Polytechnic University of the Philippines

Maragondon Branch
Maragondon, Cavite

COOLING LOAD CAPACITY

COOLING LOAD CALCULATIONS FOR TOLENTINO’S APARTMENT

In Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements in

MEEN 3193 – Heat Transfer

Submitted by:
Serrano, Justine O.
Tolentino, Renefer Jr. R.
BSME – IV

Submitted to:
Engr. Jhay Ahr C. Flores

March 2019
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page

Title Page …….…………………………………………………………………………………..i

TABLE OF CONTENTS .................................................................................................. ii

LIST OF TABLES ........................................................................................................... v

LIST OF FIGURES ......................................................................................................... vi

Definition of Terms ........................................................................................................ 1

Rough Estimation of Capacity of Air Conditioning Unit ............................................. 3

1.0 Design Temperature Difference .............................................................................. 3

1.1 Design Temperature Difference .......................................................................... 4

1.2 Materials ............................................................................................................. 4

2.0 Surface Area ............................................................................................................ 5

2.1 Wall Surface Area ............................................................................................... 5

2.1.1 North Wall ................................................................................................. 5

2.1.2 West Wall ................................................................................................. 6

2.1.3 South Wall ................................................................................................ 6

2.1.4 East Wall .................................................................................................. 7

2.2 Window Surface Area ......................................................................................... 7

2.3 Door Surface Area .............................................................................................. 8

2.4 Flooring Surface Area ......................................................................................... 9

2.5 Ceiling Surface Area ........................................................................................... 9

2.6 Surface Area..................................................................................................... 10

3.0 U Factor for Floor .................................................................................................. 11

3.1 For North, East, West, South Walls .................................................................. 11

3.2 For Flooring ...................................................................................................... 13

ii
 3.3 For Doors ......................................................................................................... 14

3.4 For Ceiling/Roof ................................................................................................ 16

4.0 Estimation of External Cooling Loads ................................................................. 17

4.1 Cooling Load through Opaque Surfaces ........................................................... 17

4.1.1 For North Wall......................................................................................... 17

4.1.2 For West Wall ......................................................................................... 18

4.1.3 For South Wall ........................................................................................ 18

4.1.4 For East Wall .......................................................................................... 18

4.1.5 For Door ................................................................................................. 18

4.1.6 For Flooring ............................................................................................ 19

4.1.7 For Ceiling .............................................................................................. 19

4.1.8 Total Cooling Load Through Opaque Surfaces ....................................... 19

4.2 Cooling Load through Fenestration ................................................................... 20

4.2.1 U Factor and Solar Heat Gain Coefficient ............................................... 21

4.2.2 Peak Exterior Irradiance (PXI) ................................................................ 21

𝟒. 𝟐. 𝟑 𝐈𝐧𝐭𝐞𝐫𝐢𝐨𝐫 𝐬𝐡𝐚𝐝𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐚𝐭𝐭𝐞𝐧𝐮𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐜𝐨𝐞𝐟𝐟𝐢𝐜𝐢𝐞𝐧𝐭 (IAC) ................................... 22

𝟒. 𝟐. 𝟒 𝐅𝐞𝐧𝐞𝐬𝐭𝐫𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐬𝐨𝐥𝐚𝐫 𝐥𝐨𝐚𝐝 𝐅𝐚𝐜𝐭𝐨𝐫 (FFs) ................................................... 23

4.2.4.1 For North Windows ....................................................................... 23

4.2.4.1 For West Window.......................................................................... 24

4.2.5 Total Cooling load through Fenestration ................................................. 24

4.3 Cooling load due to Infiltration/Ventilation ......................................................... 24

4.3.1 Sensible Heat Transfer Rate Due to Infiltration/Ventilation ...................... 25

4.3.2 Infiltration Rate by Air Change Method ................................................... 25

4.3.2.1 Ventilation outdoor air requirement ............................................... 28

4.3.3 Latent Heat Transfer Rate Due to Infiltration ........................................... 29

iii
 4.3.4 Total Heat Gain due to Infiltration/Ventilation .......................................... 30

5.0 Estimation of Internal Loads................................................................................. 30

5.1 Cooling Load due to Occupants ........................................................................ 30

5.1.1 Sensible Heat Gain of Occupants ........................................................... 30

5.1.2 Latent Heat Gain of Occupants ............................................................... 31

5.1.3 Total Occupancy Heat Gain .................................................................... 32

5.2 Load due to Lighting ......................................................................................... 32

5.2.1 Lighting Usage Factor ............................................................................. 33

5.2.2 Special Allowance Factor ........................................................................ 33

5.2.3 Space Fraction........................................................................................ 33

5.3 Power Loads..................................................................................................... 34

5.4 Loads due to Appliances and Equipment .......................................................... 34

6.0 Total Cooling Load ................................................................................................ 35

6.1 Required Cooling Load Capacity ...................................................................... 36

References ................................................................................................................... 37

Appendices .................................................................................................................. 38

iv
 LIST OF TABLES

Table 1.Maximum Temperature, Rosario, Cavite (2009-2018) ....................................3

Table 2. Design Temperature Difference .....................................................................4
Table 3. Materials ..........................................................................................................4
Table 4. List of Surface Area ......................................................................................10
Table 5. Thermal Conductivity for Walls ....................................................................11
Table 6. Surface Conductance for Walls....................................................................12
Table 7. R-Values for Flooring (ASHRAE Handbook-Fundamentals, 2017)............13
Table 8. Thermal Conductivity for Door ....................................................................15
Table 9. Thermal Conductivity for Ceiling ................................................................16
Table 10. Lists of U Factor .........................................................................................17
Table 11. Total Cooling load through Opaque Surfaces ..........................................19
Table 12. Fenestration Characteristics .....................................................................21
Table 13. Peak Irradiance ..........................................................................................21
Table 14. Interior attenuation coefficient ..................................................................22
Table 15. Fenestration Solar Load Factors ...............................................................23
Table 16. Total Heat Gain through Transparent Fenestration Surfaces .................24
Table 17. Typical IDF Values......................................................................................26
Table 18. Unit Leakage Areas ....................................................................................27
Table 19. Humidity Ratio ............................................................................................29
Table 20. Heat of Human Beings ...............................................................................31
Table 21. Lighting Heat Gain Parameters .................................................................33
Table 22. Input Rating of Electric Motor ...................................................................34
Table 23. Power Consumption of Appliances ..........................................................35
Table 24. Total Cooling Load .....................................................................................35

v
 LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1. Room Dimensions .......................................................................................... 5

Figure 2. Surface Area for North Wall ............................................................................ 5

Figure 3. Surface Area for West Wall ............................................................................. 6

Figure 4. Surface Area for South Wall............................................................................ 6

Figure 5. Surface Area for East Wall .............................................................................. 7

Figure 6. Windows Surface Area ................................................................................... 7

Figure 7. Door Surface Area .......................................................................................... 8

Figure 8. Flooring Surface Area ..................................................................................... 9

Figure 9. Ceiling Surface Area ....................................................................................... 9

Figure 10. Length, Width and Height for First Floor.......................................................26

Figure 11 . Lay-out of Aircon Installation .......................................................................36

vi
Definition of Terms

Cooling Load - is the rate at which sensible and latent heat must be removed from the

space to maintain a constant space dry-bulb air temperature and humidity.

Wall Gain Load - sometimes called the wall leakage load, is a measure of the heat which

leaks through the walls of the air-conditioned space from the outside to the inside. Since

there is no perfect insulation there is always a certain amount of heat passing from the

outside to the inside whenever the inside temperature is below of that on the outside.

Air Change Load – is a part of cooling load where in air replaces the denser cold air which

is lost from the air-conditioned space through the open door.

Miscellaneous Load - sometimes referred to a supplementary load, considers all

miscellaneous sources of heat, including lights and other electrical equipment operating

inside the space and all the people working in or otherwise occupying the air-conditioned

space.

Cooling Load Temperature Difference (CLTD) - This factor is used to represent the

temperature difference between indoor and outdoor air with the inclusion of the heating

effects of solar radiation.

Sensible Heat Gain - is the energy added to the space by conduction, convection and/or

radiation.

Latent Heat Gain - is the energy added to the space when moisture is added to the space

by means of vapor emitted by the occupants, generated by a process or through air

infiltration from outside or adjacent areas

Thermal Resistance (R) - is a heat property and a measurement of a temperature

difference by which an object or material resists a heat flow. Thermal resistance is the
reciprocal of thermal conductance. (Absolute) thermal resistance R in K/W is a property

of a component.

Infiltration - is described as outside air that leaks into a building structure. These leaks

could be through the building construction or through entry doors.

Fenestration - affects building energy use through four basic mechanisms: thermal heat

transfer, solar heat gain, air leakage, and daylighting.

 Rough Estimation of Capacity of Air Conditioning Unit

(Tolentino’s Apartment, Rosario, Cavite)

1.0 Design Temperature Difference

In making an estimation of finding the capacity of air conditioning unit to be installed

in a specific building, factors such as temperature of the surrounding must be considered

the table below represents the peak temperature for the span of 10 years:

Maximum Maximum
Year Temperature Relative
Humidity
o
C o
F (%)

2009 29 84.2 90
2010 31 87.8 89
2011 32 89.6 84
2012 33 89.6 85
2013 34 93.2 85
2014 34 93.2 84
2015 34 93.2 79
2016 34 93.2 82
2017 34 93.2 78
2018 34 93.2 80
Table 1.Maximum Temperature, Rosario, Cavite (2009-2018)

World Weather Online. “Max, Min, and Average Temperature (°C)”. Rosario,
Cavite Weather History. Accessed March 11, 2019.
https://www.worldweatheronline.com/maragondon-weather-averages/cavite/ph.aspx

Considering the peak temperature 34oC for the surrounding temperature where

the room is exposed to. And the desired temperature from the range of 18oC – 27oC from

ASHRAE Standard 55-2013, using 21oC which is ideal room temperature.

1.1 Design Temperature Difference

Design temperature difference differs in each surface by taking consideration of

the solar radiation. A cooling factor or allowance for solar radiation (ASR) is added to the

difference of the outdoor maximum temperature (OMT) and indoor desired temperature

(IDT) to determine the design temperature difference, in equation form:

𝐷𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛 𝑇𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝐷𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 = (𝑂𝑀𝑇 − 𝐼𝐷𝑇) + 𝐴𝑆𝑅

Outdoor Indoor Design

Allowance
Maximum Desired Temperature
Surface Solar
Temperature Temperature Difference
Radiation (oC)
(oC) (oC) (oC)
N. Wall 34 21 1 14
E. Wall 34 21 2 15
W. Wall 34 21 2 15
S. Wall 34 21 1 14
Ceiling 34 21 5 18
Flooring 34 21 0 13
Table 2. Design Temperature Difference

1.2 Materials

Materials
Walls (North, East, West, and South) 112 mm concrete block, sand aggregate, 15 mm
cement plaster on both inside and outside of the
concrete
Floor 127 mm concrete lightweight aggregate with 6.35
mm Acoustical tile
Windows 4.445 mm triple glaze clear glass with operable
Insulated Fiberglass frame
Door 44.45 mm oak wood
12.7 mm Flat wood frame ceiling (insulated with R-
Ceiling 5.3 fiberglass) beneath vented attic with medium
asphalt shingle roof
Table 3. Materials
2.0 Surface Area

2.1 Wall Surface Area

Figure 1. Room Dimensions

2.1.1 North Wall

Figure 2. Surface Area for North Wall

𝑁𝑜𝑟𝑡ℎ 𝑊𝑎𝑙𝑙 = (𝐿 × ℎ) − 2(𝑊𝑤 × ℎ𝑤 )

𝑁𝑜𝑟𝑡ℎ 𝑊𝑎𝑙𝑙 = (6.1468𝑚 × 2.8448𝑚) − 2(1.0668𝑚 × 1.0668𝑚)

𝑵𝒐𝒓𝒕𝒉 𝑾𝒂𝒍𝒍 = 𝟏𝟓. 𝟐𝟏𝒎𝟐

2.1.2 West Wall

Figure 3. Surface Area for West Wall

𝑊𝑒𝑠𝑡 𝑊𝑎𝑙𝑙 = (𝐿 × ℎ) − (𝑊𝑤 × ℎ𝑤 )

𝑊𝑒𝑠𝑡 𝑊𝑎𝑙𝑙 = (2.8448𝑚 × 2.8448𝑚) − (1.0668𝑚 × 1.0668𝑚)

𝑾𝒆𝒔𝒕 𝑾𝒂𝒍𝒍 = 𝟔. 𝟗𝟓𝒎𝟐

2.1.3 South Wall

Figure 4. Surface Area for South Wall

𝑆𝑜𝑢𝑡ℎ 𝑊𝑎𝑙𝑙 = (𝐿 × ℎ)

𝑆𝑜𝑢𝑡ℎ 𝑊𝑎𝑙𝑙 = (6.1468𝑚 × 2.8448𝑚)

𝑺𝒐𝒖𝒕𝒉 𝑾𝒂𝒍𝒍 = 𝟏𝟕. 𝟒𝟗𝒎𝟐

2.1.4 East Wall

Figure 5. Surface Area for East Wall

𝐸𝑎𝑠𝑡 𝑊𝑎𝑙𝑙 = (𝐿 × ℎ) - (𝑊𝑑 × ℎ𝑑 )

𝐸𝑎𝑠𝑡 𝑊𝑎𝑙𝑙 = (2.8448𝑚 × 2.8448𝑚) − (. 6858𝑚 × 2.032𝑚)

𝑬𝒂𝒔𝒕 𝑾𝒂𝒍𝒍 = 𝟔. 𝟕𝟎𝒎𝟐

2.2 Window Surface Area

Figure 6. Windows Surface Area

𝑊𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑜𝑤𝑠 = (𝑊𝑤 × ℎ𝑤 )

𝑊𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑜𝑤𝑠 = (1.0668𝑚 × 1.066.8𝑚)

𝑾𝒊𝒏𝒅𝒐𝒘𝒔 = 𝟏. 𝟏𝟒𝒎𝟐

2.3 Door Surface Area

Figure 7. Door Surface Area

𝐷𝑜𝑜𝑟 = (𝑊𝑑 × ℎ𝑑 )

𝐷𝑜𝑜𝑟 = (. 6858𝑚 × 2.032𝑚)

𝑫𝒐𝒐𝒓 = 𝟏. 𝟑𝟗𝒎𝟐
2.4 Flooring Surface Area

Figure 8. Flooring Surface Area

𝐹𝑙𝑜𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 = (𝐿 × 𝑊)

𝐹𝑙𝑜𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 = (6.1468𝑚 × 2.8448𝑚)

𝐹𝑙𝑜𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 = 17.49𝑚2

2.5 Ceiling Surface Area

Figure 9. Ceiling Surface Area

𝐶𝑒𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑔 = (𝐿 × 𝑊)

𝐶𝑒𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑔 = (6.1468𝑚 × 2.8448𝑚)

𝑪𝒆𝒊𝒍𝒊𝒏𝒈 = 𝟏𝟕. 𝟒𝟗𝒎𝟐

Where:

𝐿 = 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑤𝑎𝑙𝑙/𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑜𝑟/𝑐𝑒𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑔

𝑊 = 𝑤𝑖𝑑𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑤𝑎𝑙𝑙/𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑜𝑟/𝑐𝑒𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑔

𝐻 = ℎ𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑤𝑎𝑙𝑙

𝑊𝑤 = 𝑤𝑖𝑑𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑜𝑤

ℎ𝑤 = ℎ𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑜𝑤

𝑊𝑑 = 𝑤𝑖𝑑𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑑𝑜𝑜𝑟

ℎ𝑑 = ℎ𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑑𝑜𝑜𝑟

2.6 Surface Area

Surface Area (𝑚2 )

North wall 15.21

West wall 6.95

South wall 17.49

East wall 6.70

Windows 1.14

Door 1.39

Flooring 17.49

Ceiling 17.49

Table 4. List of Surface Area

3.0 U Factor

1
𝑈=
𝑅𝑇

1
𝑈=
1 𝑥1 𝑥2 1
+ + +
ℎ𝑖 𝑘1 𝑘2 ℎ𝑜

3.1 For North, East, West, South Walls

Table 5. Thermal Conductivity for Walls (ASHRAE Handbook-Fundamentals, 2017)

𝑊
𝑘𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑟 = .72
𝑚−𝐾
𝑊
𝑘𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑒 = 1.4 𝑡𝑜 2.9
𝑚−𝐾
𝑊
𝑊𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑟, 𝑘𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑒 = 2.15
𝑚−𝐾
 Table 6. Surface Conductance for Walls (ASHRAE Handbook-Fundamentals, 2007)
𝑊
ℎ𝑖 = 8.29
𝑚2 − 𝐾
𝑊
ℎ𝑜 = 22.7
𝑚2
−𝐾

For 112 mm concrete block, sand aggregate, 15 mm cement plaster on both inside and

outside of the concrete substitute the values we get from above tables, to solve for

the 𝑈𝑤𝑎𝑙𝑙 .

1
𝑈𝑤𝑎𝑙𝑙 = 𝑥
1 𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑥 1
+ + 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑒 +
ℎ𝑖 𝑘𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑘𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑒 ℎ𝑜

1
𝑈𝑤𝑎𝑙𝑙 =
1 . 015𝑚 . 112𝑚 1
𝑊 + 𝑊 + 𝑊 + 𝑊
8.29 2 . 72 2 2.15 2 22.7 2
𝑚 −𝐾 𝑚 −𝐾 𝑚 −𝐾 𝑚 −𝐾

𝑊
𝑼𝒘𝒂𝒍𝒍 = 𝟒. 𝟐𝟏
𝑚2 − 𝐾
3.2 For Flooring

Table 7. R-Values for Flooring (ASHRAE Handbook-Fundamentals, 2017)

Through interpolation we can get:

𝑚2 − 𝐾
𝑅𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑒 = .26
𝑊

For finishing material 6.35mm Cork tile

𝑚2 − 𝐾
𝑅𝐶𝑜𝑟𝑘 𝑡𝑖𝑙𝑒 = 0.09
𝑊

See Table 5. Thermal Conductivity for Walls for the conductivity value of sand aggregate.

𝑊
𝑘𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑟 = .72
𝑚−𝐾
See Table 6. Surface Conductance for flooring for the value of surface conductance ℎ𝑖

and ℎ𝑜 in horizontal position and upward direction (ASHRAE Handbook-Fundamentals,

2017).

𝑊
ℎ𝑖 = 9.26
𝑚2−𝐾
𝑊
ℎ𝑜 = 22.7
𝑚2−𝐾

For 127 mm concrete lightweight aggregate with 6.35 mm Cork tile substitute the

values from above to solve for 𝑈𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 .

1
𝑈𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 = 𝑥𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑟 1
1
+𝑅𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑒 + 𝑅𝐶𝑜𝑟𝑘 𝑡𝑖𝑙𝑒 + +
ℎ𝑖 𝑘𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑟 ℎ𝑜

1
𝑈𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 =
1 𝑚2 −𝐾 𝑚2 − 𝐾 . 127𝑚 1
𝑊 + .26 𝑊 + 0.09 𝑊 + 𝑊 + 𝑊
9.26 2 . 72 22.7 2
𝑚 −𝐾 𝑚−𝐾 𝑚 −𝐾

𝑊
𝑼𝒇𝒍𝒐𝒐𝒓𝒊𝒏𝒈 = 𝟏. 𝟒𝟕
𝑚2 −𝐾

3.3 For Doors

For values of ℎ𝑖 and ℎ𝑜 see Table 6. Surface Conductance for Walls (ASHRAE

Handbook-Fundamentals, 2017).

𝑊
ℎ𝑖 = 8.29
𝑚2−𝐾
𝑊
ℎ𝑜 = 22.7
𝑚2−𝐾
 Table 8. Thermal Conductivity for Door (ASHRAE Handbook-Fundamentals, 2017)

𝑊
𝑘𝑑𝑜𝑜𝑟 = .17
𝑚−𝐾

For 44.45 mm oak wood substitutes the values from above to solve for 𝑈𝑑𝑜𝑜𝑟 .

1
𝑈𝑑𝑜𝑜𝑟 =
1 𝑥𝑜𝑎𝑘 𝑑𝑜𝑜𝑟 1
+ +
ℎ𝑖 𝑘𝑜𝑎𝑘 𝑑𝑜𝑜𝑟 ℎ𝑜

1
𝑈𝑑𝑜𝑜𝑟 =
1 . 04445𝑚 1
𝑊 + 𝑊 + 𝑊
8.29 2 . 17 𝑚 − 𝐾 22.7 2
𝑚 −𝐾 𝑚 −𝐾

𝑊
𝑼𝒅𝒐𝒐𝒓 = 𝟐. 𝟑𝟓
𝑚2 − 𝐾
3.4 For Ceiling/Roof

Table 9. Thermal Conductivity for Ceiling (ASHRAE Handbook-Fundamentals, 2017)

𝑊
𝑘𝐶𝑒𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑔 = .25
𝑚−𝐾

For values of ℎ𝑖 and ℎ𝑜 see Table 6. Surface Conductance for Walls – Horizontal

Downward (ASHRAE Handbook-Fundamentals, 2017).

𝑊
ℎ𝑖 = 6.13
𝑚2−𝐾
𝑊
ℎ𝑜 = 22.7
𝑚2 − 𝐾

For 12.7mm cement board substitutes the values from above to solve for 𝑈𝐶𝑒𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑔

1
𝑈𝐶𝑒𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑔 =
1 𝑥𝑜𝑎𝑘 𝑑𝑜𝑜𝑟 1
+ +
ℎ𝑖 𝑘𝑜𝑎𝑘 𝑑𝑜𝑜𝑟 ℎ𝑜

1
𝑈𝐶𝑒𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑔 =
1 . 0127𝑚 1
𝑊 + 𝑊 + 𝑊
6.13 2 . 25 𝑚 − 𝐾 22.7 2
𝑚 −𝐾 𝑚 −𝐾

𝑊
𝑼𝑪𝒆𝒊𝒍𝒊𝒏𝒈 = 𝟑. 𝟖𝟕𝟔
𝑚2 −𝐾
 𝑊
Surface Conductance (𝑚2 −𝐾)

Walls 4.21
Flooring 1.90
Door 2.35
Ceiling 3.876
Table 10. Lists of U Factor

4.0 Estimation of External Cooling Loads

4.1 Cooling Load through Opaque Surfaces

This is a sensible heat transfer process. The heat transfer rate through opaque

surfaces such as walls, roof, floor, doors etc.

𝑄𝑜𝑝𝑎𝑞𝑢𝑒 = 𝑈. 𝐴. 𝐶𝐿𝑇𝐷

Where

𝑈 = 𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙𝑙 ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑓𝑒𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡

𝐴 = ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑓𝑒𝑟 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒 𝑜𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑒𝑑 𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑒 (see Table 4)

𝐶𝐿𝑇𝐷 = 𝑐𝑜𝑜𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 (see Table 2)

4.1.1 For North Wall

𝑄𝑛𝑜𝑟𝑡ℎ 𝑤𝑎𝑙𝑙 = 𝑈𝑤𝑎𝑙𝑙 . 𝐴𝑛𝑜𝑟𝑡ℎ 𝑤𝑎𝑙𝑙 . 𝐶𝐿𝑇𝐷𝑛𝑜𝑟𝑡ℎ 𝑤𝑎𝑙𝑙

𝑊
𝑄𝑛𝑜𝑟𝑡ℎ 𝑤𝑎𝑙𝑙 = (4.21 ) . (15.21𝑚2 ). (14 𝐾)
𝑚2−𝐾

𝑄𝑛𝑜𝑟𝑡ℎ 𝑤𝑎𝑙𝑙 = 896.48 𝑊

4.1.2 For West Wall

𝑄𝑤𝑒𝑠𝑡 𝑤𝑎𝑙𝑙 = 𝑈𝑤𝑎𝑙𝑙 . 𝐴𝑤𝑒𝑠𝑡 𝑤𝑎𝑙𝑙 . 𝐶𝐿𝑇𝐷𝑤𝑒𝑠𝑡 𝑤𝑎𝑙𝑙

𝑊
𝑄𝑤𝑒𝑠𝑡 𝑤𝑎𝑙𝑙 = (4.21 ). (6.95𝑚2 ). (15 𝐾)
𝑚2 − 𝐾

𝑄𝑤𝑒𝑠𝑡 𝑤𝑎𝑙𝑙 = 438.89 𝑊

4.1.3 For South Wall

𝑄𝑠𝑜𝑢𝑡ℎ 𝑤𝑎𝑙𝑙 = 𝑈𝑤𝑎𝑙𝑙 . 𝐴𝑠𝑜𝑢𝑡ℎ 𝑤𝑎𝑙𝑙 . 𝐶𝐿𝑇𝐷𝑠𝑜𝑢𝑡ℎ 𝑤𝑎𝑙𝑙

𝑊
𝑄𝑠𝑜𝑢𝑡ℎ 𝑤𝑎𝑙𝑙 = (4.21 ) . (17.49𝑚2 ). (14𝐾)
𝑚2 −𝐾

𝑄𝑠𝑜𝑢𝑡ℎ 𝑤𝑎𝑙𝑙 = 1030.86 𝑊

4.1.4 For East Wall

𝑄𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑡 𝑤𝑎𝑙𝑙 = 𝑈𝑤𝑎𝑙𝑙 . 𝐴𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑡 𝑤𝑎𝑙𝑙 . 𝐶𝐿𝑇𝐷𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑡 𝑤𝑎𝑙𝑙

𝑊
𝑄𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑡 𝑤𝑎𝑙𝑙 = (4.21 ) . (6.70𝑚2 ). (15 𝐾)
𝑚2−𝐾

𝑄𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑡 𝑤𝑎𝑙𝑙 = 423.10 𝑊

4.1.5 For Door

𝑄𝑑𝑜𝑜𝑟 = 𝑈𝑑𝑜𝑜𝑟 . 𝐴𝑑𝑜𝑜𝑟 . 𝐶𝐿𝑇𝐷𝑑𝑜𝑜𝑟/𝐸𝑎𝑠𝑡 𝑤𝑎𝑙𝑙

𝑊
𝑄𝑑𝑜𝑜𝑟 = (2.35 ) . (1.39𝑚2 ). (15 𝐾)
𝑚2 −𝐾

𝑄𝑑𝑜𝑜𝑟 = 49 𝑊
4.1.6 For Flooring

𝑄𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 = 𝑈𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 . 𝐴𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 . 𝐶𝐿𝑇𝐷𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔

𝑊
𝑄𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 = (1.90 ) . (17.49𝑚2 ). (13 𝐾)
𝑚2 −𝐾

𝑄𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 = 432 𝑊

4.1.7 For Ceiling

𝑄𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 = 𝑈𝐶𝑒𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑔 . 𝐴𝐶𝑒𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑔 . 𝐶𝐿𝑇𝐷𝐶𝑒𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑔

𝑊
𝑄𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 = (3.876 ) . (17.49𝑚2 ). (18 𝐾)
𝑚2 −𝐾

𝑄𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 = 1220.24 𝑊

4.1.8 Total Cooling Load Through Opaque Surfaces

Opaque Surfaces
Heat Gain (W)
North wall 896.48
West wall 438.89
South wall 1030.36
East wall 423.10
Door 49
Flooring 432
Ceiling 1220.24
Total Heat Gain: 4490.57

Table 11. Total Cooling load through Opaque Surfaces

4.2 Cooling Load through Fenestration

Heat transfer through transparent surface such as window, includes heat transfer

by conduction due to temperature difference across the window and heat transfer due to

solar radiation through the window.

𝑄𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠 = 𝐴𝑢𝑛𝑠ℎ𝑎𝑑𝑒𝑑 . 𝐶𝐹

𝐶𝐹 = 𝑈(𝐶𝐿𝑇𝐷 − .46𝐷𝑅) + 𝑃𝑋𝐼. 𝑆𝐻𝐺𝐶. 𝐼𝐴𝐶. 𝐹𝐹𝑠

Where:

𝑄𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠 = 𝐻𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝑇𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑓𝑒𝑟 , 𝑊

𝐴𝑢𝑛𝑠ℎ𝑎𝑑𝑒𝑑 = 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑒𝑥𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑑 𝑡𝑜 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = 1.14𝑚2 (see Table 4)

𝑊
𝐶𝐹 = 𝑆𝑢𝑟𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒 𝐶𝑜𝑜𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟,
𝑚2

𝑊
𝑈 = 𝐹𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑁𝐹𝑅𝐶 ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑈 − 𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟, 𝑚2 −𝐾 (see table 12)

𝐶𝐿𝑇𝐷 = 𝑐𝑜𝑜𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 (see Table 2)

𝐷𝑅 = 𝑑𝑎𝑖𝑙𝑦 𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑑𝑜𝑜𝑟 𝑑𝑟𝑦 𝑏𝑢𝑙𝑏 𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 = 9.3 𝐾 (𝐴𝑆𝐻𝑅𝐸𝐴 𝑆𝑇𝐴𝑁𝐷𝐴𝑅𝐷 2017)

𝑊
𝑃𝑋𝐼 = 𝑃𝑒𝑎𝑘 𝑒𝑥𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑜𝑟 𝑖𝑟𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒, (see Table 12)
𝑚2

𝑆𝐻𝐺𝐶 = 𝐹𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑜𝑟 𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝐻𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝑔𝑎𝑖𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 (see Table 12)

𝐼𝐴𝐶 = 𝐼𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑜𝑟 𝑠ℎ𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡

𝐹𝐹𝑠 = 𝐹𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟(see Table 15)

4.2.1 U Factor and Solar Heat Gain Coefficient

Table 12. Fenestration Characteristics (ASHRAE Handbook-Fundamentals, 2017)

𝑾
U-FACTOR for North/West Windows = 1.91 𝒎𝟐−𝑲

SHGC for North/West Windows =. 𝟓𝟏

4.2.2 Peak Exterior Irradiance (PXI)

Table 13. Peak Irradiance (ASHRAE Handbook-Fundamentals, 2017)

𝑾
Peak Irradiance for North Windows = 135.33
𝒎𝟐
𝑾
Peak Irradiance for West Windows = 468
𝒎𝟐 −𝑲
𝟒. 𝟐. 𝟑 𝐈𝐧𝐭𝐞𝐫𝐢𝐨𝐫 𝐬𝐡𝐚𝐝𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐚𝐭𝐭𝐞𝐧𝐮𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐜𝐨𝐞𝐟𝐟𝐢𝐜𝐢𝐞𝐧𝐭 (IAC)
In some cases, it is reasonable to assume that a shade is partially open. For

example, drapes are often partially open to admit daylight. IAC values are computed as

follows:

𝑰𝑨𝑪 = 𝟏 + 𝑭𝑪𝑳 (𝑰𝑨𝑪𝑪𝑳 − 𝟏)

Where:

IAC = Interior shading attenuation coefficient

𝐹𝐶𝐿 = 𝑆ℎ𝑎𝑑𝑒 𝑓𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 (0 𝑡𝑜 1), 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 .5

IACCL = Interior attenuation coefficient of fenestration with partially closed shade

(See table 14)

Table 14. Interior attenuation coefficient (ASHRAE Handbook-Fundamentals, 2017)

substitutes the values from above to solve for IAC

𝑰𝑨𝑪 = 𝟏 + 𝑭𝑪𝑳 (𝑰𝑨𝑪𝑪𝑳 − 𝟏)

𝑰𝑨𝑪 = 𝟏+. 𝟓(. 𝟔𝟒 − 𝟏)

𝑰𝑨𝑪 = . 𝟖𝟐
𝟒. 𝟐. 𝟒 𝐅𝐞𝐧𝐞𝐬𝐭𝐫𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐬𝐨𝐥𝐚𝐫 𝐥𝐨𝐚𝐝 𝐅𝐚𝐜𝐭𝐨𝐫 (FFs)

Table 15. Fenestration Solar Load Factors (ASHRAE Handbook-Fundamentals, 2017)

FFs for North Windows = .44

FFs for West Windows = .56

4.2.4.1 For North Windows

Considering 2 windows for north wall:

𝑄𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠 = 𝐴𝑢𝑛𝑠ℎ𝑎𝑑𝑒𝑑 . 𝐶𝐹. 2

𝐶𝐹 = 𝑈(𝐶𝐿𝑇𝐷 − .46𝐷𝑅) + 𝑃𝑋𝐼. 𝑆𝐻𝐺𝐶. 𝐼𝐴𝐶. 𝐹𝐹𝑠

𝑊 𝑊
𝐶𝐹 = 1.91 ((14 − .46(9))𝐾 + 135.33 2 (.51)(.82)(.44)
𝑚2
−𝐾 𝑚

𝑊
𝐶𝐹 = 43.73
𝑚2

𝑊
𝑄𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠 = 1.14 𝑚2 . 43.73 .2
𝑚2

𝑄𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠 = 99.71 𝑊
4.2.4.1 For West Window

𝑄𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠 = 𝐴𝑢𝑛𝑠ℎ𝑎𝑑𝑒𝑑 . 𝐶𝐹

𝐶𝐹 = 𝑈(𝐶𝐿𝑇𝐷 − .46𝐷𝑅) + 𝑃𝑋𝐼. 𝑆𝐻𝐺𝐶. 𝐼𝐴𝐶. 𝐹𝐹𝑠

𝑊 𝑊
𝐶𝐹 = 1.91 ((15 − .46(9))𝐾 + 468 2 (.51)(.82)(.56)
𝑚2−𝐾 𝑚

𝑊
𝐶𝐹 = 130.34
𝑚2

𝑊
𝑄𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠 = 1.14 𝑚2 . 130.34
𝑚2

𝑄𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠 = 148.59𝑊

4.2.5 Total Cooling load through Fenestration

Transparent Surfaces
Cooling Load (𝑊)
North Windows 99.71
West Window 148.59
Total Heat Gain: 248.3

Table 16. Total Heat Gain through Transparent Fenestration Surfaces

4.3 Cooling load due to Infiltration/Ventilation

Heat transfer due to infiltration consists of both sensible as well as latent

components.
4.3.1 Sensible Heat Transfer Rate Due to Infiltration/Ventilation

𝑄𝑣𝑖,𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑏𝑙𝑒 = 123. 𝐶𝑠 (𝑄𝑣,𝑐 )(𝑇𝑜 − 𝑇𝑖 )

Where:

𝑄𝑣𝑖,𝑠 = sensible ventilation/infiltration load

𝐿
𝑄𝑣,𝑐 = 𝐶𝑜𝑚𝑏𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑑 𝑖𝑛𝑓𝑖𝑙𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑉𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒, 𝑠

(𝑇𝑜 − 𝑇𝑖 ) =Temperature Difference (see table 2 )

𝑊
𝐶𝑠 = 𝐴𝑖𝑟 𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝐶𝑜𝑜𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 , (9.1 𝐿−𝑠−𝐾
ASHREA standard 2017)

𝑊
1.23= air sensible heat factor at standard air conditions,
𝑚3 −𝑠

4.3.2 Infiltration Rate by Air Change Method

3.6𝑄𝑖
𝐴𝐶𝐻 =
𝑉

𝑄𝑖 = 𝐴𝐸𝑆 . 𝐴𝑈𝐿 . 𝐼𝐷𝐹

Where

𝐴𝐶𝐻 = 𝐴𝑖𝑟 𝑒𝑥𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒, 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒𝑠 𝑝𝑒𝑟 ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟

𝑄𝑖 = 𝑖𝑛𝑓𝑖𝑙𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑎𝑖𝑟𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒, 𝐿/𝑠

𝑉 = 𝑔𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑒𝑑 𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑒 (𝑚3 )

𝐴𝑈𝐿 = 𝑈𝑛𝑖𝑡 𝐿𝑒𝑎𝑘𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 (see table 18)

𝑐𝑚2
𝐴𝐸𝑆 = 𝐸𝑥𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑑 𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎, = 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑒
𝑚2
 Table 17. Typical IDF Values (ASHRAE Handbook-Fundamentals, 2017)

Through interpolation we can get:

𝑳
IDF Value = .0494 𝒔−𝒄𝒎𝟐

Figure 10. Length, Width and Height for First Floor

 𝑉 = 𝐿×𝑊×ℎ

𝑉 = 6.1468𝑚 × 2.8448𝑚 × 2.8448𝑚

𝑉 = 49.75𝑚3

Solving the values of 𝑖𝑛𝑓𝑖𝑙𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑎𝑖𝑟𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒, 𝐿/𝑠

𝑄𝑖 = 𝐴𝐸𝑆 . 𝐴𝑈𝐿 . 𝐼𝐷𝐹

𝑐𝑚2 𝐿
𝑄𝑖 = 49.75𝑚2 . 2.8 2
. (0.0494 )
𝑚 𝑠 − 𝑐𝑚2
𝐿
𝑄𝑖 = 6.88
𝑠

Table 18. Unit Leakage Areas (ASHRAE Handbook-Fundamentals, 2017)

Substitute the values of ACH and volume to get the infiltration rate:

3.6𝑄𝑖
𝐴𝐶𝐻 =
𝑉
𝐿
3.6(6.88 𝑠 )
𝐴𝐶𝐻 =
49.75𝑚3

𝐴𝐶𝐻 = .498
4.3.2.1 Ventilation outdoor air requirement

Natural leakage rates are often insufficient to maintain acceptable indoor air

quality. ASHRAE Standard 62.2 specifies the required minimum whole-building ventilation

rate as

𝑄𝑣 = 0.15𝐴𝐶𝑒𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑔 + 3.5(𝑁𝑏𝑟 + 1)

Where:
𝐿
𝑄𝑣 = 𝑅𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒, 𝑠

𝐴𝐶𝑒𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑔 = 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝐶𝑒𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑔 , 𝑚2 (see table 4)

𝑁𝑏𝑟 = 𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑒𝑑𝑟𝑜𝑜𝑚𝑠 (𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑙𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑛 1 ) , considering 1

Substitute the values of 𝐴𝐶𝑒𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑔 and𝑁𝑏𝑟 to get the ventilation flow rate:

𝑄𝑣 = 0.15𝐴𝐶𝑒𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑔 + 3.5(𝑁𝑏𝑟 + 1)

𝑄𝑣 = 0.15(17.49𝑚2 + 3.5(1 + 1)

𝐿
𝑄𝑣 = 9.62
𝑠

Find the combined infiltration/ventilation flow rates by summing the balanced ventilation

flow with net infiltration flow derived with:

𝑄𝑣,𝐶 = 𝑄𝑣 + max(0, 𝑄𝑖 + .5 𝑥0 )

𝐿 𝐿
𝑄𝑣,𝐶 = 9.62 𝑠 + max(0,6.88 𝑠 + .5 𝑥0 )

𝐿
𝑄𝑣,𝐶 =16.5
𝑠

Now we can get the sensible heat gain through infiltration and ventilation,

𝑄𝑣𝑖,𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑏𝑙𝑒 = 1.23. 𝐶𝑠 (𝑄𝑣,𝑐 )(𝑇𝑜 − 𝑇𝑖 )

𝑊 𝐿
𝑄𝑣𝑖,𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑏𝑙𝑒 = (1.23). (9.1 )(16.5 )(16)
𝐿−𝑠−𝐾 𝑠

𝑄𝑣𝑖,𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑏𝑙𝑒 = 2954.95 𝑊
4.3.3 Latent Heat Transfer Rate Due to Infiltration

𝑄𝑣𝑖,𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑡 = 1.23𝐶𝐿 (𝑄𝑣,𝑐 )(𝑊𝑜 − 𝑊𝑖 )

Where
𝑊
𝐶𝑙 = 𝐴𝑖𝑟 𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑜𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 , (1190.91 𝐿−𝑠 ASHREA standard 2017)

𝐿
𝑄𝑣,𝐶 = 𝑜𝑚𝑏𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑑 𝑖𝑛𝑓𝑖𝑙𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑉𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒,
𝑠

𝑊𝑜 = 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑑𝑜𝑜𝑟 ℎ𝑢𝑚𝑖𝑑𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑓𝑜𝑟 33˚C

𝑊𝑖 = 𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑜𝑜𝑟 ℎ𝑢𝑚𝑖𝑑𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑓𝑜𝑟 22.5 ˚C

Table 19. Humidity Ratio (ASHRAE Handbook-Fundamentals, 2017)

Through interpolation we can get the outdoor and indoor humidity ratio from Table 19.

𝑊𝑜 = 0.0328

𝑊𝑖 = 0.0173
Now we can get the latent heat gain through infiltration,

𝑄𝑣𝑖,𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑡 = 𝐶𝐿 (𝑄𝑣,𝑐 )(𝑊𝑜 − 𝑊𝑖 )

𝑊 𝐿
𝑄𝑣𝑖,𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑡 = 1190.91 (16.5 )(0.0328 − 0.0173)
𝐿−𝑠 𝑠

𝑄𝑣𝑖,𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑡 = 304.57𝑊

4.3.4 Total Cooling Load due to Infiltration/Ventilation

𝑄𝑖𝑛𝑓𝑖𝑙𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛/𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = 𝑄𝑣𝑖,𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑏𝑙𝑒 + 𝑄𝑣𝑖,𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑡

𝑄𝑖𝑛𝑓𝑖𝑙𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛/𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = 2402.4 𝑊 + 304.57

𝑄𝑖𝑛𝑓𝑖𝑙𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = 2706.97 𝑊

5.0 Estimation of Internal Loads

5.1 Cooling Load due to Occupants

The internal cooling load due to occupants consists of both sensible and latent

heat components. The full design capacity of the room is 4 persons. 2 are assumed seated

with very light work and the other 2 are moderately active in office work.

5.1.1 Sensible Heat Gain of Occupants

𝑄𝑠,𝑜𝑐𝑐𝑢𝑝𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑠 = (𝑁𝑜. 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑒𝑜𝑝𝑙𝑒)(𝑆𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑏𝑙𝑒 ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡/𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑜𝑛)(𝐶𝐿𝐹)

 CLF for people is a function of the time people spending in the conditioned space,

and the time elapsed since first entering. CLF is equal to 1 if the space temperature is not

maintained constant during the 24-hour period.

Table 20. Heat of Human Beings (ASHRAE-Handbook Fundamentals, 2017)

The full design capacity of the Room is 4 persons. 2 are assumed seated with very

light work and the other 2 are moderately active in office work. The average sensible heat

we used is 72.5𝑊

Now we can get the sensible heat of occupants,

𝑄𝑠,𝑜𝑐𝑐𝑢𝑝𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑠 = (𝑁𝑜. 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑒𝑜𝑝𝑙𝑒)(𝑆𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑏𝑙𝑒 ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡/𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑜𝑛)(𝐶𝐿𝐹)

𝑄𝑠,𝑜𝑐𝑐𝑢𝑝𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑠 = (4)(72.5𝑊)(1)

𝑄𝑠,𝑜𝑐𝑐𝑢𝑝𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑠 = 290 𝑊

5.1.2 Latent Heat Gain of Occupants

Since the latent heat gain from the occupants is instantaneous the CLF for latent

heat gain is 1.0, thus the latent

𝑄𝑙,𝑜𝑐𝑐𝑢𝑝𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑠 = (𝑁𝑜. 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑒𝑜𝑝𝑙𝑒)(𝐿𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑡 ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡/𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑜𝑛)

 The average latent heat we used referring to Table 20 is 50𝑊

Now we can get the sensible heat of occupants,

𝑄𝑙,𝑜𝑐𝑐𝑢𝑝𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑠 = (𝑁𝑜. 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑒𝑜𝑝𝑙𝑒)(𝐿𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑡 ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡/𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑜𝑛)

𝑄𝑙,𝑜𝑐𝑐𝑢𝑝𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑠 = (4)(50)

𝑄𝑙,𝑜𝑐𝑐𝑢𝑝𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑠 = 200𝑊

5.1.3 Total Occupancy Heat Gain

𝑄 𝑜𝑐𝑐𝑢𝑝𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑠 = 𝑄𝑠,𝑜𝑐𝑐𝑢𝑝𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑠 + 𝑄𝑙,𝑜𝑐𝑐𝑢𝑝𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑠

𝑄 𝑜𝑐𝑐𝑢𝑝𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑠 = 290𝑊 + 200𝑊

𝑄 𝑜𝑐𝑐𝑢𝑝𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑠 = 490𝑊

5.2 Load due to Lighting

Lighting adds sensible heat to the conditioned space. Since the heat transferred

from the lighting system consists of both radiation and convection.

𝑄𝑙𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 = 𝑊. 𝐹𝑢𝑙 . 𝐹𝑠𝑎 . 𝑆𝐹

Where:

𝑊 = 𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑙𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒

𝐹𝑢𝑙 = 𝑙𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑢𝑠𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟

𝐹𝑠𝑎 = 𝑙𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟

𝑆𝐹 = 𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑒 𝑓𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
5.2.1 Lighting Usage Factor

The lighting usage factor is the ratio of wattage in use, for conditions under which

the load estimate is being made, to total installed wattage. For commercial applications

such as stores, the use factor is generally 1.0 (ASHRAE Handbook-Fundamentals, 2017).

5.2.2 Special Allowance Factor

The special allowance factor considers the heat from ballasts. This factor is

typically 1.2 for fluorescent lights and 1.0 for incandescent lights due to the lack of ballasts

in incandescent lights (ASHRAE Handbook-Fundamentals, 2009).

5.2.3 Space Fraction

Table 21. Lighting Heat Gain Parameters (ASHRAE-Handbook Fundamentals, 2017)

The Room has two recessed fluorescent luminaire and has 40𝑊 wattage. Now we

can get the load due to lighting.

𝑄𝑙𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 = 𝑊. 𝐹𝑢𝑙 . 𝐹𝑠𝑎 . 𝑆𝐹. 2

𝑄𝑙𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 = (40𝑊)(1)(1.2)(0.69)(2)

𝑄𝑙𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 = 66.24𝑊
5.3 Power Loads

Instantaneous sensible heat gain from equipment operated by electric motors such

as fans in a conditioned space is calculated as

𝑃
𝑄𝑒𝑚 = ( ) . (𝐹𝑈 ). (𝐹𝐿 )
𝐸𝑀
Where

𝑄𝑒𝑚 = ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑝𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛, 𝑊

𝑃 = 𝑚𝑜𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔, 𝑊
𝐸𝑀 = 𝑚𝑜𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦, 𝑑𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑙 𝑓𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 < 1.0
𝐹𝑈𝑀 = 𝑚𝑜𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑢𝑠𝑒 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟, 1.0 𝑜𝑟 𝑑𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑙 𝑓𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 < 1.0
𝐹𝐿𝑀 = 𝑚𝑜𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟, 1.0 𝑜𝑟 𝑑𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑙 𝑓𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 < 1.0

Electric Motor Input Rating (W)

1 Orbit Fan 75
Total Power 75
Table 22. Input Rating of Electric Motor

Now we can get the power load

75𝑊
𝑄𝑒𝑚 =. ( ) . (1). (1)
0.50
𝑄𝑒𝑚 = 150𝑊

5.4 Loads due to Appliances and Equipment

For appliances and equipment such as televisions, computers, printers etc., the

load is in the form of sensible heat transfer and is estimated based on the rated power

consumption.
 Load Rated Power Consumption (W)

1 LED Television 130

1 Laptop 8 GB RAM, 17 in. screen 60

4 Mobile phones (6 watts each) 24

Total Power Consumption 214

Table 23. Power Consumption of Appliances

𝑄𝑎𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑠 = 214W

6.0 Total Cooling Load

The total building load consists of heat transferred through the envelope (walls,

roof, floor, windows, doors etc.) and heat generated by occupants, equipment, and lights.

The total heat load is needed to be cooled by the air-conditioner. It is needed to be able

to choose the proper size of an air-conditioner for Tolentino’s apartment.

𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐻𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑 = 𝐸𝑥𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝐻𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑𝑠 + 𝐼𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝐻𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑𝑠

External Loads Cooling Load (W)

Total Heat Gain through Opaque Surfaces 4490.57

Total Heat Gain through Fenestration 248.3

Total Heat Gain due to
2706.97
Infiltration/Ventilation
Internal Loads

Total Occupancy Heat Gain 490

Load due to Lighting 66.24

Power Loads 150

Loads due to Appliances and
214
Equipment
Total Cooling Load: 8366.08
Table 24. Total Cooling Load
6.1 Required Cooling Load Capacity

The selection of air-conditioner for the apartment varies from the required cooling

load. The total heat load needs to convert to horsepower to select appropriate size of air

conditioner. The air conditioner is assumed to be 8 hours in operation.

𝐽 8 ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑠
𝑅𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝐶𝑜𝑜𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑 = 8366.08 𝑠 × (24 ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑠)

𝑅𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝐶𝑜𝑜𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑 = 2788.69𝑊

1𝑇𝑅
𝑅𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝐶𝑜𝑜𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑 = 2788.69𝑊 ×
3516𝑊

𝑅𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝐶𝑜𝑜𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑 = 0.79 𝑇𝑅

Figure 11 . Lay-out of Aircon Installation

A 1 𝑇𝑅 Air conditioner can remove the heat per hour from the Tolentino’s apartment

because the capacity of the air conditioner must be greater than the required cooling load.
REFERENCES

[1] American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc.,

(2017) ASHRAE Handbook-Fundamentals 2017 ., Atlanta, GA

[2] World Weather Online. (11 March 2019). Maximum Temperature, Rosario Cavite

(2009-2018), Max, Min, and Average Temperature (°C). Accessed from

https://www.worldweatheronline.com/maragondon-weather-averages/cavite/ph
APPENDICES

Table

Maximum Maximum
Year Temperature Relative
Humidity
o
C o
F (%)

2009 29 84.2 90
2010 31 87.8 89
2011 32 89.6 84
2012 33 89.6 85
2013 34 93.2 85
2014 34 93.2 84
2015 34 93.2 79
2016 34 93.2 82
2017 34 93.2 78
2018 34 93.2 80
Table 25.Maximum Temperature, Rosario, Cavite (2009-2018)

Outdoor Indoor Design

Allowance
Maximum Desired Temperature
Surface Solar
Temperature Temperature Difference
Radiation (oC)
(oC) (oC) (oC)
N. Wall 34 21 1 14
E. Wall 34 21 2 15
W. Wall 34 21 2 15
S. Wall 34 21 1 14
Ceiling 34 21 5 18
Flooring 34 21 0 13
Table 26. Design Temperature Difference

Materials
Walls (North, East, West, and South) 112 mm concrete block, sand aggregate, 15 mm
cement plaster on both inside and outside of the
concrete
Floor 127 mm concrete lightweight aggregate with 6.35
mm Acoustical tile
Windows 4.445 mm triple glaze clear glass with operable
Insulated Fiberglass frame
Door 44.45 mm oak wood
12.7 mm Flat wood frame ceiling (insulated with R-
Ceiling 5.3 fiberglass) beneath vented attic with medium
asphalt shingle roof
Table 27. Materials

Surface Area (𝑚2 )

North wall 15.21

West wall 6.95

South wall 17.49

East wall 6.70

Windows 1.14

Door 1.39

Flooring 17.49

Ceiling 17.49

Table 28. List of Surface Area

 𝑊
Surface Conductance (𝑚2 −𝐾)

Walls 4.21
Flooring 1.90
Door 2.35
Ceiling 3.876
Table 29. Lists of U Factor

Opaque Surfaces
Heat Gain (W)
North wall 896.48
West wall 438.89
South wall 1030.36
East wall 423.10
Door 49
Flooring 432
Ceiling 1220.24
Total Heat Gain: 4490.57

Table 30. Total Cooling load through Opaque Surfaces

 Transparent Surfaces
Cooling Load (𝑊)
North Windows 99.71
West Window 148.59
Total Heat Gain: 248.3

Table 31. Total Heat Gain through Transparent Fenestration Surfaces

 Electric Motor Input Rating (W)
1 Orbit Fan 75
Total Power 75
Table 32. Input Rating of Electric Motor
 Load Rated Power Consumption (W)

1 LED Television 130

1 Laptop 8 GB RAM, 17 in. screen 60

4 Mobile phones (6 watts each) 24

Total Power Consumption 214

Table 33. Power Consumption of Appliances

External Loads Cooling Load (W)

Total Heat Gain through Opaque Surfaces 4490.57

Total Heat Gain through Fenestration 248.3

Total Heat Gain due to
2706.97
Infiltration/Ventilation
Internal Loads

Total Occupancy Heat Gain 490

Load due to Lighting 66.24

Power Loads 150

Loads due to Appliances and
214
Equipment
Total Cooling Load: 8366.08
Table 34. Total Cooling Load
 FIGURES

Figure 12. Room Dimensions

Figure 13. Surface Area for North Wall

Figure 14. Surface Area for West Wall

Figure 15. Surface Area for South Wall

Figure 16. Surface Area for East Wall

Figure 17. Windows Surface Area

 Figure 18. Door Surface Area

Figure 19. Flooring Surface Area

 Figure 20. Ceiling Surface Area

Figure 21. Length, Width and Height for First Floor

Figure 22 . Lay-out of Aircon Installation