Nota: Para los alumnos de UnADM.

Si bien este documento se encuentra en inglés lo

importante de destacar es que contiene la manera correcta de incluir citas y referencias
de acuerdo al estilo APA. Les pido revisar mis comentarios en letras azules que los
guiarán en la utilización de este manual. Adicional a este manual en inglés, les pido
revisar el documento machote que les he enviado y leerlo en su totalidad. Ambos
documentos les darán los elementos que yo pido cubrir en los trabajos con respecto al
formato en estilo APA y la inclusión de citas y lista de referencias de acuerdo a APA:

APA Style General Guidelines

Paper Format

Always check with your instructor to see if he or she has any different requirements or
specifications for your paper.

 Margins should be at minimum of 1" (one inch) on all sides.

 Preferred typefaces: Times New Roman, 12pt; Courier, 12pt; all serif typeface.
 Pages are numbered 1, 2, 3... starting with the title page, and including the
reference page.
 Each page must have a header consisting of one or two words of your title and
the page number in the top right-hand corner.
 All lines including titles and subtitles must be double spaced.
 The only time a triple space is used is directly after the running head.
 In-text citations of more than 40 words should be indented 10 spaces without
quotation marks.
 Do not give the first line an additional indent.
 Order of the paper should be: title page, text (body), and references.
 For more complicated paper, please visit English Works! for further assistance.
back to top

In-Text Citations (Citas dentro de texto)

Citations for Most Written Sources

APA guidelines require that the writer give credit for ALL information whether it be a
direct quote or a paraphrase. Generally, you are required to give the following
information: author, year of publication, and page number for any direct quote. For
paraphrases, you are only required to give the author and year of publication, though it
is suggested that you also provide the page number. You should use p. (or pp. for
multiple pages) before the page numbers in in-text citations.

Citas textuales y citas de parafraseo. Las citas textuales de menos de 40 palabras se

insertan entre comillas (Direct Quote). Las citas de parafraseo implican parafrasear y
mencionar con tus propias palabras una idea o concepto mencionado por algún autor
que no soy yo (Paraphrase), en ambos casos es importante incluir la cita entre paréntesis
(Apellido del autor, año y página) como se describe a continuación:
 "Apes can gesture, but do not understand the grammatical
Direct Quote
structure of American Sign Language" (Smith, 1994, p. 345).
It has been shown that apes do not actually understand the syntax
Paraphrase
and structure of ASL (Smith, 1994, p. 345).

If there is no publication date, cite the author’s last name followed by a comma and n.d.
(for no date).

Direct Quote from a

"Doctors have been prescribing a new drug to treat social anxiety"
source with no
(Geraldi, n.d., p. 24).
publication date

If you include the author's name as part of the sentence, just give the year in parenthesis
directly after the author's name, and put the page number in parenthesis after the quote.

Direct Quote with According to Jack Gannon (1988), "The protest provided a
author's name in the wonderful opportunity for those interpreters to assist the deaf
sentence community" (p. 94).
Paraphrase with
Jack Gannon (1988) explained that the DPN protest gave
author's name in the
interpreters a chance to help Gallaudet's deaf community (p. 94).
sentence

If you include the author's name and date of publication as part of the sentence in which
you use a direct quote, you should put the page number in parenthesis after the quote. If
you include the author's name and date as part of a paraphrased sentence, you don't have
to put anything additional in parenthesis. You can, if you chose to, provide the page
number after the paraphrased information, but the page number is not required.

Direct Quote with In 1988, Jack Gannon explained that "the protest provided a
author's name and wonderful opportunity for those interpreters to assist the deaf
date in the sentence community" (p. 94).
Paraphrase with
In 1988, Jack Gannon explained that the DPN protest gave
author's name and
interpreters a chance to help Gallaudet's deaf community (p. 94).
date in the sentence

If you refer to the same text more than once within one paragraph, give the author's
name, date, and page number only the first time you cite the source. After the first time,
just give the author's name and page number (if it is different from the prior page
number). If you cite the same text in two different paragraphs, you need to include the
full reference information in both paragraphs.

"Gallaudet's Deaf community earned the respect of deaf

First reference to a
communities around the world during their 1988 DPN Protest"
source
(Harding, 1988, p. 86)
Later reference to "Deaf people deserve the right to determine their own leaders, just
the same source (in as hearing people have the right to chose theirs" (Harding, p. 87).
the same paragraph)

If you are using several different works to illustrate one point, you may find it necessary
to cite two or more works written by different authors with different dates. In that
situation, organize the information alphabetically by the authors' last names, and
separate each block of information with a semicolon. Put all the names inside one set of
parenthesis.

Citing several
Several studies (Burna, 1980; Geraldi, 1988; Kesser & Morals,
different works by
1990) indicate that the cure for the common cold is just around the
different authors at
corner.
one time

back to top

Multiple Authors

When a source has two authors, you should give both last names. Within the
parenthetical citation, use & between the authors' names. If you use their names in the
sentence, just write out and between their names.

The Oxford English Dictionary was written "specifically for

Source with two
learners of English as a foreign or second language" (Hornby &
authors
Ruse, 1976, p. 82).
Source with two
Hornby and Ruse (1976) explain that the Oxford English
authors -- with
Dictionary was designed to be used mostly by new English users
authors' names in
(p. 82).
the sentence

When a source has three, four or five authors, cite all the authors’ last names and the
year the first time the reference occurs. For later references to the same source in the
same paragraph, cite only the first author’s last name followed by et al. You do not need
the year if it is in the same paragraph as the prior reference. If it is a repeated reference
in a separate paragraph, cite the first author's last name followed by et al. and the year

Source with 3-5

"Scientists are tying to find a cure for the common cold"
authors, a first
(Juneston, Craig, & Carter, 1993, p. 220).
reference
Same source, a later
"There are thousands of different viruses that cause what we refer
reference, same
to as 'the common cold'" (Juneston, et al., p. 223).
paragraph
Same source, a later
"Most of these viruses are not treatable with current antibiotic
reference, different
medications" (Juneston, et al., 1993, p. 223).
paragraph
If a source has 6 or more authors, use the first author's name, et al., the date and page
number.

"U.S. Congressmen are obsessed with getting re-elected and not

Source with 6 or
concerned enough with making a real difference for their
more authors
constituents" (Harris, et al., 1997, p. 76).
Source with 6 or
Harris, et al. (1997) argue that the United State Congress is too
more authors -- with
focused on getting re-elected and not focused enough on meeting
the author's name in
their constituents' needs (p. 76).
sentence

To cite a group author (e.g. association, organization, or government agency) you

should spell out the full name for the first reference, give the abbreviation that you will
use in brackets ([ ]), then use the abbreviation for later references.

"Some people have adverse reactions to the flu shot, such as

Group author -- first
vomiting, fever, and rashes" (National Institute of Health [NIH],
reference
1999).
Group author -- "The flu shots can only protect people against last year's strand of
later reference flu viruses" (NIH, 1999).

back to top

Citations for Interviews and Personal Communication

Personal interviews and personal communications (email, group discussions, electronic

bulletin boards, telephone conversations) are NOT mentioned at the end of the paper on
the list of references. However, they are cited in-text throughout the paper.

For personal communication, you should give the author's full name (first and middle
initials followed by last name), the kind of communication, followed by the date of
communication.

Personal Survivors of the accident gave credit to the team of trained dogs
Communication 1 for their rescue (K.L. Myers, personal interview, April 18, 1994).
Personal "Parental involvement in a child's education is invaluable" (J.
Communication 2 Meyers, TTY conversation, June 14, 1989).
"Parents should always know what their child's homework
Personal
assignments are" (T. Geoffreys, personal email, September 18,
Communication 3
2000).

back to top

Citations for Works with No Authors

If there is a work with no author named, cite the first few words of the title. Use
quotation marks around the title of an article or chapter; italicize the title of a book,
brochure, or report.

Many students become sick their first year of college, as they are
Unsigned Article introduced to entirely different germs ("Test Results," 1982, p.
63).
"Students will hopefully be able to form a bond with their first
Unsigned Book year roommate, as this can be a friendship that lasts them through
life" (College Bound Seniors, 1979, p. 47).

If the author is listed as "Anonymous," cite the word Anonymous followed by a comma
and the date.

Source by Many people who are affected by stress are not even aware of the
Anonymous impact it has on their life (Anonymous, 2000).

back to top

Secondary Sources

If you are reading one source, and it refers to something from another source, you need
to reflect that in your in-text citations. For example, if you read a book by Greenwood,
and Greenwood referred to a study by Breen (but you did not read Breen's study
yourself), then you need to cite your source as follows:

Breen's study of early childhood language acquisition (as cited in

Work discussed in a
Greenwood, 1998) shows that important language learning
secondary source
happens before the age of five.

(Note: On your reference page, you only need to reference the work that you actually
read).
back to top

Electronic Source Citations

For in text web citations, follow the author/year format, if the author and date are
available. For quotations, give page numbers or paragraph numbers (where there are no
page numbers). Use either ¶ or para. as an abbreviation for paragraph. If page or
paragraph numbers are not available, they can be omitted from the in-text citation.

Electronic Sources -- "Allergies may be caused by dust, dust mites, pollen, or mold"
direct quote (1) (Kendal, 2000, ¶ 4).
Electronic Sources -- "Allergies may be caused by dust, dust mites, pollen, or mold"
direct quote (2) (Kendal, 2000, para. 4).
Electronic Sources -- People with allergies are usually affected by dust, pollen, or mold
paraphrase (Kendal, 2000).

back to top

Las citas textuales de más de 40 palabras NO se insertan entre comillas (Quotes of 40

Words or More). Estas citas generalmente se insertan en un párrafo independiente con
mayor sangría izquierda. Se copia de manera textual lo que refiere algún autor que no
soy yo mismo y al final se escribe el número de página o de párrafo.

Quotes of 40 Words or More

If your quote is more than 40 words, indent 5 spaces on a separate line and then begin
the quote. Continue the double space rule. Do not use quotation marks.

Gallaudet University received a lot of publicity during the 1988 DPN Rallies.
It was a time when deaf people learned about the strength of their community.
According to Jack Gannon (1989):

The student protest that shut down Gallaudet University the week of March
6-13, 1988, accomplished far more than just the selection of the world's first
deaf university president. It proved, convincingly, that deaf people could band
together effectively for a common cause and succeed. The protest experiences
taught deaf people about the needs and values of being more assertive. (p. 15)
It also reaffirmed that the deaf population has a voice worth listening to, and
that they will fight to be heard by Gallaudet's Board of Trustees.

back to top

Reference Format

You can check for more information about listing references on pages 215-282 in the
Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (Fifth Edition, 2001). To
see an example of an APA style reference page, visit our APA Style Sample References.

Placement of the List:

  Your reference list should be on a separate page, numbered sequentially
with the rest of the paper. It should come after Notes pages, if there are
any.
 You should title the reference list page, References.

Spacing and Organization:

 Each entry should start on a new line.

 The references must be listed in alphabetical order, by author's last name,
or by first significant word of the article title (if no author).
 Do not indent the first line, but the second line, and thereafter must be
indented five spaces. (In a word-processing software such as Microsoft
Word or Corel WordPerfect, you can use what is commonly called a
"hanging indent" under 'Format, Paragraph'.)
 Use one space after a colon, comma, semicolon or period. Use one space
after any sentence-ending punctuation.

Information and Punctuation:

 When writing authors' names, use the author's last name, first initial, and
middle initial, if any.
 If there is more than one author, use an ampersand (&) before the last
author's name.
 Place date of publication in parenthesis after the name information (If
there is no available date, put n.d. in parenthesis after the name
information).
 For book and article titles, capitalize only the first word of the title, and
the first word after a colon.
 Italicize the title of longer works, like books, magazines, newspapers,
periodicals or journals that contain the cited articles.
 Include volume numbers as part of the title. (If you cannot italicize, use
underlines.)
 Do not underline, italicize, or put quotes around titles of shorter works,
like article titles.
 Do not abbreviate publication months; write out the full month name.
 Use the abbreviation p. or pp. before newspaper page numbers only. Do
not use p. or pp. before page numbers for magazines, journals, or books.
 List all pages used, even if they are not continuous (32, 46-47).
back to top

Como escribir los distintos tipos de referencias que van al final del documento en
la Lista de Referencias. Libros, revistas, fuentes de Internet, etc.:

References for Books

For books, there are four main parts to the reference:

 author
 (year of publication)
 title of the book
 publication information (place of publication: publisher).

Each of the four parts ends with a period followed by a space. The second line (and
subsequent lines) of each entry is indented 5 spaces. (Also you can use the "hanging
indent" feature in your word-processing software.)

Clone, J.E. (1991). Learner’s grammar review. Washington, DC:

Book, one (1) author
American Educational System.
Book, two (2) Carrey, A., & Hollis, F. (1989). Fish and underwater life. Boston:
authors Big Press.
Book, three (3) Carrey, A., Hollis, F., & Katerdunk, S. (1990). Early water
authors experience. New York: Howard Press.
Book, more than 3 Elliot, C., Harvey, K., Silverman, E., & Mudd, J. (2000). Fighting
authors the winter blues. Philadelphia: Made-Up Press.
Book, no author Writing strategies for first time writers (6th ed.). (1998).
named Springfield, IL: Writers Association.
Giblets, K.N., & Homey, J.N. (Eds.). (1993). Children
Edited book behaviors: Behavior modifications and interventions. San
Francisco: Jonessy-Blithum.

back to top

References for Articles

Citations for periodical articles have four main parts:

 author.
 (date of publication). -- most magazine and newspaper articles, you should use
the year followed by a comma and the month. If it is a daily publication, you
should also include the day.
 title of the article.
 publication information. -- (generally the periodical title, volume number, and
page number). The volume number should be a part of the periodical title. Use
pp. or p. before the page numbers for newspaper and encyclopedia articles only.

Buman, J.A. (1993). Finding ways to overcome college stress.

Journal Article
Stress Reliever, 24, 12-16.
Posher, N.I. (1992, October 24). How to budget your finances
Magazine Article
wisely. Money Wise, 432, 13-17.
Newspaper Article Celtan, B. E. (1996, Spring). Gas prices expected to increase.
 Washington Outlook, 14, pp. 4-5.
Newspaper Article, Diet rites. (1997, August/September). Health Wise Editor, 3, pp. 1-
no author 2.
Encyclopedia or Statton. B. (Ed.). (1983). Idioms. The dictionary of deaf culture
Dictionary Entry (4th ed., Vol. 1, pp. 142-156). Washington: Deaf Press.

back to top

Electronic Sources

The rules surrounding electronic media are still developing. You should check with your
professor to be sure he/she will accept the following format. APA format currently
requires that you make a "retrieval statement" that identifies the date of retrieval and the
source (DIALOG, WESTLAW, Electric Library), followed by the name of the specific
database used and any other information that is necessary to find the article. For World
Wide Web sites, you should give the current URL address that points to the website.

For most articles from electronic sources, there are six main parts to the reference:

 author -- write the last name followed by a comma, then the first and middle
initials each followed by a period
 (date of publication) -- for most electronic sources, this should be the date it was
made available on the internet, including year, month and day (if available)
 title of the article.
 title of book, magazine, newspaper, periodical or journal (if applicable)
 publication information -- this generally includes the city of publication and
publisher

 If there is a city of publication, but no publisher, simply write "Author"

for the publisher name.
 retrieval information -- (date of retrieval, world wide web or database address)

Internet article, one

Harris, P.K. (1998, July 14). The young generation. Seattle:
author, with city of
Coastal University. Retrieved June 5, 2000, from
publication and
http://www.coastaluniversity.edu/younggen
publisher
Internet article, one
Pruzzles, T. P. (1999, October 12). Farewell J.F.K., Jr. Washington,
author, with city of
DC: Author. Retreived October 1, 2000, from
publication, no
http://www.inmemory.com/~pruzzles/jfkjr.html
publisher
Internet article, no
Juror’s perceptions of the justice system. (1999, November 19).
author, with city of
Washington, DC: American Justice. Retrieved June 9, 2000,
publication and
from http://www.armericanjustice.org
publisher
Internet article, Central Intelligence Agency. (2000, March 14). Keeping our
group author, with computers safe. Cryptology. Washington, DC: Author.
city of publication, Retrieved June 10, 2000, from
no publisher http://www.cia.com/cryptology
Internet article,
The International Cooking School. (2000, April 5). High protein
group author, no city
meals, 13, 1202-1273. Retrieved September 14, 2000, from
of publication, no
EFTWORK database.
publisher
Internet article, one
author, no Fisher, H. (n.d.). The best way to entertain your cat. Cats are fun.
publication date, no Retrieved August 4, 2000, from
city of publication, http://www.catsarefun.com/entertain
no publisher.

back to top

Nonprint Media Sources

For most nonprint media, there are six main parts to the reference:

 writer/director/producer's last name followed by a comma, then the first initial

followed by a period.
 in parenthesis, write the person's title (producer, director, writer) followed by a
period.
 (date of publication). -- this should be the year it was produced and released to
the public.
 title of media [type of media].
 publication information. -- this generally includes the city of publication and
publisher.

Film (Motion Redford, R. (Director). (1980). Ordinary people [Motion Picture].

Picture) Los Angeles: Paramount.
Holdt, D. (Executive Producer). (1997, October 11). A River at
Television Broadcast High Summer: The St. Lawrence [Televison broadcast].
Boston: Public Broadcasing Service.
Lake, F.L. (Author and speaker). (1989). Bias and organizational
Cassette
decision making [Cassette]. Gainesville: Edwards.
Barber, S. (1995). Cello Sonata. On Barber [CD]. New York: EMI
Musical recording
Records Ltd.