬‬
‫إﻟﻰ اﻟﻤﻠﻔﺎت ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ اﻟﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ اﻟﺘﻔﺮﻋﻴﺔ ‪379 ...................................................................‬‬
‫اﻻﺧﺘﻴﺎر ﺑﻴﻦ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻳﺎت‪382 ................................................................................. RAID‬‬
‫أداء ﺗﻘﻨﻴﺔ ‪388 ................................................................................................ RAID‬‬
‫ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﻗﻮاﻋﺪ اﻟﻤﻌﻄﻴﺎت ‪389 ..........................................................................................‬‬
‫اﺧﺘﻴﺎر ﺑﻨﻰ ﻗﻮاﻋﺪ اﻟﻤﻌﻄﻴﺎت ‪389 .................................................................................‬‬
‫ﺗﺤﺴﻴﻦ أداء اﻻﺳﺘﻌﻼﻣﺎت إﻟﻰ اﻟﺸﻜﻞ اﻟﻤﺜﺎﻟﻲ ‪393 ...........................................................‬‬
‫اﻟﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ اﻟﺘﻔﺮﻋﻴﺔ ﻟﻼﺳﺘﻌﻼﻣﺎت ‪394 ............................................................................‬‬
‫ﺗﻐﻄﻴﺔ أﻣﺜﻠﺔ اﻻﺳﺘﻌﻼم اﻵﻟﻲ ‪395 ...............................................................................‬‬
‫اﻧﺘﻘﺎء ﺣﺠﻢ آﺘﻠﺔ اﻟﻤﻌﻄﻴﺎت ‪397 ..................................................................................‬‬
‫ﻣﻮازﻧﺔ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎت اﻟﺪﺧﻞ واﻟﺨﺮج ﺑﻴﻦ ﻣﺘﺤﻜﻤﺎت اﻷﻗﺮاص ‪398 .................................................‬‬
‫إرﺷﺎدات ﻣﻦ أﺟﻞ ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻢ اﺳﺘﻌﻼﻣﺎت ﺟﻴﺪة ‪399 .............................................................‬‬
‫اﻟﺨﻼﺻﺔ ‪402 ..............................................................................................................‬‬
‫اﻟﻤﺮاﺟﻌﺔ ‪404 .........................................................................................................‬‬
‫اﻟﻤﺼﻄﻠﺤﺎت اﻟﻤﻔﺘﺎﺣﻴﺔ ‪404 ............................................................................................‬‬
‫أﺳﺌﻠﺔ اﻟﻤﺮاﺟﻌﺔ ‪405 ....................................................................................................‬‬
‫ﻣﺴﺎﺋﻞ وﺗﻤﺎرﻳﻦ ‪407 .....................................................................................................‬‬
‫ﺗﻤﺎرﻳﻦ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ‪410 .......................................................................................................‬‬
‫ﻣﺸﻔﻰ ‪ MOUNTAIN VIEW‬اﻟﻌﻤﻮﻣﻲ‪411 .......................................................................‬‬
‫ﺣﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﻤﺸﺮوع ‪411 ..................................................................................................‬‬
‫ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻒ اﻟﻤﺸﺮوع ‪411 ...............................................................................................‬‬
‫أﺳﺌﻠﺔ اﻟﻤﺸﺮوع ‪411 ................................................................................................‬‬
‫ﺗﺪرﻳﺒﺎت اﻟﻤﺸﺮوع ‪412 ..............................................................................................‬‬
‫‪973‬‬ ‫א‬

‫‪415 ............................‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א ‪:‬‬ ‫א‬

‫‪419 .......................................................... SQL :‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫اﻷهﺪاف ﻣﻦ دراﺳﺔ هﺬا اﻟﻔﺼﻞ‪419 .................................................................................‬‬
‫ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ ‪419 ................................................................................................................‬‬
‫ﺗﺎرﻳﺦ ﻣﻌﻴﺎر ‪421 .................................................................................................... SQL‬‬
‫دور ‪ SQL‬ﻓﻲ ﺑﻨﺎء ﻗﺎﻋﺪة اﻟﻤﻌﻄﻴﺎت ‪422 .............................................................................‬‬
‫ﺑﻴﺌﺔ ‪425 ............................................................................................................. SQL‬‬
‫ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﻗﻮاﻋﺪ اﻟﻤﻌﻄﻴﺎت ﻓﻲ ‪431 ............................................................................... SQL‬‬
‫ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ‪ SQL‬ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﺘﻌﺮﻳﻔﺎت ﻗﻮاﻋﺪ اﻟﻤﻌﻄﻴﺎت ‪431 .............................................................‬‬
‫إﻧﺸﺎء اﻟﺠﺪاول ‪433 ..................................................................................................‬‬
‫اﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎل وﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ اﻟﻤﻨﺎﻇﻴﺮ )اﻟﻤﺸﺎهﺪ( ‪435 ...................................................................‬‬
‫إﻧﺸﺎء ﺿﻮاﺑﻂ ﺗﻜﺎﻣﻞ اﻟﻤﻌﻄﻴﺎت ‪441 ..............................................................................‬‬
‫ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻔﺎت اﻟﺠﺪول ‪443 .........................................................................................‬‬
‫ﺣﺬف اﻟﺠﺪاول ‪444 ...................................................................................................‬‬
‫إﺿﺎﻓﺔ وﺗﻌﺪﻳﻞ وﺣﺬف اﻟﻤﻌﻄﻴﺎت ‪444 .................................................................................‬‬
‫اﻟﺪﺧﻞ اﻟﺪﻓﻌﻲ ‪445 ..................................................................................................‬‬
‫ﺣﺬف ﻣﺤﺘﻮﻳﺎت ﻗﺎﻋﺪة اﻟﻤﻌﻄﻴﺎت ‪446 ............................................................................‬‬
‫ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﻣﺤﺘﻮﻳﺎت ﻗﺎﻋﺪة اﻟﻤﻌﻄﻴﺎت‪446 .............................................................................‬‬
‫ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ اﻟﻨﻤﺎذج اﻟﺪاﺧﻠﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ‪447 ........................................................................ RDBMSs‬‬
‫إﻧﺸﺎء اﻟﻔﻬﺎرس ‪448 .................................................................................................‬‬
‫ﻣﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ اﻟﺠﺪاول اﻟﻮﺣﻴﺪة ‪449 ..........................................................................................‬‬
‫ﻋﺒﺎرة ‪450 .................................................................................................. SELECT‬‬
‫اﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﻟﺘﻌﺎﺑﻴﺮ ‪452 ...............................................................................................‬‬
‫اﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﻟﺘﻮاﺑﻊ ‪453 ................................................................................................‬‬
‫اﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﻟﻤﺤﺎرف اﻟﺨﺎﺻﺔ‪455 ...................................................................................‬‬
‫ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻼت اﻟﻤﻘﺎرﻧﺔ ‪455 ...............................................................................................‬‬
‫اﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﻟﻤﻌﺎﻣﻼت اﻟﻤﻨﻄﻘﻴﺔ ‪456 ..............................................................................‬‬
‫اﻟﻤﺠﺎﻻت ‪458 .........................................................................................................‬‬
‫ﻋﺪم اﻟﺘﻜﺮار ‪459 ......................................................................................................‬‬
‫اﻟﻘﻮاﺋﻢ ‪ IN‬و ‪460 ......................................................................................... NOT IN‬‬
‫ﻓﺮز اﻟﻨﺘﺎﺋﺞ )‪461 ..................................................................................... (ORDER BY‬‬
‫ﺗﺼﻨﻴﻒ اﻟﻨﺘﺎﺋﺞ‪ :‬ﻋﺒﺎرة ‪462 ......................................................................... GROUP BY‬‬
 ‫א‬ ‫‪974‬‬

‫ﺗﺤﺪﻳﺪ اﻟﻨﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل اﻟﻌﺒﺎرة ‪463 ................................................................. HAVING‬‬

‫اﻟﺨﻼﺻﺔ ‪465 ..............................................................................................................‬‬
‫اﻟﻤﺮاﺟﻌﺔ ‪467 .........................................................................................................‬‬
‫اﻟﻤﺼﻄﻠﺤﺎت اﻟﻤﻔﺘﺎﺣﻴﺔ ‪467 ............................................................................................‬‬
‫أﺳﺌﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺮاﺟﻌﺔ ‪467 ....................................................................................................‬‬
‫ﻣﺴﺎﺋﻞ وﺗﻤﺎرﻳﻦ ‪469 .....................................................................................................‬‬
‫ﺗﻤﺎرﻳﻦ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ‪473 .......................................................................................................‬‬
‫ﻣﺸﻔﻰ ‪ MOUNTAIN VIEW‬اﻟﻌﻤﻮﻣﻲ‪474 .......................................................................‬‬
‫ﺣﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﻤﺸﺮوع ‪474 ..................................................................................................‬‬
‫أﺳﺌﻠﺔ اﻟﻤﺸﺮوع ‪474 ................................................................................................‬‬
‫ﺗﻤﺎرﻳﻦ اﻟﻤﺸﺮوع ‪474 ...............................................................................................‬‬

‫‪475 ...............................................‬‬ ‫‪ SQL :‬א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫اﻷهﺪاف ﻣﻦ دراﺳﺔ هﺬا اﻟﻔﺼﻞ‪475 .................................................................................‬‬
‫ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ ‪476 ................................................................................................................‬‬
‫ﻣﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ اﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺠﺪاول ‪476 .......................................................................................‬‬
‫اﻟﺮﺑﻂ اﻟﺪاﺧﻠﻲ ‪477 ...................................................................................................‬‬
‫اﻟﺮﺑﻂ اﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻲ ‪479 ..................................................................................................‬‬
‫اﻟﺮﺑﻂ اﻟﺨﺎرﺟﻲ ‪479 ..................................................................................................‬‬
‫اﻟﺮﺑﻂ اﻟﻤﻮﺣﺪ ‪482 ....................................................................................................‬‬
‫اﺧﺘﺒﺎر اﻟﺮﺑﻂ اﻟﻤﺘﻌﺪد ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪام أرﺑﻌﺔ ﺟﺪاول ‪482 ............................................................‬‬
‫اﻻﺳﺘﻌﻼﻣﺎت اﻟﺠﺰﺋﻴﺔ ‪483 ..........................................................................................‬‬
‫اﻻﺳﺘﻌﻼﻣﺎت اﻟﺠﺰﺋﻴﺔ اﻟﻤﺮﺗﺒﻄﺔ ‪487 ..............................................................................‬‬
‫اﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎل اﻟﺠﺪاول اﻟﻤﺸﺘﻘﺔ ‪490 .................................................................................‬‬
‫ﺗﺠﻤﻴﻊ اﻻﺳﺘﻌﻼﻣﺎت ‪490 ...........................................................................................‬‬
‫اﻟﺘﻌﺎﺑﻴﺮ اﻟﺸﺮﻃﻴﺔ ‪492 ...............................................................................................‬‬
‫ﺿﻤﺎن ﺗﻜﺎﻣﻞ اﻟﻤﻨﺎﻗﻼت ‪492 ...........................................................................................‬‬
‫ﺗﺴﻬﻴﻼت ﻗﺎﻣﻮس اﻟﻤﻌﻄﻴﺎت ‪494 .....................................................................................‬‬
‫ﺗﺤﺴﻴﻨﺎت اﻟﻤﻌﻴﺎر ‪ SQL-99‬وﺗﻮﺳﻴﻌﺎت ‪496 .................................................................. SQL‬‬
‫ﺗﻮاﺑﻊ ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻠﻴﺔ ﻣﻘﺘﺮﺣﺔ ‪497 .........................................................................................‬‬
‫ﺑﺮﻣﺠﺔ اﻻﻣﺘﺪادات‪498 ...............................................................................................‬‬
‫اﻟﻘﻮادح واﻟﻤﻮﺟﻬﺎت ‪500 .................................................................................................‬‬
‫اﻟﻘﻮادح ‪501 ............................................................................................................‬‬
‫اﻟﺮوﺗﻴﻨﻴﺎت ‪503 ........................................................................................................‬‬
‫‪975‬‬ ‫א‬

‫‪ SQL‬اﻟﻤﻀﻤﻨﺔ و ‪ SQL‬اﻟﺪﻳﻨﺎﻣﻴﻜﻴﺔ ‪505 ..............................................................................‬‬

‫اﻟﺨﻼﺻﺔ ‪506 ..............................................................................................................‬‬
‫اﻟﻤﺮاﺟﻌﺔ ‪507 .........................................................................................................‬‬
‫اﻟﻤﺼﻄﻠﺤﺎت اﻟﻤﻔﺘﺎﺣﻴﺔ ‪507 ............................................................................................‬‬
‫أﺳﺌﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺮاﺟﻌﺔ ‪508 ....................................................................................................‬‬
‫ﻣﺴﺎﺋﻞ وﺗﻤﺎرﻳﻦ ‪509 .....................................................................................................‬‬
‫ﺗﻤﺎرﻳﻦ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ‪511 .......................................................................................................‬‬
‫ﻣﺸﻔﻰ ‪ MOUNTAIN VIEW‬اﻟﻌﻤﻮﻣﻲ‪512 .......................................................................‬‬
‫ﺣﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﻤﺸﺮوع ‪512 ..................................................................................................‬‬
‫أﺳﺌﻠﺔ اﻟﻤﺸﺮوع ‪512 ................................................................................................‬‬
‫ﺗﺪرﻳﺒﺎت اﻟﻤﺸﺮوع ‪512 ..............................................................................................‬‬

‫‪515 ............................‬‬ ‫‪/‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫اﻷهﺪاف ﻣﻦ دراﺳﺔ هﺬا اﻟﻔﺼﻞ‪515 .................................................................................‬‬
‫ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ ‪517 ................................................................................................................‬‬
‫ﺑﻨﻰ ﻧﻈﻢ ﻣﺨﺪم‪/‬زﺑﻮن‪518 ..............................................................................................‬‬
‫ﺑﻨﻴﺔ ﻣﺨﺪم اﻟﻤﻠﻔﺎت ‪519 ............................................................................................‬‬
‫ﻣﺤﺪودﻳﺔ ﻣﺨﺪﻣﺎت اﻟﻤﻠﻔﺎت ‪521 ..................................................................................‬‬
‫ﺑﻨﻴﺔ ﻣﺨﺪم ﻗﺎﻋﺪة اﻟﻤﻌﻄﻴﺎت ‪522 .................................................................................‬‬
‫اﻟﺒﻨﻴﺔ ﺛﻼﺛﻴﺔ اﻟﻄﺒﻘﺎت ‪524 ..............................................................................................‬‬
‫ﺗﺠﺰﺋﺔ ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻖ ‪527 ........................................................................................................‬‬
‫دور اﻟﺤﺎﺳﺐ اﻟﻀﺨﻢ )‪529 ............................................................................ (Mainframe‬‬
‫اﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﺑﻨﻰ اﻟﺤﺎﺳﺐ اﻟﻤﺘﻮازﻳﺔ ‪530 ..............................................................................‬‬
‫ﺑُﻨﻰ اﻟﺘﺠﻬﻴﺰات ﻣﺘﻌﺪدة اﻟﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﺎت ‪531 .........................................................................‬‬
‫اﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﺑﻨﻰ ‪ SMP‬و‪ MPP‬اﻟﻤﺮﺗﺒﻄﺔ ﺑﺎﻷﻋﻤﺎل ‪533 ..........................................................‬‬
‫اﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﻟﺒﺮﻣﺠﻴﺎت اﻟﻮﺳﻴﻄﺔ ‪535 ..................................................................................‬‬
‫ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻖ أﻣﺎن ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻘﺎت ﻣﺨﺪم‪/‬زﺑﻮن ‪539 ..............................................................................‬‬
‫ﻗﻀﺎﻳﺎ أﻣﻨﻴﺔ ﺗﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﻘﻮاﻋﺪ اﻟﻤﻌﻄﻴﺎت اﻟﻤﻌﺘﻤﺪة ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻮﻳﺐ ﻓﻲ ﻧﻈﻢ ﻣﺨﺪم اﻟﺰﺑﻮن ‪540 ............‬‬
‫ﻗﻀﺎﻳﺎ ﻣﺨﺪم‪/‬زﺑﻮن ‪542 ...................................................................................................‬‬
‫اﻟﻮﺻﻮل إﻟﻰ ﻗﺎﻋﺪة اﻟﻤﻌﻄﻴﺎت ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻘﺎت اﻟﺰﺑﻮن ‪545 ....................................................‬‬
‫اﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﻟﻐﺔ ‪547 .................................................................................................QBE‬‬
‫اﻷهﻤﻴﺔ اﻟﺘﺎرﻳﺨﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻐﺔ ‪547 ................................................................................. QBE‬‬
‫أﺳﺎﺳﻴﺎت ﻟﻐﺔ ‪548 ........................................................................................... QBE‬‬
‫اﺧﺘﻴﺎر ﺳﺠﻼت ﻣﺤﺪدة ‪552 ........................................................................................‬‬
 ‫א‬ ‫‪976‬‬

‫اﻟﺪﻣﺞ اﻟﺬاﺗﻲ ‪554 ....................................................................................................‬‬

‫ﺗﺄﺳﻴﺲ اﺳﺘﻌﻼم ﻋﻠﻰ اﺳﺘﻌﻼم ﺁﺧﺮ ‪556 .....................................................................‬‬
‫اﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﻻﺳﺘﻌﻼﻣﺎت ﻣﻦ اﻟﻨﻤﻂ ‪558 ..................................................... pass-Through‬‬
‫اﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﺗﻘﻨﻴﺔ ‪ ODBC‬ﻟﺮﺑﻂ اﻟﺠﺪاول اﻟﺨﺎرﺟﻴﺔ ‪560 ..............................................................‬‬
‫اﻟﻤﺨﺰﻧﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺨﺪم ﻗﺎﻋﺪة اﻟﻤﻌﻄﻴﺎت ‪560 .........................................................................‬‬
‫اﺳﺘﺨﺪام ‪ JDBC‬ﻟﺮﺑﻂ اﻟﺠﺪاول اﻟﺨﺎرﺟﻴﺔ اﻟﻤﺨﺰﻧﺔ ‪564 ...........................................................‬‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺨﺪم ﻗﺎﻋﺪة اﻟﻤﻌﻄﻴﺎت ‪564 ....................................................................................‬‬
‫اﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﻟﻐﺔ ﻓﻴﺠﻮال ﺑﻴﺴﻚ اﻟﺘﻄﺒﻴﻘﻴﺔ )‪568 ..............................................................(VBA‬‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻘﺎت اﻟﺰﺑﻮن ‪568 ................................................................................................‬‬
‫اﻟﺨﻼﺻﺔ ‪570 ..............................................................................................................‬‬
‫اﻟﻤﺮاﺟﻌﺔ ‪573 .........................................................................................................‬‬
‫اﻟﻤﺼﻄﻠﺤﺎت اﻟﻤﻔﺘﺎﺣﻴﺔ ‪573 ............................................................................................‬‬
‫أﺳﺌﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺮاﺟﻌﺔ ‪573 ....................................................................................................‬‬
‫ﻣﺴﺎﺋﻞ وﺗﻤﺎرﻳﻦ ‪575 .....................................................................................................‬‬
‫ﺗﺪرﻳﺒﺎت ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ‪576 ......................................................................................................‬‬
‫ﻣﺸﻔﻰ ‪ MOUNTAIN VIEW‬اﻟﻌﻤﻮﻣﻲ‪578 .......................................................................‬‬
‫ﺻﻒ اﻟﻤﺸﺮوع ‪578 ..................................................................................................‬‬
‫أﺳﺌﻠﺔ اﻟﻤﺸﺮوع ‪580 ................................................................................................‬‬
‫ﺗﺪرﻳﺒﺎت اﻟﻤﺸﺮوع ‪580 ..............................................................................................‬‬

‫‪581 ................................‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫اﻷهﺪاف ﻣﻦ دراﺳﺔ هﺬا اﻟﻔﺼﻞ‪581 .................................................................................‬‬
‫ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ ‪583 ................................................................................................................‬‬
‫اﻹﻧﺘﺮﻧﺖ واﻻﺗﺼﺎل ﺑﻘﻮاﻋﺪ اﻟﻤﻌﻄﻴﺎت ‪583 ........................................................................‬‬
‫ﺑﻴﺌﺔ اﻹﻧﺘﺮﻧﺖ‪586 .....................................................................................................‬‬
‫اﻟﻤﺼﻄﻠﺤﺎت اﻟﻔﻨﻴﺔ ‪588 .............................................................................................‬‬
‫اﻟﻤﺼﻄﻠﺤﺎت اﻟﻤﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺑﺎﻻﺗﺼﺎﻻت ‪589 ...........................................................................‬‬
‫اﻟﻤﺼﻄﻠﺤﺎت اﻟﻤﺮﺗﺒﻄﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻮﻳﺐ‪589 ................................................................................‬‬
‫ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺑﻨﻴﺔ اﻹﻧﺘﺮﻧﺖ اﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ‪590 .......................................................................................‬‬
‫اﻟﻠﻐﺎت اﻟﻤﺮﺗﺒﻄﺔ ﺑﺎﻹﻧﺘﺮﻧﺖ ‪590 ....................................................................................‬‬
‫اﻣﺘﺪادات ﻣﻦ ﻃﺮف اﻟﻤﺨﺪم ‪593 ..................................................................................‬‬
‫واﺟﻬﺎت ﻣﺨﺪم اﻟﻮﻳﺐ ‪593 ..........................................................................................‬‬
‫ﻣﺨﺪﻣﺎت اﻟﻮﻳﺐ ‪595 ..................................................................................................‬‬
‫اﻻﻣﺘﺪادات ﻣﻦ ﻃﺮف اﻟﺰﺑﻮن ‪597 ..................................................................................‬‬
‫‪977‬‬ ‫א‬

‫أدوات ‪ ColdFusion :web-To-Database‬و‪598 ............................................................. ASP‬‬

‫ﻣﺜﺎل ﻋﻠﻰ ))‪599 .............................................................. (Active Server Pages (ASP‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎل ‪604 .............................................................................................. ClodFusion‬‬
‫ﺗﻌﻠﻴﻤﺎت ‪ SQL‬اﻟﻤﻀﻤﻨﺔ ‪609 .......................................................................................‬‬
‫إدارة ﻣﻌﻄﻴﺎت ﻣﻮﻗﻊ اﻟﻮﻳﺐ ‪612 ........................................................................................‬‬
‫ﻣﺴﺎﺋﻞ أﻣﻦ اﻟﻮﻳﺐ ‪613 .............................................................................................‬‬
‫ﻗﻀﺎﻳﺎ اﻟﺴﺮﻳﺔ ‪616 ....................................................................................................‬‬
‫ﻗﻀﺎﻳﺎ ﻣﻌﺪل ﺗﻐﻴﺮ ﺗﻘﻨﻴﺔ اﻹﻧﺘﺮﻧﺖ ‪618 .............................................................................‬‬
‫اﻟﺨﻼﺻﺔ ‪619 ..............................................................................................................‬‬
‫اﻟﻤﺮاﺟﻌﺔ ‪620 .........................................................................................................‬‬
‫اﻟﻤﺼﻄﻠﺤﺎت اﻟﻤﻔﺘﺎﺣﻴﺔ ‪620 ............................................................................................‬‬
‫أﺳﺌﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺮاﺟﻌﺔ ‪621 ....................................................................................................‬‬
‫ﻣﺴﺎﺋﻞ وﺗﻤﺎرﻳﻦ ‪622 .....................................................................................................‬‬
‫ﺗﺪرﻳﺒﺎت ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ‪623 ......................................................................................................‬‬
‫ﻣﺸﻔﻰ ‪ MOUNTAIN VIEW‬اﻟﻌﻤﻮﻣﻲ‪624 .......................................................................‬‬
‫ﺣﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﻤﺸﺮوع ‪624 ..................................................................................................‬‬
‫وﺻﻒ اﻟﻤﺸﺮوع ‪624 .................................................................................................‬‬
‫أﺳﺌﻠﺔ اﻟﻤﺸﺮوع ‪625 ................................................................................................‬‬
‫ﺗﺪرﻳﺒﺎت اﻟﻤﺸﺮوع ‪625 ..............................................................................................‬‬

‫‪627 ......................................‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫اﻷهﺪاف ﻣﻦ دراﺳﺔ هﺬا اﻟﻔﺼﻞ‪627 .................................................................................‬‬
‫ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ ‪629 ................................................................................................................‬‬
‫ﻣﻔﺎهﻴﻢ ﺗﺨﺰﻳﻦ اﻟﻤﻌﻄﻴﺎت اﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ‪631 ..........................................................................‬‬
‫ﻟﻤﺤﺔ ﺗﺎرﻳﺨﻴﺔ‪631 ....................................................................................................‬‬
‫ﺿﺮورة ﻣﺴﺘﻮدع اﻟﻤﻌﻄﻴﺎت ‪632 ...................................................................................‬‬
‫ﺑﻴﺌﺔ ﻣﺴﺘﻮدع اﻟﻤﻌﻄﻴﺎت ‪637 ..........................................................................................‬‬
‫اﻟﺒﻨﻴﺔ اﻟﻌﻤﻮﻣﻴﺔ ذات اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻮﻳﻴﻦ ‪637 ............................................................................‬‬
‫ﺑﻴﺌﺔ ﺗﺨﺰﻳﻦ ﻣﻌﻄﻴﺎت ﻣﺨﺰن ﻣﻌﻄﻴﺎت ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻞ ‪638 ............................................................‬‬
‫ﺑﻨﻴﺔ ﻣﺨﺰن اﻟﻤﻌﻄﻴﺎت اﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺎﺗﻴﺔ وﻣﺨﺰن اﻟﻤﻌﻄﻴﺎت ﻏﻴﺮ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﻞ ‪639 ..................................‬‬
‫ﺑﻨﻴﺔ ﻣﺨﺰن اﻟﻤﻌﻄﻴﺎت اﻟﻤﻨﻄﻘﻲ وﻣﺴﺘﻮدع اﻟﻤﻌﻄﻴﺎت اﻟﻔﻌﺎل ‪642 ........................................‬‬
‫ﺑﻨﻴﺔ اﻟﻤﻌﻄﻴﺎت ﺛﻼﺛﻴﺔ اﻟﻄﺒﻘﺎت‪645 ...............................................................................‬‬
‫ﺑﻌﺾ ﻣﻴﺰات ﻣﻌﻄﻴﺎت ﻣﺴﺘﻮدع اﻟﻤﻌﻄﻴﺎت ‪647 .....................................................................‬‬
 ‫א‬ ‫‪978‬‬

‫ﻣﻌﻄﻴﺎت اﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﻣﻌﻄﻴﺎت اﻟﺤﺪث ‪647 ....................................................................‬‬

‫اﻟﻤﻌﻄﻴﺎت اﻟﻌﺎﺑﺮة واﻟﻤﻜﺮرة ‪648 ...................................................................................‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎل ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻤﻌﻄﻴﺎت اﻟﻤﻜﺮرة واﻟﻤﻌﻄﻴﺎت اﻟﻌﺎﺑﺮة ‪649 .......................................................‬‬
‫ﻃﺒﻘﺔ اﻟﻤﻌﻄﻴﺎت اﻟﻤﺤﻘﻘﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻮاﻓﻖ ‪652 ..............................................................................‬‬
‫ﺧﻮاص اﻟﻤﻌﻄﻴﺎت ﺑﻌﺪ ﻋﻠﻤﻴﺔ ‪652 .......................................................................... ETL‬‬
‫ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ اﻟـ ‪653 ................................................................................................... ETL‬‬
‫ﺗﺤﻮﻳﻞ اﻟﻤﻌﻄﻴﺎت ‪659 ....................................................................................................‬‬
‫وﻇﺎﺋﻒ ﺗﺤﻮﻳﻞ اﻟﻤﻌﻄﻴﺎت ‪660 ......................................................................................‬‬
‫اﻷدوات دﻋﻢ ﺗﻮاﻓﻖ اﻟﻤﻌﻄﻴﺎت ‪664 ...............................................................................‬‬
‫ﻃﺒﻘﺔ اﻟﻤﻌﻄﻴﺎت اﻟﻤﺸﺘﻘﺔ ‪666 ........................................................................................‬‬
‫ﺻﻔﺎت اﻟﻤﻌﻄﻴﺎت اﻟﻤﺸﺘﻘﺔ ‪666 ...................................................................................‬‬
‫اﻟﻤﺨﻄﻂ اﻟﻨﺠﻤﻲ ‪667 ...............................................................................................‬‬
‫أﺷﻜﺎل اﻟﻤﺨﻄﻂ اﻟﻨﺠﻤﻲ ‪674 .....................................................................................‬‬
‫ﺗﻘﻴﻴﺲ ﺟﺪاول اﻟﺒﻌﺪ ‪677 ...........................................................................................‬‬
‫اﻷﺑﻌﺎد اﻟﻤﺘﻐﻴﺮة ﺑﺒﻂء ‪680 ...........................................................................................‬‬
‫ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻢ واﺟﻬﺎت اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﻴﻦ ‪682 ...................................................................................‬‬
‫دور اﻟﻤﻌﻄﻴﺎت اﻟﺘﻮﺻﻴﻔﻴﺔ ‪682 ......................................................................................‬‬
‫أدوات اﻻﺳﺘﻌﻼم ‪683 ................................................................................................‬‬
‫أدوات اﻟﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ اﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴﻠﻴﺔ اﻟﻤﺒﺎﺷﺮة )‪684 ............................................................ (OLAP‬‬
‫أدوات اﻟﺘﻨﻘﻴﺐ ﻋﻦ اﻟﻤﻌﻄﻴﺎت ‪686 ................................................................................‬‬
‫ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺮ اﻟﻤﻌﻄﻴﺎت ‪688 ................................................................................................‬‬
‫اﻟﺨﻼﺻﺔ ‪689 ..............................................................................................................‬‬
‫اﻟﻤﺮاﺟﻌﺔ ‪690 .........................................................................................................‬‬
‫اﻟﻤﺼﻄﻠﺤﺎت اﻟﻤﻔﺘﺎﺣﻴﺔ ‪690 ............................................................................................‬‬
‫أﺳﺌﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺮاﺟﻌﺔ ‪691 ....................................................................................................‬‬
‫ﻣﺴﺎﺋﻞ وﺗﻤﺎرﻳﻦ ‪693 .....................................................................................................‬‬
‫ﺗﺪرﻳﺒﺎت ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ‪697 ......................................................................................................‬‬
‫ﻣﺸﻔﻰ ‪ MOUNTAIN VIEW‬اﻟﻌﻤﻮﻣﻲ‪698 .......................................................................‬‬
‫ﺣﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﻤﺸﺮوع ‪698 ..................................................................................................‬‬
‫وﺻﻒ اﻟﻤﺸﺮوع ‪698 .................................................................................................‬‬
‫أﺳﺌﻠﺔ اﻟﻤﺸﺮوع ‪699 ................................................................................................‬‬
‫ﺗﺪرﻳﺒﺎت اﻟﻤﺸﺮوع ‪699 ..............................................................................................‬‬
‫‪979‬‬ ‫א‬

‫‪703 ............‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫‪707 .....................‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪ :‬א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫اﻷهﺪاف ﻣﻦ دراﺳﺔ هﺬا اﻟﻔﺼﻞ‪707 .................................................................................‬‬
‫ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ ‪708 ................................................................................................................‬‬
‫أدوار ﻣﺪراء اﻟﻤﻌﻄﻴﺎت وﻗﻮاﻋﺪ اﻟﻤﻌﻄﻴﺎت ‪709 .......................................................................‬‬
‫إدارة اﻟﻤﻌﻄﻴﺎت اﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴﺪﻳﺔ ‪709 .....................................................................................‬‬
‫إدارة ﻗﺎﻋﺪة اﻟﻤﻌﻄﻴﺎت اﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴﺪﻳﺔ ‪710 ............................................................................‬‬
‫ﺗﻀﻤﻴﻦ ﻃﺮق إدارة اﻟﻤﻌﻄﻴﺎت وﻗﺎﻋﺪة اﻟﻤﻌﻄﻴﺎت ‪711 ........................................................‬‬
‫ﺗﻀﻤﻴﻦ ﻃﺮق إدارة اﻟﻤﻌﻄﻴﺎت ‪715 ................................................................................‬‬
‫ﻧﻤﺬﺟﺔ ﻣﻌﻄﻴﺎت ﻣﺸﺮوع ‪719 ..........................................................................................‬‬
‫ﺗﺨﻄﻴﻂ ﻗﻮاﻋﺪ اﻟﻤﻌﻄﻴﺎت ‪720 ..........................................................................................‬‬
‫إدارة أﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻌﻄﻴﺎت ‪722 ................................................................................................‬‬
‫ﺗﻬﺪﻳﺪات أﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻌﻄﻴﺎت ‪722 .......................................................................................‬‬
‫اﻟﻤﻨﺎﻇﻴﺮ ‪725 ..........................................................................................................‬‬
‫ﺿﻮاﺑﻂ اﻟﺘﻜﺎﻣﻠﻴﺔ ‪726 ................................................................................................‬‬
‫ﻗﻮاﻋﺪ اﻟﺘﺮﺧﻴﺺ ‪728 .................................................................................................‬‬
‫اﻹﺟﺮاءات اﻟﻤﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪم ‪731 ....................................................................‬‬
‫اﻟﺘﺸﻔﻴﺮ ‪731 ..........................................................................................................‬‬
‫ﻣﺨﻄﻄﺎت اﻟﺘﺮﺧﻴﺺ ‪733 ............................................................................................‬‬
‫اﻟﻨﺴﺦ اﻻﺣﺘﻴﺎﻃﻲ ﻟﻘﻮاﻋﺪ اﻟﻤﻌﻄﻴﺎت‪734 ...........................................................................‬‬
‫ﺁﻟﻴﺎت اﻻﺳﺘﺮﺟﺎع اﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ‪734 .................................................................................‬‬
‫إﺟﺮاءات اﻻﺳﺘﺮﺟﺎع وإﻋﺎدة اﻟﺘﺸﻐﻴﻞ‪739 .......................................................................‬‬
‫أﻧﻤﺎط أﻋﻄﺎل ﻗﺎﻋﺪة اﻟﻤﻌﻄﻴﺎت ‪745 ...............................................................................‬‬
‫اﻟﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺰاﻣﻦ ‪748 .....................................................................................................‬‬
‫ﻣﺸﻜﻠﺔ ﺿﻴﺎع اﻟﺘﺤﺪﻳﺜﺎت ‪748 ......................................................................................‬‬
‫إﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺔ اﻟﻨﺸﺮ اﻟﻤﺘﺴﻠﺴﻞ‪750 ...................................................................................‬‬
‫ﺁﻟﻴﺎت اﻟﻘﻔﻞ ‪750 ......................................................................................................‬‬
‫اﻹﺻﺪار )اﻟﻨﺴﺦ( ‪755 ................................................................................................‬‬
‫إدارة ﺟﻮدة اﻟﻤﻌﻄﻴﺎت ‪757 ..............................................................................................‬‬
‫ﺳﻴﺎﺳﺔ اﻟﺤﻤﺎﻳﺔ واﻻﺳﺘﺮداد ﺑﻌﺪ اﻟﻜﺎرﺛﺔ ‪758 ..................................................................‬‬
‫ﺿﺒﻂ اﻟﻤﻮﻇﻔﻴﻦ ‪760 .................................................................................................‬‬
‫ﺿﺒﻂ اﻟﻮﺻﻮل اﻟﻔﻴﺰﻳﺎﺋﻲ ‪760 ........................................................................................‬‬
 ‫א‬ ‫‪980‬‬

‫ﺿﺒﻂ اﻟﺼﻴﺎﻧﺔ ‪761 .....................................................................................................‬‬

‫ﺣﻤﺎﻳﺔ وﺳﺮﻳﺔ اﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎت‪761 .........................................................................................‬‬
‫ﻗﻮاﻣﻴﺲ وﻣﺴﺘﻮدﻋﺎت اﻟﻤﻌﻄﻴﺎت )‪762 .......................................................... (Repositories‬‬
‫اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻮدﻋﺎت ‪763 ....................................................................................................‬‬
‫ﻧﻈﺮة ﻋﺎﻣﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺿﺒﻂ ﻗﺎﻋﺪة اﻟﻤﻌﻄﻴﺎت ﻣﻦ أﺟﻞ اﻷداء ‪766 ....................................................‬‬
‫ﺗﻨﺼﻴﺐ ﻧﻈﺎم إدارة ﻗﻮاﻋﺪ ﻣﻌﻄﻴﺎت ‪767 .................................................................DBMS‬‬
‫اﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﻟﺬاآﺮة ‪767 ...............................................................................................‬‬
‫ﻧﺰاع اﻟﺪﺧﻞ‪/‬اﻟﺨﺮج ‪768 ..............................................................................................‬‬
‫اﺳﺘﺨﺪام ‪768 .................................................................................................. CPU‬‬
‫ﺿﺒﻂ اﻟﺘﻄﺒﻴﻖ‪769 ....................................................................................................‬‬
‫اﻟﺨﻼﺻﺔ ‪770 ..............................................................................................................‬‬
‫اﻟﻤﺮاﺟﻌﺔ ‪771 .........................................................................................................‬‬
‫اﻟﻤﺼﻄﻠﺤﺎت اﻟﻤﻔﺘﺎﺣﻴﺔ ‪771 ............................................................................................‬‬
‫أﺳﺌﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺮاﺟﻌﺔ ‪772 ....................................................................................................‬‬
‫ﻣﺴﺎﺋﻞ وﺗﻤﺎرﻳﻦ ‪774 .....................................................................................................‬‬
‫ﺗﻤﺎرﻳﻦ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ‪778 .......................................................................................................‬‬
‫ﻣﺸﻔﻰ ‪ MOUNTAIN VIEW‬اﻟﻌﻤﻮﻣﻲ‪780 .......................................................................‬‬
‫ﺣﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﻤﺸﺮوع ‪780 ..................................................................................................‬‬
‫أﺳﺌﻠﺔ اﻟﻤﺸﺮوع ‪780 ................................................................................................‬‬
‫ﺗﺪرﻳﺒﺎت اﻟﻤﺸﺮوع ‪781 ..............................................................................................‬‬

‫‪783 ........................................‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪ :‬א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫اﻷهﺪاف ﻣﻦ دراﺳﺔ هﺬا اﻟﻔﺼﻞ‪783 .................................................................................‬‬
‫ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ ‪785 ................................................................................................................‬‬
‫أهﺪاف‪789 .............................................................................................................‬‬
‫ﺧﻴﺎرات ﺗﻮزﻳﻊ ﻗﺎﻋﺪة ﻣﻌﻄﻴﺎت ‪792 .....................................................................................‬‬
‫ﺗﻜﺮار اﻟﻤﻌﻄﻴﺎت ‪792 .................................................................................................‬‬
‫اﻟﺘﻘﺴﻴﻢ اﻷﻓﻘﻲ ‪797 ...............................................................................................‬‬
‫اﻟﺘﻘﺴﻴﻢ اﻟﻌﻤﻮدي ‪798 .............................................................................................‬‬
‫ﺧﻼﺋﻂ اﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺎت ‪800 .................................................................................................‬‬
‫اﺧﺘﻴﺎر اﺳﺘﺮاﺗﻴﺠﻴﺔ ﺗﻮزﻳﻊ اﻟﻤﻌﻄﻴﺎت اﻟﺼﺤﻴﺤﺔ ‪801 ............................................................‬‬
‫‪ DBMS‬اﻟﻤﻮزﻋﺔ ‪803 .....................................................................................................‬‬
‫ﺷﻔﺎﻓﻴﺔ اﻟﺘﻮﺿﻊ ‪806 .................................................................................................‬‬
‫ﺷﻔﺎﻓﻴﺔ اﻟﺘﻜﺮار ‪808 ..................................................................................................‬‬
‫‪981‬‬ ‫א‬

‫ﺷﻔﺎﻓﻴﺔ اﻹﺧﻔﺎق )اﻟﻔﺸﻞ( ‪809 ..................................................................................‬‬

‫ﺑﺮوﺗﻮآﻮل اﻟﺘﺜﺒﻴﺖ ‪809 ...............................................................................................‬‬
‫ﺷﻔﺎﻓﻴﺔ اﻟﺘﻮاﻓﻖ ‪811 ................................................................................................‬‬
‫أﻣﺜﻠﺔ اﻻﺳﺘﻌﻼم ‪812 ................................................................................................‬‬
‫ﺗﻘﻴﻴﻢ ‪ DBMS‬اﻟﻤﻮزع ‪816 ...........................................................................................‬‬
‫ﻣﻨﺘﺠﺎت ‪ DBMS‬اﻟﻤﻮزﻋﺔ ‪818 ..........................................................................................‬‬
‫اﻟﺨﻼﺻﺔ ‪820 ..............................................................................................................‬‬
‫اﻟﻤﺮاﺟﻌﺔ ‪822 .........................................................................................................‬‬
‫اﻟﻤﺼﻄﻠﺤﺎت اﻟﻤﻔﺘﺎﺣﻴﺔ ‪822 ............................................................................................‬‬
‫أﺳﺌﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺮاﺟﻌﺔ ‪822 ....................................................................................................‬‬
‫ﻣﺴﺎﺋﻞ وﺗﻤﺎرﻳﻦ ‪824 .....................................................................................................‬‬
‫ﺗﺪرﻳﺒﺎت ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ‪827 ......................................................................................................‬‬
‫ﻣﺸﻔﻰ ‪ MOUNTAIN VIEW‬اﻟﻌﻤﻮﻣﻲ‪829 .......................................................................‬‬
‫ﺣﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﻤﺸﺮوع ‪829 ..................................................................................................‬‬
‫وﺻﻒ اﻟﻤﺸﺮوع ‪829 .................................................................................................‬‬
‫أﺳﺌﻠﺔ اﻟﻤﺸﺮوع ‪829 ................................................................................................‬‬
‫ﺗﺪرﻳﺒﺎت اﻟﻤﺸﺮوع ‪830 ..............................................................................................‬‬

‫‪831 .......................‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬

‫اﻷهﺪاف ﻣﻦ دراﺳﺔ هﺬا اﻟﻔﺼﻞ‪831 .................................................................................‬‬
‫ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ ‪833 ................................................................................................................‬‬
‫ﻟﻐﺔ اﻟﻨﻤﺬﺟﺔ اﻟﻤﻮﺣﺪة ‪836 .............................................................................................‬‬
‫ﻧﻤﺬﺟﺔ اﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎت ﻏﺮﺿﻴﺔ اﻟﺘﻮﺟﻪ ‪837 ..................................................................................‬‬
‫ﺗﻤﺜﻴﻞ اﻷﻏﺮاض واﻟﺼﻔﻮف ‪837 .....................................................................................‬‬
‫أﻧﻮاع اﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺎت ‪840 ...................................................................................................‬‬
‫ﺗﻤﺜﻴﻞ اﻟﺮواﺑﻂ ‪841 ....................................................................................................‬‬
‫ﺗﻤﺜﻴﻞ ﺻﻔﻮف اﻟﺘﺮاﺑﻂ‪846 ...........................................................................................‬‬
‫ﺗﻤﺜﻴﻞ اﻟﻮاﺻﻔﺎت اﻟﻤﺸﺘﻘﺔ‪ ،‬اﻟﺮواﺑﻂ اﻟﻤﺸﺘﻘﺔ‪ ،‬اﻟﻮﻇﺎﺋﻒ اﻟﻤﺸﺘﻘﺔ ‪849 ..................................‬‬
‫ﺗﻤﺜﻴﻞ اﻟﺘﻌﻤﻴﻢ )‪850 .......................................................................... (Generalization‬‬
‫ﺗﻔﺴﻴﺮ اﻟﻮراﺛﺔ واﻟﺘﺤﻤﻴﻞ اﻟﺰاﺋﺪ‪857 ..............................................................................‬‬
‫ﺗﻤﺜﻴﻞ اﻟﻮراﺛﺔ اﻟﻤﺘﻌﺪدة ‪859 ........................................................................................‬‬
‫ﺗﻤﺜﻴﻞ اﻟﺘﺠﻤﻴﻊ ‪861 ..................................................................................................‬‬
‫ﻗﻮاﻧﻴﻦ اﻟﻌﻤﻞ ‪864 ........................................................................................................‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎل ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﻤﺬﺟﺔ اﻷﻏﺮاض ‪866 ......................................................................................‬‬
 ‫א‬ ‫‪982‬‬

‫ﺷﺮآﺔ اﻷﺛﺎث )‪866 .................................................................................. (PINE VALLEY‬‬

‫اﻟﺨﻼﺻﺔ ‪868 ..............................................................................................................‬‬
‫اﻟﻤﺮاﺟﻌﺔ ‪870 .........................................................................................................‬‬
‫اﻟﻤﺼﻄﻠﺤﺎت اﻟﻤﻔﺘﺎﺣﻴﺔ ‪870 ............................................................................................‬‬
‫أﺳﺌﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺮاﺟﻌﺔ ‪870 ....................................................................................................‬‬
‫ﻣﺴﺎﺋﻞ وﺗﻤﺎرﻳﻦ ‪873 .....................................................................................................‬‬
‫ﺗﻤﺎرﻳﻦ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ‪878 .......................................................................................................‬‬
‫ﻣﺸﻔﻰ ‪ MOUNTAIN VIEW‬اﻟﻌﻤﻮﻣﻲ‪880 .......................................................................‬‬
‫ﺣﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﻤﺸﺮوع ‪880 ..................................................................................................‬‬
‫أﺳﺌﻠﺔ اﻟﻤﺸﺮوع ‪881 ................................................................................................‬‬
‫ﺗﺪرﻳﺒﺎت اﻟﻤﺸﺮوع ‪881 ..............................................................................................‬‬

‫‪883 ...............‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫اﻷهﺪاف ﻣﻦ دراﺳﺔ هﺬا اﻟﻔﺼﻞ‪883 .................................................................................‬‬
‫ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ ‪884 ................................................................................................................‬‬
‫ﻟﻐﺔ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ اﻷﻏﺮاض ‪885 ................................................................................................‬‬
‫ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ اﻟﺼﻒ ‪885 .....................................................................................................‬‬
‫ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ اﻟﻮاﺻﻔﺔ ‪886 ..................................................................................................‬‬
‫ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺑﻨﻰ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪم ‪887 .......................................................................................‬‬
‫ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ اﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺎت ‪888 .................................................................................................‬‬
‫ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﻣﺠﺎل واﺻﻔﺔ ﻣﺎ‪889 ....................................................................................... :‬‬
‫ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺎت‪889 ..................................................................................................‬‬
‫ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ واﺻﻔﺔ ﻣﻊ ﻣﻌﺮف ﻏﺮض ﺑﻘﻴﻤﺘﻪ ‪892 .....................................................................‬‬
‫ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﻋﻼﻗﺎت ‪ ،many-to-many‬اﻟﻤﻔﺎﺗﻴﺢ‪ ،‬اﻟﻮاﺻﻔﺎت ﻣﺘﻌﺪدة اﻟﻘﻴﻢ ‪893 ..............................‬‬
‫ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ اﻟﺘﻌﻤﻴﻢ ‪896 ..................................................................................................‬‬
‫ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺻﻒ ﻣﺠﺮد ‪897 ...............................................................................................‬‬
‫ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺑﻨﻰ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪم اﻷﺧﺮى ‪899 .............................................................................‬‬
‫ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻢ ‪ OODB‬ﻣﻦ أﺟﻞ ﺷﺮآﺔ ‪ PINE VALLEY‬ﻟﻸﺛﺎث ‪900 .....................................................‬‬
‫إﻧﺸﺎء ﻋﻴﻨﺎت ﻏﺮض‪903 .................................................................................................‬‬
‫ﻟﻐﺔ اﻻﺳﺘﻌﻼم اﻟﻐﺮﺿﻴﺔ ‪904 ...........................................................................................‬‬
‫أواﻣﺮ اﻻﺳﺘﻌﺎدة اﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ‪905 ...................................................................................‬‬
‫ﺗﻀﻤﻴﻦ اﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺎت ﺿﻤﻦ ﻋﺒﺎرة ‪906 ...................................................................... Select‬‬
‫إﻳﺠﺎد اﻟﻘﻴﻢ ﻏﻴﺮ اﻟﻤﺘﻜﺮرة ‪907 .....................................................................................‬‬
‫اﺳﺘﻌﻼم ﺻﻔﻮف ﻣﺘﻌﺪدة ‪907 ......................................................................................‬‬
‫‪983‬‬ ‫א‬

‫آﺘﺎﺑﺔ اﻻﺳﺘﻌﻼﻣﺎت اﻟﻔﺮﻋﻴﺔ ‪908 ..................................................................................‬‬

‫ﺣﺴﺎب ﻗﻴﻢ ﻣﻮﺟﺰة )ﺧﻼﺻﺔ( ‪909 ................................................................................‬‬
‫ﺣﺴﺎب ﻗﻴﻢ ﻣﻮﺟﺰة ﻣﺠﻤﻌﺔ ‪909 ..................................................................................‬‬
‫ﻓﺮض ﺷﺮوط ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻤﺠﻤﻮﻋﺎت ‪910 ..............................................................................‬‬
‫اﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﺿﻤﻦ اﺳﺘﻌﻼم ‪910 .........................................................................‬‬
‫ﻣﻠﺨﺺ ﻋﻦ ‪912 ............................................................................................... OQL‬‬
‫ﻣﻨﺘﺠﺎت ‪ ODBMS‬اﻟﺤﺎﻟﻴﺔ وﺗﻄﺒﻴﻘﺎﺗﻬﺎ ‪912 ...........................................................................‬‬
‫اﻟﺨﻼﺻﺔ ‪914 ..............................................................................................................‬‬
‫اﻟﻤﺮاﺟﻌﺔ ‪914 .........................................................................................................‬‬
‫اﻟﻤﺼﻄﻠﺤﺎت اﻟﻤﻔﺘﺎﺣﻴﺔ ‪914 ............................................................................................‬‬
‫أﺳﺌﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺮاﺟﻌﺔ ‪915 ....................................................................................................‬‬
‫ﻣﺴﺎﺋﻞ وﺗﻤﺎرﻳﻦ ‪915 .....................................................................................................‬‬
‫ﺗﻤﺎرﻳﻦ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ‪917 .......................................................................................................‬‬
‫ﻣﺸﻔﻰ ‪ MOUNTAIN VIEW‬اﻟﻌﻤﻮﻣﻲ‪919 .......................................................................‬‬
‫ﺣﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﻤﺸﺮوع ‪919 ..................................................................................................‬‬

‫)‪921 ......................... (E-R‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪:A‬‬ ‫א‬

‫ﻣﻘﺎرﻧﺔ ﻣﺼﻄﻠﺤﺎت ﻧﻤﺬﺟﺔ )آﻴﺎن‪-‬ارﺗﺒﺎط( ‪922 ......................................................................‬‬
‫ﺗﺮﻣﻴﺰ اﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴﻞ اﻟﻤﺮﺋﻲ ‪922 .........................................................................................‬‬
‫ﺗﺮﻣﻴﺰ اﻷداة ‪) Platinum Erwin‬أداة ‪923 .............................................................. (CASE‬‬
‫ﺗﺮﻣﻴﺰ اﻷداة ‪924 ......................................................................Microsoft Access 2000‬‬
‫ﺗﺮﻣﻴﺰ ﻣﺼﻤﻢ أوراآﻞ ‪926 ............................................................................................‬‬
‫ﻣﻘﺎرﻧﺔ ﺑﻴﻦ واﺟﻬﺎت اﻷدوات وآﺬﻟﻚ ‪928 .............................................................................‬‬
‫ﻣﺨﻄﻄﺎت آﻴﺎن‪-‬ارﺗﺒﺎط‪928 ..............................................................................................‬‬

‫‪931 ...........................................‬‬ ‫‪:B‬‬ ‫א‬

‫اﻟﺸﻜﻞ اﻟﻨﻈﺎﻣﻲ ‪931 ...............................................................................BOYCE-CODD‬‬
‫اﻟﺸﺬوذ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ‪932 ............................................................. STUDENT_ADVISOR‬‬
‫ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ اﻟﺸﻜﻞ اﻟﻨﻈﺎﻣﻲ ‪933 ...................................................... (BCNF) BOYCE-CODD‬‬
‫ﺗﺤﻮﻳﻞ اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ إﻟﻰ اﻟﺸﻜﻞ اﻟﻨﻈﺎﻣﻲ ‪933 ...................................... (BCNF) BOYCE-CODD‬‬
‫اﻟﺸﻜﻞ اﻟﻨﻈﺎﻣﻲ اﻟﺮاﺑﻊ ‪935 ............................................................................................‬‬
‫اﻟﺘﺒﻌﻴﺔ اﻟﻤﺘﻌﺪدة اﻟﻘﻴﻢ ‪936 ........................................................................................‬‬
‫اﻷﺷﻜﺎل اﻟﻨﻈﺎﻣﻴﺔ اﻟﻤﺘﻘﺪﻣﺔ ‪938 .....................................................................................‬‬
 ‫א‬ ‫‪984‬‬

‫‪939 ...................................................‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪:C‬‬ ‫א‬

‫اﻟﻤﺆﺷﺮات ‪939 ............................................................................................................‬‬
‫آﺘﻞ ﺑﻨﺎء ﺑﻨﻴﺔ ﻣﻌﻄﻴﺎت ‪941 .............................................................................................‬‬
‫ﺑﻨﻰ اﻟﻤﻌﻄﻴﺎت اﻟﺨﻄﻴﺔ ‪944 ............................................................................................‬‬
‫اﻟﻤﻜﺪﺳﺎت ‪946 .......................................................................................................‬‬
‫اﻷرﺗﺎل ‪946 .............................................................................................................‬‬
‫اﻟﻘﻮاﺋﻢ اﻟﻤﺮﺗﺒﺔ ‪947 ..................................................................................................‬‬
‫اﻟﻘﻮاﺋﻢ اﻟﻤﺘﻌﺪدة ‪950 ................................................................................................‬‬
‫ﻣﺨﺎﻃﺮ ﺑُﻨﻰ اﻟﺴﻼﺳﻞ ‪951 ............................................................................................‬‬
‫اﻷﺷﺠﺎر ‪952 ...............................................................................................................‬‬
‫اﻷﺷﺠﺎر اﻟﻤﺘﻮازﻧﺔ ‪953 ..............................................................................................‬‬

‫‪957 .............................‬‬ ‫‪−‬א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪ :D‬א‬ ‫א‬

‫ﺗﻌﺎرﻳﻒ وﻣﻔﺎهﻴﻢ أﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ‪958 ........................................................................................‬‬
‫ﺧﻮاص ﻗﻮاﻋﺪ اﻟﻤﻌﻄﻴﺎت اﻟﻐﺮﺿﻴﺔ – اﻟﻌﻼﺋﻘﻴﺔ ‪958 ............................................................‬‬
‫أﻧﻤﺎط اﻟﻤﻌﻄﻴﺎت اﻟﻤﻌﻘﺪة ‪959 .....................................................................................‬‬
‫ﻟﻐﺔ ‪ SQL‬اﻟﻤﺤﺴﻨﺔ ‪959 ................................................................................................‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎل ‪960 ...............................................................................................................‬‬
‫ﻋﻨﻮﻧﺔ اﻟﻤﺤﺘﻮى ‪960 ................................................................................................‬‬
‫ﻓﻮاﺋﺪ اﻟﻤﻨﻬﺞ اﻟﻐﺮﺿﻲ–اﻟﻌﻼﺋﻘﻲ ‪962 ................................................................................‬‬
‫ﻣﺰودي وﻣﻨﺘﺠﺎت أﻧﻈﻤﺔ إدارة ﻗﻮاﻋﺪ ‪962 ............................................................................‬‬
‫اﻟﻤﻌﻄﻴﺎت اﻟﻐﺮﺿﻴﺔ–اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺎﺗﻴﺔ ‪962 ....................................................................................‬‬

‫‪965 ............................................................‬‬ ‫א‬