TEST Relea ees ees | IN CHEMICAL ENGINEERING C MORE THAN GO00 OBJECTIVE TYPE QUESTIONS) M. TAHIR ISHFAQ SAJIDA NAVEEDSEC Professional Series TEST YOUR KNOWLEDGE WITH OBJECTIVE TYPE IN CHEMICAL ENGINEERING (More than 6000 questions) M. TAHIR ISHFAQ Assistant Professor ~ SAJIDA NAVEED Lecturer STANDARD ENGINEERING CONSULTANTS FAISALABADAll rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, transcribed or used in any other form by any means, graphics, and mechanical, including photocopying, recording, typing, web distribution, information storage or any type of printing without the prior permission of the publisher. Author contact: M. Tahir Ishfaq Assistant Professor MSc. Chemical engineering NEC Institute of engineering and fertilizer research Jaranwala road Faisalabad. Ph. 0333-6556824 Fax. 041-9220360 E-mail: mtahirishfag@yahoo.com Sajida Naveed M.Phil Chemistry Major Contributors: Teachers Students M. Zia-ul-Haq Mehwish Riaz M. Rasool Ahmed Mubammad Qasim Humbul Suleman Wagar un Nisa Munawar Hussain Muhammad Usman This book is published with the co-operation of Standard Engineering Consultants. tors: sok depot: Urdu bazaar Lahore. Phone. 042-7358667 Depot: Urdu Bazar Lhore-042-37324718. depot; Amin pur bazaar Faisalabad.0334-6512291. t Tahir Photostate shop Jaranwala road 1,03 143048338. irkaz: Amin pur bazaar Faisalabad. ook shop Multan ks Gulgusht colony Multan ntre Punjab University Lahore. mitre UET Lahore Book Depot: Urdu Bazar Karachi. 021-2218365 can be delivered on request through courier. In dly send Draft or Pay order or Easy Paisa/UBL ie, in favor of M. Tahir Ishfaq to the following address. Tahir Ishfaq , Street # 3/A, Ali Chowk Ahmad Raza d Rasool Park (Madina Town) Faisalabad. 0333- 156824 ‘ (C Institute of Engineering & Fertilizer Research Muhammad Fahim Attari (0300-7274928) : Motorway Press, Urdu bazar Lahore edition September 2009 1100 Copies Reprint November 2011 1100 Copies Reprint May 2015 1100 Copies Price: Rs. 800Acknowledgement Tam very much thankful to ‘Allah who enabled me to write and complete this book. I am very much thankful to my colleagues, students and office staff who encouraged me and support me to write this book, Without their sincere efforts I was unable to complete this book. Lam particularly thankful to the Director NFC IEFR, Prof. Dr. Javaid Rabbani Khan who encouraged me for higher studies for PhD and writing this book. Tam thankful to Mr. Idrees Lab. assistant who first time start the work. On my directions so many students help me in typing and collecting useful questions for this book, particularly Mr. Humbul Suleman who gave special attention to this object. I am very much thankful to my collegues Dr. M. Ashraf Dogar, Mr. Rasool Ahmad (Associate Professor) and Mr. Zia ul Haq (Lecturer) in chemical engineering to give me better ideas and help me in proof reading. , 1am also thankful to Mr. Kanwar Saleem Akhtar former Head of chemical engineering department at NFC institute of engineering & fertilizer research Faisalabad and Mr. Tafzeel Khaliq (Associate’Professor) who encourage me to write this book. The author is also very much thankful to Dr. Shaid Raza Malik Head of chemical engineering department who spare me for Ph.D. work and to complete this book. Due to the efforts of my colleagues, friends and seniors J am successful to complete this book. During publishing of this book author tries to remove mistakes from this book, if you find any mistake in this book author will be highly obliged if you indicate the correction. ‘At the end I am especially thankful to my wife and other family members who made great efforts to spare me from other household jobs. M. Tahir Ishfaq June 29, 2009 Preface In 2005 I struggled to write a book on short questions js useful for students as well as for teachers. This book | for students of chemical engineering from first year to year and those who are preparing themselves for iew in various industries and competitive examinations. (Iso very much useful for students of Diploma in chemical wering and for B. Tech. (Honors.) and B. Tech. (Pass) in cal technology. This book is also useful for the persons ing on plants relating with chemical industry. tern selected for each subject, firstly short questions are and then in order to test the knowledge fill in the , true false and multiple choice questions are written. In way a student or reader systematically improve its ledge and test his hbilities about the subject. Almost all sary subjects (More than 20) are included in this. book uding computer fundamentals, chemistry, engineering gement and law. book is presented in different chapters and sections for venience of the readers and persons of a particular area of ly, It saves precious time of the reader and provides ortunity to prepare themselves in shortest possible time for ination preparations. Due to my engagement in teaching and other official gasignments the writing of this book has taken many years to complete. I try myself to write this book in an easy way so students can under stand it. Each subject is very much vast and | try my best to collect the important questions which are mostly asked. M. Tahir Jshfaq May 29, 2009ABOUT THE AUTHOR © M. Tahir Ishfaq got his B.Sc. & M.Sc. Chemical engineering degree from Punjab University Lahore in 1996 and in 1997: I got second position in M.Sc. Chemical engineering. Then I joined the Pak-American fertilizer Daud Khel Distt. Mianwali in May 1997. At the plant I took an active part during the erection and commissioning of the fertilizer plant particularly utilities and ammonia plant. 1 worked as a shift engineer at utilities and ammonia plant. Then I joined NFC institute of engineering and fertilizer research Jaranwala road Faisalabad in March 2000. 1 did my Master in computer science from Mohi-ud-din Islamic University in 2003. Now I registered as Ph.D student at university of engineering and technology Lahore in 2007, Unfortunately I did not complete’ my Ph.D from UET Lahore. Sajida Naveed did her M.Sc.’Chemistry from Agricultural University Faisalabad in 2002. Then she serves in various private schools as science teacher for 03 years. In 2007 she joins UET Faisalabad campus and serves as Lecturer / Research associate in chemical engineering department. She did her M.Phil. Chemistry in 2009 from Agricultural University Faisalabad. List of Subjects Subject Short MCQ’s | Fillin | True E Questions the esse Blanks 176 29 31 :- 300 53 49 59 319 8 20 10 278 19 - - 240 31. | 39 «| = 121 10 : 20 ~ Combustion Chemical Process 457 38 5 15 Industries Heat Transfer 291 42 10 = Mass Transfer 303 30 29 - Chemical 202 65 - ~ Reaction Engineering Unit Process 277 - = - | Instrumentation 470 40 110 | -- and Process Control * | Environmental 169 - - - Engineering Industrial 130 - - - Management & law15 | Chemical 114 8 16 - | engineering plant design 16 | Gas engineering 41 - —- 17 | Steam & Boiler 112 25 21 Fundamentals 18 | Chemical 661 54 78 Engineering Thermodynamics 19 | Stoichiometry 130 - - 20 | Mechanical 302 24, - Fundamentals Total questions 5093 476 428 Detail of Contents Description Particle Technology Size reduction Crystallization Separation Sedimentation Filtration Mixing Fill in the Blanks Chemistry Fundamentals Gaseous and liquid state Solutions Page No. 1-20 1 9 ll 13 13 15 16 21-63 21 25 26 Analytical techniques / instruments 29 Electrochemistry Acid base titration Surface tension Viscosity Stereochemistry Chemical kinetics Salt analysis Catalyst xs Multiple choice questions Fill in the blanks True False Computer & Computation Computer fundamentals Keyboard Memory Storage devices Printers Microsoft Word Microsoft Excel Microsoft Power Point 32Ch.4 Ch.6 3.10 Internet C++ (plus plus) Data base system Fill in the blanks True False Multiple choice questions Fluid Flow Fluid Dynamics & Fundamentals Hydrostatics Pipes and Fittings Pumps Valves Flow measuring devices Flow through piping Fluidization Separation processes / Decanters Important Formulae MCQ’s Fill in the blanks True False Electricity Electricity fundamentals Magnetism Generators Transformers Semiconductors Motors Fill in the blanks Multiple choice questions Fuel and Combustion Fuel and its types Combustion Fuel testing Furnace Gas burners Fill in the blanks Multiple choice questions 80 81 98 100 101 102 103-144 103 109 110 11 123 126 130 131 134 136 137 139 141 145-176 145 156 161 164 166 167 171 173 177-191 177 178 184 187 188 189 190 Chemical Process Industries Fertilizers fundamentals Single super phosphate (SSP) Ammonia Urea Ammonium nitrate Ammonium sulfate Di calcium phosphate (DCP) Sulfuric acid Nitric acid Hydrochloric acid Water treatment Cement Glass Sugar industry Chlor-alkali industry Paper & pulp industry Plastic and Polymer industry Oil and fat industry Soap and detergent Shoe Polish Paints & varnish Prussian Blue Pigment Dust Cleaner Phenol Formaldehyde Resin Phosphoric Acid Nitrobenzene Miscellaneous True and False (Lubricants) Multiple Choice Questions Heat Transfer Fundamentals Conduction Convection Radiations Evaporators Heat exchangers Thermal Insulation 192-257 192 194 197 201 204 205 205 206 210 212 212 216 220 225 230 235 237 241 243 246 247 248 249 250 250 250 251 253 254 258-293 258 259 263 266 269 1273 283Pressure measuring devices 401 8.8 Important tips Composition measurements / analyzers405 8.9 Important formulae : " r ; Process control 407 8.10 Multiple choice questions Computerized Control 428 8.11 Fill in the blanks Interlocking 430 Ch.9 Mass Transfer Conirol valves 432 ol Fi ‘undamentals Process dynamics & Transfer functions438 9.2 Distillation Important Formulae 441 93 Absorption MCQ’s 442 a4 Deine \ Fill in the blanks 446 9.5 Humidification and cooling towers Environmental Engineering 454-478 9.6 Liquid Liquid Extraction Environmental fundamentals 454 9.7 Leaching Air pollution 455 9.8 Important Formulae Water treatment 461 9.9. Multiple choice questions & waste water treatment 9.10 Fill in the blanks Noise pollution 472 Ch.10 Chemical Reaction Engineering Equipments used in pollution control 473 10.1 Fundamentals of chemical kinetics Engineering management & law 479-505 10.2 Reactions and its types Management & its functions 479 10.3. Reactor design , Human resource management 481 10.4 Heterogeneous reactor design Recruitment & Effective Interview 483 10.5 Catalyst and catalysis Purchase procedure / Tenders 484 10.6 Important Formulae Insurance policies 485 10.7 Multiple choice questions Work order and work permits 487 Ch.11 Unit Process Motivation 488 11.1 Chemical kineties Worker welfare schemes 489 11.2 Nitration — Labor laws & Labor courts 490 11.3 Esterification ISO 9000 491 114 Sulfonation & sulfation Store & Inventory control 495 11.5 Amination Project planning 496 11.6 Oxidation — (Gantt chart, CPM, PERT) 11.7. Polymerization Break even analysis 498 11.8 Fermentation Ch.12 Instrumentation and Process control Log book, Log sheet, SOP, Check list 499 Training and career development 500 : Total quality management 500 12.1 Instrumentation 7 Important formulae 503 12.2 Level measuring devices Chemical engineering plant design 506-527 12.3 Flow measuring deviees Erection and commissioning 506 _124 — Temperature measuring devicesCh.16 Ch.17 15.2 eye) 15.4 15,9) 15.6 15.7 15.8 15:9 15.10. 15.11 15.12 15.13 15.14 16.1 16.2 16.3 16.4 16.5 17.1 17.2 173 174 i75 17.6 Wie, i7.8 17.9 17.10 17.11 Plant location Engineering economics Optimization Equipment design Engineering material of construction Important tips Corrosion Abbreviations Fill in the blanks Multiple choice questions True and False(Economics) Fill in the blanks Multiple choice questions Gas Engineering Introduction Geology and drilling Analysis of raw materials Treatment and purification Transmission storage and distribution Steam, Boiler & Power plant Steam fundamentals Boiler & its types Miniature steam power plant & steam engine De aerator Water treatment Condensers Turbines Compressors Steam traps Important Formulae Fill in the blanks / True false 17.11.1 Condensers questions 17.11.2 De aerators questions 17.11.3 Water treatment 17.11.4 Safety 17.11.5 Fill in the blanks of compressor 510 512 512 3513 518 522 523 524 525 525 525, 526 527. 528-53: 528 529 530 531 532 535-561 535 : 536 239 540 541 542 544 549 552 553 553 553 554 556 558 560 Chemical Engineering ‘Thermodynamics Thermodynamics fundamentals Gibbs Free Energy Nozzles Compression fundamentals Reftigeration unit : Multiple choice questions Fill in the blanks Stoichiometry-1 Units & Dimensions Dimensional Analysis Ideal Gas Stoichiometric Compositions Humidity & Saturation Mechanical Fundamentals Engineering drawings Mechanics Mechanical Technology 20.3.1 Fitting shop 20.3.2 Machine shop 20.3.3 Wood shop 20.3.4 Welding shop 20.3.5 ° Electrical shop 20.3.6 362-644 562 570 621 622 626 633 638 645-655 645 648 649 650 652 656-694 656 669 679 679 681 682 688 691 Multiple choice questions 693upter I Particle Technology 1 TICLE TECHNOLOGY What is unit operation? The process in which no chemical reaction is involved, e.g. ° Size reduction i ¢ Filtration © Screening © Mixing etc. What is unit process? The process in which chemical reaction is involved, e.g. e Esterification ° Hydrogenation ° Oxidation © Nitration How many types of Processes are there? Two types © Continuous Process in which the product is * continuously obtained. For large scale production we prefer continuous process, eg. sulfuric acid manufacturing, Urea manufacturing etc. ¢ Batch process in which the product is obtained after a specified time or after the completion of process e.g. dyes manufact What is meant by size reduction? It is applied to all the ways in which the solids are cut or broken into small pieces of required conditions, like crushing of stones. What are the methods of size reduction? e Compression e Impact e Rubbing or Attrition © Cutting What method is used for the size reduction of fibrous material? For the size reduction of fibrous material, cutting machines of different sizes and cutters are used. How many surfaces are involved in compression & impacts?Q5; Q.6: Q7: Q.8: Q9: Q.10: Qui: Q.12: Q.13: Q.14: z Chapter 1 Particle Technology In compression two surfaces are involved while in impact one surface is involved. ‘Who made experiments to study the phenomenon of size reduction? Heywood and Piret What is the first stage in size reduction? Creating / Opening up of very small cracks. What is the 2™ stage in size reduction? Forming of new surfaces by applying forces. What are the size reduction equipments? Those equipments which convert the large lump of material into the smaller one are called size reduction equipments. How many types of equipment are used for size reduction? These are divided into four categories e Crushers e Grinders e Ultra fine Grinders e Cutting Machines What are the crushers? Crushers do the heavy work of breaking large pieces of solid material into small lumps. Crushers are the slow speed) machines, What are the types of crushers? Primary crushers ( size range: 150-250 mm ) Secondary crushers ( 6mm) Jaw crushers (250mm) Gyratory crushers Smooth-roll crushers e Toothed-roll crushers What are the Grinders? Grinders are the fast speed machines than the Crushers. These are used for fine size reduction after crushing. What are the types of Grinders? e Hammer Mills and Impactors e Rolling compression Machines e Attrition Mills e Tumbling Mills What are the types of fine grinders? ‘hupter | Particle Technology 3 It includes roller mill, ball mill, tube mill, pebble mill, rod mill, Griffin mill, Hardinge mill, Buhr stone mill etc. What are the factors influencing the size reduction of the product? e Manner in which load is applied e Amount of load e Nature of material e Nature of force e Rate of application of force What is the meaning of nature of force? It means that the different forces (Compression, Rubbing, Impact) will give different results. What are the different size ranges for size reduction equipments? Equipments Feed size Product size Coarse crusher 1500-40 mm 50-5 mm Intermediate crusher 50-5 mm 5-0.1 mm Fine grinders 5-2 mm 0.1 mm How many types of particles are there? Four types: © Coarse particle e Intermediate e Fine e Ultra fine Why we do size reduction? ~ For increasing rate of reaction For proper mixing Pigment coating To dissolve solids in solvents To make the handling of material easy e For drying What will happen if we decrease the surface area? Rate of reaction will decrease. What should be the characteristics of an ideal grinder or crusher? e Large capacity e Less power consumption ° Maximum yield Describe the ways in which energy for size reduction is utilized? eoecsveveQ.23: Q.24: Q.25: Q.26: Q.27: Q.28: Q.29: Q.30: Q31: Chapter i Particle Technol e In producing elastic deformation of the particles befc fracture occurs. e In performing inelastic deformation © In causing elastic distortion of the equipment e In friction between the particles and between tl particles and the machine. e Innoise, heat and vibration How much amount of the total energy is utilized in si: reduction? About 10% of the total energy supplied. How many laws of crushing are there? Three laws: © Rittenger’s law e Bond’s law e Kick’s law What is the statement of Rittenger’s law? The energy required for crushing is directly proportional the new surfaces created. ‘What is the equation of Rittenger’s law? 1 RL K, = |—-— roposed in 1867. E Energy required K, = Rittenger constant Li Initial feed size L, = Final product size £, = It is the crushing efficiency of any material. What is the statement of Kick’s law? The energy required for crushing is directly proportional to the reduction ratio L/L, and that of the energy required to reduce the material from 2 inch to 1 inch is same that is required to reduce from % inch to % inch. During size reduction where Kick’s law applicable? It is applicable before the fracture occurs. ‘What is the equation of Kick’s law? E=K,f.In L/L, , Units of f, are N/mm’, K, have mm’, It was proposed in 1885. On which factors K, in Rittenger’s law depends upon? It depends on the following factors ° Equipment e Nature of material hardness ‘What is the statement of Bond’s law? E I jer I Particle Technology 5 The energy required to form a particle of very small size from a very large size is directly proportional to the square root of the surface to volume ratio of the product. This law ‘was proposed in 1952. What is the equation of Bond’s law? Eye epee ae i vq E = Work index L, = Particle size to 100 pm Q = Reduction ratio (L; / L2) E = Energy / Power required What are the applications of the above three laws? 1. Rittenger’s law For Fine particles 2. Bond’s law For Intermediate particles 3. Kick’s law For Coarse particles Which law is more accurate for the measurement of energy required for crushing? Bond’s Law What is the other name of Bond’s law? Universal law of crushing. What is the reduction ratio (q)? Itis ratio of the size of material to the size of product. What will happen to reduction ratio if we decrease product size? The reduction ratio will increase because of (L;/L2). Whether the energy required varies with reduction ratio? No, it remains constant with reduction ratio. What is the E,? It is work or energy index. What is the particle density? Mass of the particle per unit volume of the particle. @,-m/¥,) What is the sieve size? The minimum square aperture through which the particles will pass. What is the mesh no.? No. of holes per linear inch is known as mesh number. ‘What is the effect of mesh no. on aperture? Mesh number increases while aperture decreases.Q.44: Q.45: Q.46: Q.47: Q.48: Q.50: Q51: Q.52: Q.53: * product passes a 100j1m screen. Chapter 1 Particle Technolo; What is the volume mean diameter? Dia of the sphere having the same volume as that of particles. What is bed voidage? It is defined as free spaces between the particles of packe material. Or ratio between the volume’of the particles to the volume ot the bed. Voidge = (Vol. of bed — vol. of particles)/(vol. of bed) What is the energy index? Energy required in kilowatts hours per ton of feed needed reduce a very large feed to such a size that.80% of the What is the crushing efficiency? It is the ratio of the surface energy created by crushing to the energy absorbed by the material. Me= &s (Aw — Awa)/ Wa ‘What are methods for operating crushers & grinders? © Free crushing e Choke crushing © Open circuit grinding © Wet & dry grinding ‘What is the open circuit grinding? The process in which oversize particles are not returned to) the machine for further reduction. What is the closed circuit grinding? The process in which oversize particles are separated an returned to the machine for further grinding. What is the difference between crushing and grinding? In crushing always intermediate and coarse particles obtained as a product while in grinding the product obtaine: is always fine. ie, Name some coarse crushers? e Stag jaw crusher ® Dodge jaw crusher Gyratory crusher Name some intermediate crushers? e Crushing rolis e Disc crushers Edge runner mill 0.56: 10.57: Q.58: Q.59: Q.60: Q.61: Q.62: Q.63: Q.64: Q.65: Q.66; Ohapter 1 Particle Technology 7 e Hammer mill e Pin mill © Single roll crusher Name some fine crusher? Roll mill Griffin mill Ball mill Tube mill Babcock mill Name some ultra fine crushers? e High speed hammer mill e Agitated mill e Fluid energy mill Name some cutting machines? e Knife cutters « Dicers e Slitters What is the angle of nip? It is the largest angle between two roll faces of the double roll crusher. What is the product of jaw crushers? Coarse particles. What is the grinding media in the tube mill? Small balls are the grinding media in the tube mill. What is the difference between pebble & compartment mill? There is no difference. What is the total no. of balls in the ball mill? 69 balls (46 small, 23 big balls) How many zones are there in ball mill? Two zones For grinding the explosive material, what would be the atmosphere? Nitrogenous material (Inert atmosphere) What is the major force in ball mill? Impact force What is the major force in rod mill? Rubbing & attrition Which will give more uniform product? Rod millQ.67: Q.68: Q.69: Q.70: Q71: Q72: Q.73: Q.74: Q.75: Q.76: Q77: Q.78: Q.79: Chapter J Particle Technology What should be the diameter to length ratio of rod/ tube mill? It is 1:3 or 1:4 (length should be three or four times greater than diameter) What should be the diameter to length ratio of ball mill? It should be 1:1 (Diameter is always equal to its length) What is the centrifuging? The phenomenon in which the balls do not lose their contact with the wall of the mill. What is the critical speed of ball mill? The speed at which the centrifuging occurs. No grinding occurs at critical speed because balls do not fall in the mill (on the feed) and rotate with the sides of the mill. What is the formula of critical speed? 1 v2 vas) 2 \R-F where R — r is the distance between centre of the mill to we centre of the ball. Is there any grinding when centrifuging occurs? q No there is not. What is the major force in double roll crusher? Compression What is the formula of “Angle of Nip”? Cos 0/2 = (Dr + Dy2)(Dp + Dy) What will happen if we increase the angle of nip? The size of product will increase. Usually what is the angle of nip? Its value is about 30° to 32”. What are the formulas of volume, surface & linear mean diameter? e Volume mean = £ x; dp; e Surface mean = 1/ © x/dp; e Linear mean = (2 x;/dp;)/(2 x/dp;?) What is the ratio of the actual mesh dimension of Taylor series to that of next smaller screen? v2 What do you mean by 200 mesh screen & what is opening of 200 mesh? It means 200 opening per square inch and its opening is 0.0074 cm. Ne = Q.10: x 1 Particle Technology 9 What is the equivalent diameter of a particle? It is the diameter of the sphere having the same ratio of surface to volume as the actual velume. ji: What is the formula to calculate the number of samples in a given sample? N=m/pVj What is crystallization? - Crystallization is the formation of the solid particles within homogeneous phase. What is the magma? It is the two-phase mixture of mother liquor and the crystals of all sizes. What are the principles of crystallization? Purity, yield and equilibria. How the mother liquor is separated from the crystals? Filtration, centrifuging and washing. What is meant by CSD? It means “crystal size distribution”. How many classes of crystals are there? There are seven classes: Cubic Hexagonal Trigonal Tetragonal Orthorhombic Monoclinic Triclinic What is invariant crystal? \deilaade ‘Phe growing crystal, which maintains geometric similarity during growth, is called invariant crystal. What is salting? It is the process in which the third component is added to decrease the solubility of solute in the solvent. What is nucleation? The nucleation is the number of new particles formed per unit time per unit volume of magma or solid free mother liquor. How many types of nucleation are there? e Spurious nucleation10 Qi: Q.12: Q.13: Q.14: Qs: Q.16: Qu: Q.18: Q.19: Q.20: Q.21: Q.22: Q.23: Chapter 1 Particle Technology e Primary nucleation e Secondary nucleation What is the initial breeding? The small crystals soon wash off and subsequently grow in the supersaturated solution. What is needle breeding? The spikes are imperfect crystals which are bound to the- present crystal by weak forces and which break off to give crystals of pure quality. What is veiled growth? The growth related to the imperfection, unrelated to the nucleation is called veiled growth. How many types of primary nucleation are? Two types: e Homogeneous nucleation e Heterogeneous nucleation What is the process of forming the crystals? Nuclei----->Cluster----->Embryo------>Nucleus---->Crystal What is the Ostwald Ripening? . The dilution of the small crystal due to the presence of the large crystal is called Ostwald ripening. What is the Kelvin equation? Q.1: Q.2: Q3: Q.4: What is the nucleation rate? Q5: 3 2 B° =Cekp 16no Vo ae 3r?(RTY (Inc) What is the secondary nucleation? The formation of nuclei attributable to the influence of the existing macroscopic crystals in the magma. How contact nucleation takes place? By the collisions of the crystals with each other and the walls. What is the shape factor (k)? It is the inverse of spherecity. What is the formula of spherecity? @s= OVy/SpDp What is the other formula of nucleation rate? Bo= By + Be + Be 0.6: QI: Q8: Q9: Chapter 1 Particle Technology 11 What is Ky? It is the mass transfer coefficient. What is the formula of growth rate? G=2K(y-y)/Pm What is Ks? It is the interfacial reaction. What is the difference between factor & coefficient? Factor: It is usually a specific entity which is related with ideal behavior. It has value 0 to 1.0. Mostly these are less than one. Coefficient: These have any value. It may be more than one. What is separation’ It is technique used to separate the material from another material. How many types of separation? Two types: © Mechanical e Diffusional What is mechanical separation? It is used to separate the heterogeneous mixture. What is diffusional separation? It is used to separate the homogeneous mixtures. How many types of mechanical separation are there? Two types: © Clarification e Screening : What is screening & clarification and on which factors they depend upon? Screening: It is used to separate the solid from solid & depends upon size of particles. Clarification: It removes fine particles from a fluid. It depends upon density. What is meant by over size particles? These are those particles which retain on the surface of the screen. t What is meant by under size particles? These are those particles which can pass through the screen. What are intermediate particles?12 Q.10: Q.11: Q.12; Q.13: Q.14: Q.15: Q.16: QUT: Q.18: Q.19: Q.20: Q.21: Q.22: Q.23: i Chapter I Particle Technology If two screens are used for screening, the particles that retain on the second screen are known as intermediate particles. What is the aperture of screen? The maximum space between the edges of screen opening. What is the formula of clear opening? Mesh No. = Opening + Wire diameter It is also called mesh number. Which are the standard series in the screens? e US Tyler (United state Tyler screen) e U.S ASTM (United state , American society of testing material) e B.S.S (British standard screen) e F.S.S (French standard screen) e IMMS (Institute of mining and metallurgy series screen) What is the range of mesh number of U.S Tyler? 4 mesh to 325 mesh. What is the range of mesh number of F.S.S? ie 17 to 38 mesh What is the range of mesh number of B.S.S? 5 mesh to 300 mesh What is the effectiveness? The success of the screen to separate the two materials. What is the formula of effectiveriess? E = Xp(1-Xp)(Xr-Xp)(Xp-Xe/(Xe)(1-Xe)(Xp-X)” What is the meaning of 100-mesh screen? Tt means that there are 100 holes in one linear inch of the screen. What is the material used in the construction of the screens? It is usually silk, plastic clothes or metal bars. What is the unsized function? The function in which only one screen is involved for screening. What is the sized function? The function in which more than one screens are involved for screening. When we cannot do mechanical separation? We cannot use mechanical separation when there are fine or ultra fine particles. What is sorting? © fhupter I Particle Technology 13 O.1: 1.2: Q.3: 0.4: QS: It is the separation of the two materials of same size on the bases of density difference between thern. i The energy consumed in a ball mill depends on what factors? . Speed of ball mill, load of balls, de pe of material What is sedimentat It is the process of settling the substance in the bottom of a liquid from where it can be separated. What is slurry? It means the mixture of solid and liquid. Why the particles settle down? The particles settle down due to high density and gravitational force. What will happen if the concentration of suspension is increased? Sedimentation rate of particles will also increase. What will happen if density is high? Sedimentation will also increase. What is the formula of sedimentation? Ci= Cobo/h; Why sand particles take less time than cement for settling? eater than cement. Define filtration? It is the process of separating solid particles from a fluid by passing the fluid through a filtering medium on which the solids are deposited. What are the types of settling? Two types a) Free settling b) Hinder settling How many types of streams are there? Up-stream and Down-stream How the rate of filtration can be increased? By heating and re-crystallization or by using filter aids, What is the difference between screening and filtration?14 Q.6: Q.7: Q8: Q9: Q.10: Quit: Q12: Q.13: Q.14: Q.15: Q.16: Q17:. Q.18: Chapter 1 Particle Technology In filtration the size of the holes is small than that of particles while in screening the size of the holes is greater as compared to the particles. How many types of filters are there? © Cake filters © Clarifying filters e Cross flow filters What is the other name of Garifying filter? Deep belt filters. How many resistances are present i in the cake filtration? There are two resistances ¢ Cake resistance e Media resistance What are the properties on which filtration depends? Flow rate and pressure drop across the cake When both the resistances are same? Both are same at the time of washing. Why we wash the media with the water? Because the water cannot be contaminated. How many types of flow are there? Three types: a e Laminar flow e Transition flow e Turbulent flow What is the number at which these three flows depend? Reynold’s Number. ‘What are the ranges of three flows (For circular pipes)? Re < 2100 for Laminar Re =2100 to 4000 for Transition Re > 4000 for Turbulent What is the formula of Reynolds number? DUp/,, it is the ratio of inertial forces to viscous forces. What is the general formula of filtration? AP = APc + APm What is the relation of pressure drop through the filter cake? Dp _150pv(1-eF DL g.(9,Dp)'e* Dp/DL = 150p v (1-€)°/g-(@,Dpy €* What is the equivalent diameter? %, Chapter 1 Particle Technology 15 Q.3: O04: OS: 0.6: 0.7: It is the diameter of the sphere having the same volume as of the under observation particle. What is the usual value of ~, for crushed materials? It is about 0.6 to 0.8 What is the value of sphericity of a uniform shaped particle? Its value is one. During filtration for what purpose filter aids are used? To increase the porosity of the cake For the separation of sugar solution from mud what type of filter is used? Centrifugal filter How many mechanisms of solid mixing are there? There are three mechanisms e Convective mixing e Diffusion mixing e Shear mixing Name some mixers? Oblicone blender Double roll motion paste mixer Two arm Kneader Muller mixer Beater mixer How many types of mixers are there? e Mixers for cohesive solids Change can mixer Kneaders Dispersers Masticators What is the formula for calculating the surface area of the particles? A=Nsp = 6m/9; pp Dp What is the spherecity of Ottawa sand? It is 0.95 What are the units of spherecity? No units. How many types of blades are used in mixers? ° Sigma blade16 Chapter | Particle Technology e Double naben blade © Disperser blade Q.8: What are the types of mixing? e Continuous mixing e Axial'mixing Q.9: What is the mixing index? F The measure that how far mixing has proceeded towards equilibrium. Q.10: What is the formula for mixing index? -ce/s , QA: What is the inverse solubility? It is the decrease in solubility with the increase of temperature. Q.12: What is the difference between mixing and blending? Mixing is a term used for solid-liquid or for solid-solid while blending is the term used for li uid. | 1.7 Fill in the Blanks (SIZE REDUCTIO 1. The normal operating speed of a ball mill: should be than critical speed? , 2. A fluid energy mill can be used for 2 3. In cement industry which type of grinding mill is used to reduce the clinker size to fine particles? 4. For preliminary breaking of hard rock, what type of crusher is CI used i 5. Vacuum filter is more suitable for ? 6. What is the grinding efficiency of a ball mill is 2 7. For constant pressure & rate the cake resistance in plate & frame filter? 3 8. The controlling in a rotary drum vacuum filter is the cake resistance? : 9. The size reduction occur in ultra fine grinder is due to 2 ANSWERS (1) Less (2) Ultra fine grinding (3) Tube mill (4) Gyratory crusher (5) Material which form a cake. (6) Less than or equal to 5.0% (7) Increases (8) Resistance (9) Attrition |__FILTRATION _| 1. _ Separation of solids from a suspension in a liquid by means of porous medium which retains solids is termed as "eee { fapter | Particle Technology 17 ‘i, Distillation b. Filtration @. Crystallization d. ab _ One way to classify filters by allowable A. Pressure b. Clarification c. Loading rate d. All is the flow rate of water applied per unit area of filter a. Loading rate b. Flooding rate c. Over flow rate d. None of these The rate of filtration depends upon a. Viscosity of filtrate b. Area of filtering surface ¢. Pressure drop d. All of above The difference between clarification and screening is that a. Inclarification filter medium pores are larger than particles b. In screening, mesh size is smaller than particle size c. ab d. None of these Clarification filters are important in “Polishing” materials such as a. Beverages b. Pharmaceuticals products c. Fuel oil, lubricants d. All of the above The septum / filter medium must contain following particles a. It must be non corrosive b. It must not be expensive c. It must not plug or blind d. a, b Which of the following is not a type of filter a. Rotary drum filter b. Pressure leaf filters c. Pre-coated filters d. None of these The main factors for the selection of filtration operation are a. The concentration of solids in suspension _ b. Properties of fluid (viscosity, density, corrosiveness etc) c. Whether the valuable product is solid or liquid or both d. All of above 1) b (2) ¢ (3) a (4) d Hd (7)_d (8) _d (9) d | FILL IN THE BLANKS Fill the blanks with suitable words 1 As the filter clogs the water level must rise above the filter medium, the water level ultimately reached at a point at which filter bed / medium must be cleared this point is called (5) ¢18 Chapter 1 Particle Technolos 2. Clarifying filters are used to remove amount of solids. a ae ee eee - 19 3. Rapid sand filters are cleaned in place by forcing wal Bess, ‘ bani ied vessel _ flow is produced. _ backwards through the sand. This operation is called installing inks with vertical agitators the swirling is reduced by 4, The most commonly used filter medium is 5 5, Plate and frame press is filter. 6. The advantage of leaf filter is that (1) Terminal head loss (2) small (3) Backwashing (4) woven cloth (5) Batch (6) Lower operating cost FILL IN THE BLANKS _ 1, Equipment in which separation is forced through soi coalescing medium is called 2. Coalescer is also used for ‘ 3. In operating decanters there zones/bands. 4. — For most applications the decanter vessel is designed _» _- will be distin (1) Coalescer (2) Separation of finely dispersed droplets (3) Three (4) Cylindrical | MIXING AND AGITATION OF. LIQUIDS | il Tefers to the induced motion of a material in a specifie way, usually in a circulatory pattern inside some sort 7 container? 2. is the random distribution of two or more initiall separate phases. 3. Baffles are included in agitated vessels to reduce 4. Apropeller of pitch 1 is said to be % 5 Well designed turbine impeller system can be used wil viscosities upto 6. The liquid velocity at any point in the agitated tank has j 6. components. 4s velocity component act in a direction perpendicular t impeller shaft. . 8. velocity component acts in a direction parallel witl shaft. ¥ Oh acts in a direction tangent to circular path around shaft. | MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS (MIXING) The liquids are agitated for many purposes such as Baffles are not used for impellers. ANSWERS: Agitation (2) Mixing (3) Tangential motion (4) Square pitch a. Promoting heat transfer b. Dispersing a gas through the liquid in the form of small bubbles. c, Suspending solid particles d. All ofabove Impellers are classified into two classes ~ a. Centrifugal impellers b. Radial flow impellers c. ee flow impellers d. Axial flow impellers e. by The three main types of impellers for low to moderate viscosity are a. Propellers b. Turbines c. High efficiency impellers d. All of above Helical impellers and anchor agitators are used for liquids. a. Corrosive liquids b. Viscous liquids c. Non viscous d. None of these The way in which a liquid moves in an agitated vessel depends upon a. Type of impeller . c. Size of tank, baffles d. All The flow patterns in the agitated tank depends upon these three velocity components. These three velocity components are a. Radial velocity component b. Longitudinal velocity component c. Tangential or rotational velocity component d. All of the above In case of vertical shaft20 qa) 4a (2) e GB) d (4) b (5) d (6) 4 Me¢ (8) d Chapter 1 Particle Technology a. The radial & tangential components are in a horizontal plane. : | b. Longitudinal component is vertical c. ab d. None ‘When the shaft is vertical. The velocity components are useful for mixing are : a. Radial components b. Tangential components c. Longitudinal component. d. Radial and longitudinal com) [2.1 _FUNDAMENTA What is chemistry? Chemistry is the branch of science concerned with the properties, composition, and structure of substances and the changes they undergo when they combine or react under specified conditions. What is the difference between atom and molecule? Atom is the smallest unit of an element. More than one atom makes a molecule. Like Oxygen (O2), H,O etc. What is mechanics? The branch of physical science dealing with the behavior of matter under the action of forces. What is photoelectric effect? When a beam of visible or ultraviolet light falls on a clean metal surface in vacuum, the surface emits electron. This effect is known as photoelectric effect. What is compton effect? When light of short wavelength strikes on an electron, it is scattered and frequency is shifted towards lower value. This shift of frequency is independent of frequency of incident radiation. Define organic chemistry? It is the branch of chemistry deals with study of compounds consists of carbon and hydrogen. Define atomic number? It is defined as number of protons in the atomic nucleus of an element. Atom is electrically neutral. Atomic number also gives number of electrons surrounding the nucleus. What is nucleus? It is the central part of an atom. It is surrounded by electrons. It contains protons and neutrons. Each particle has unit mass. Mass of nucleus is equal to total number of protons and neutrons. Define atomic weight? The mass of the atom of an element relative to that of carbon 12 is called relative atomic mass or atomic weight; like H=1, C=12, O=16 and so on Define molecular weight?22 Chapter 2 Chemistry The mass of the molecule of a compound is known as molecular weight. Q.11: Define formula weight? The sum of atomic weights of atoms in the chemical formula is known as formula weight. Q.12: What is atomic volume? H It is the volume in cm? occupied by one gram atom of the element in the solid state. It is obtained by dividing the atomic weight of the element by its density. Atomic volume = Atomic weight / Density Q.13: Define empirical formula, molecular formula and structural formula? 4 Empirical formula: It is the simplest formula that represents the simplest ratio between the atoms of different elements present in a molecule. For example empirical formula of benzene is CH (1:1), while its molecular formula is CoH, (6:6) Molecular formula: It shows the actual number of atoms present in molecule. The molecular formula of glucose & benzene is CoH 20, & CoH i Structural formula: It shows exact picture as to how various atoms are bonded to each other in the molecule e.g. ethane C,H, is represented as H H | | H—C—C— H | | H H Q.14: What is the relation between empirical and molecular formula? It is represented as Molecular formula = n x Empirical formula Q.15: What is TUPAC system? ‘The international union of pure and applied chemistry. It was established in 1957. : Q.16: Whatis Grignard reagent? It is a compound consists of alkyl group attached to Mm magnesium atom which is joined toa halogen atom. R-Mg-X Q.17: What is wood alcohol? Han It is methyl alcohol at one time it was prepared from wood. 23 What is absolute alcohol? It is 100.0% ethyl alcohol. The commercial alcohol is only 95.0%. It is obtained by adding quick lime in commercial alcohol. What is denatured alcohol? By the addition of poisonous substances such as methyl alcohol and pyridine in ethyl alcohol, it become denatured and can not use for drinking. What is formalin? It is 40.0% aqueous solution of formaldehyde. It is used as disinfectant to sterilize surgical instruments, gloves and act as preservative for anatomical specimens. What is sublimation? Certain solids on heating do not convert into liquid state but go directly into vapor state and on cooling convert directly into solid state without being converting into liquid state. For example camphor, naphthalene etc. What is the effect of impurity on melting point? Impurity usually lowers the melting point of a pure substance. This is due to lowering of partial vapor pressure of the pure substance in the melt. What do you mean by the term hygroscopic? ‘A. substance which absorbs the moisture from the atmosphere is called hygroscopic, for example quick lime, sodium hydroxide, sulfuric acid ete. What is percentage yield? It is obtained by comparing the actual yield with the theoretical yield. Actual yield Theoretical yield Write down some of oxidizing and reducing agent? Oxidizing agent: KMnOu, K>Cr.0», HNOs, H,0, Reducing agent: Sn, HCI, SnCl,, dil. SO, Write some dehydrating agents? Cone., H2S04, CaCl, P20s What is ionization energy? It is amount of energy required to remove the outer most loosely bound electron from gaseous atom of an element. It is also known as ionization potential (KJ / mole) What is electron affinity? Percent yield «100